Jean-Philippe Uzan Explained

Jean-Philippe Uzan (born 1969) is a French cosmologist and directeur de recherche employed by the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS).

Education and career

In 1987 Uzan graduated from secondary school with the degree Baccalauréat C with honours. From 1987 to 1990 he studied at Lycée Saint-Louis to prepare for competitive scientific examinations. From 1990 to 1993 he studied in the Engineering School of the École des Mines de Paris. There he graduated in 1993 with a civil engineering degree with specialisation in Earth science. From 1993 to 1994 he did his French military service as a cooperant doing research at the Institutet for rymdfysik (IRF, Swedish Institute of Space Physics). At Paris-Sud University (Paris XI), he obtained a Diplôme d'études approfondies (DEA) in theoretical physics and then completed a Ph.D. thesis in theoretical physics in 1998.[1] His thesis was supervised by Nathalie Deruelle,[2] who worked at the (DARC, Department of Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology) at the Meudon Observatory. After holding a postdoctoral position under the supervision of Ruth Durrer at the department of theoretical physics of the University of Geneva, he was recruited in 1999 at the CNRS (section 02) and assigned to the physics laboratory theory from the University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) at Orsay. He was assigned in 2005 to the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP) and appointed directeur de recherche in 2009. He received his habilitation degree (Habilitation à diriger des recherches, HDR) in 2007 from Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris 6).[1]

Uzan specializes in gravitation and relativistic cosmology and is the author or coauthor of more than 130 articles in peer-reviewed journals.[1] He is an editor for the journal Foundations of Physics.[3]

From June 2013 to June 2017 he was the deputy director, with Cédric Villani as director, of the Institut Henri-Poincaré (IHP). Uzan contributed to the expansion of the institute and the creation of the Maison des Mathématiques containing, among other things, a museum of mathematics.[4] [5] He co-authored, with Cédric Villani and Vincent Moncorgé, the book La Maison des Mathématiques (2015) describing the life of the institute. Uzan also directed the collective work Modèles mathématiques (2017), describing the collection of models from the IHP library. In 2015, for the 100th anniversary of the publication of Einstein's theory of general relativity, Uzan co-authored and presented the documentary Einstein et la Relativité Générale, une histoire singulière (Einstein and General Relativity, a unique story). Directed by filmmaker Quentin Lazzarotto, the film features major international researchers such as Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Roger Penrose, Thibault Damour, and Carlo Rovelli.[6]

Uzan was one of the keynote speakers invited for the public session of the 26th meeting of the Conférence générale des poids et mesures (CGPM, General Conference on Weights and Measures) on the day of the vote on the historical revision of the International System of Units on November 16, 2018, in Versailles.[7]

He has collaborated with many artists and is the author or coauthor of nine popular science books. He also works on science outreach.[8]

Research

Jean-Philippe Uzan is a specialist in gravitation and relativistic cosmology. He worked on several aspects related to observational cosmology and the cosmology of the early universe.

He has developed numerous tests of general relativity at astrophysical and cosmological scales. The study of fundamental constants[9] offers a test of the equivalence principle at the heart of Einstein's theory of gravitation. He established several constraints on fundamental constants' possible variations, in particular, from primordial nucleosynthesis,[10] cosmic microwave background,[11] population III stars,[12] and the MICROSCOPE satellite results.[13] He studied tensor-scalar theories (such as tensor–vector–scalar gravity, scalar–tensor–vector gravity and bi-scalar tensor vector gravity), various potential alternatives to general relativity, and their observational signatures in cosmology (primordial nucleosynthesis, cosmic microwave background, and large-scale structure). In 2001, he proposed, with Francis Bernardeau of the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), a test[14] [15] of general relativity at cosmological scales.

In observational cosmology, he has worked on primordial nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, large-scale structure, the effects of gravitational lensing and the diffuse background of gravitational waves.[16] In particular, he obtained the first prediction of the power spectrum of the stochastic background of gravitational waves of astrophysical origin and the power spectrum's correlations with the distribution of galaxies and the effects of gravitational shear.[17] With Julien Larena and Pierre Fleury, he proposed in 2015 "stochastic lensing", a new approach to the effects of small-scale structures on the effects of gravitational lensing in cosmology[18] and in 2017 a solution to the Ricci-Weyl problem.[19]

He proposed various tests of the assumptions on which the standard model of cosmology is based. See, for an overview, his reviews.[20] [21] [22] He proposed in 2008, with George F. R. Ellis and Chris Clarkson, a test of the Copernican principle[23] and in 2016, with Cyril Pitrou and Thiago Pereira, a test of the isotropy of the expansion of the universe.[24] Uzan with collaborators also proposed several tests of Etherington's cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR).[25] [26] He also studied the topology of the universe and obtained numerous constraints on the size and shape of the universe.[27]

In the cosmology of the early universe, he also obtained results concerning the non-Gaussianity of large structures, whether during inflation[28] or generated by nonlinear dynamics (in particular for their observational signatures on the cosmic microwave background[29]), as well as on the theory of perturbations in non-isotropic space-times (of the type Bianchi I).[30] [31] [32] With Lev Kofman and Francis Bernardeau, he proposed an extension of inflation leading to a modulation of perturbations during the warming phase.[33]

With Shinji Mukohyama, he published a speculative model in which the physical concept of time is an emergent phenomenon.[34]

Awards and honours

Books

Scientific monographs

Non-technical books

References

  1. Web site: Jean-Philippe Uzan (CNRS). Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris.
  2. fr. Uzan, Jean-Philippe . Défauts topologiques et conditions aux limites en cosmologie primordiale . Thèse de doctorat . Paris 11 . 1998 . These de doctorat .
  3. Web site: Editors. Foundations of Physics. Springer.
  4. Web site: La Maison des mathématiques 2020, Chapitre 1. Institut Henri Poincaré. June 14, 2017. YouTube.
  5. Web site: La Maison des mathématiques 2020, Chapitre 2. Institut Henri Poincaré. December 22, 2017. YouTube.
  6. Web site: fr . Einstein et la Relativité Générale . Nébuleuse Productions .
  7. Web site: Jean-Philippe Uzan - "The role of the Planck constant in physics" 26th CGPM. The BIPM. YouTube. November 16, 2018.
  8. Web site: Jean-Philippe Uzan. Villa Albertine.
  9. Uzan . Jean-Philippe . The fundamental constants and their variation: observational and theoretical status . Reviews of Modern Physics . American Physical Society (APS) . 75 . 2 . 2003-04-07 . 0034-6861 . 10.1103/revmodphys.75.403 . 403–455. hep-ph/0205340 . 2003RvMP...75..403U . 118684485 .
  10. Coupled variations of fundamental couplings and primordial nucleosynthesis . Coc, Alain . Nunes, Nelson J. . Olive, Keith A.. Uzan, Jean-Philippe . Vangioni, Elisabeth . Physical Review D . 76 . 2 . 023511–023522 . July 2007 . 10.1103/PhysRevD.76.023511 . astro-ph/0610733 . 2007PhRvD..76b3511C . 30230380 .
  11. Planck intermediate results. XXIV. Constraints on variation of fundamental constants . Astronomy & Astrophysics . EDP Sciences . 580 . 2015-07-22 . 0004-6361 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201424496 . A22 . Ade . P. A. R. . Aghanim . N. . Arnaud . M. . Ashdown . M. . Aumont . J. . Baccigalupi . C. . Banday . A. J. . Barreiro . R. B. . Battaner . E. . Benabed . K. . Benoit-Lévy . A. . Bernard . J.-P. . Bersanelli . M. . Bielewicz . P. . Bond . J. R. . Borrill . J. . Bouchet . F. R. . Burigana . C. . Butler . R. C. . Calabrese . E. . Chamballu . A. . Chiang . H. C. . Christensen . P. R. . Clements . D. L. . Colombo . L. P. L. . Couchot . F. . Curto . A. . Cuttaia . F. . Danese . L. . Davies . R. D. . 1406.7482 . 2015A&A...580A..22P . 33250997 . 1 . arXiv preprint
  12. Coc . A. . Ekström . S. . Descouvemont . P. . Meynet . G. . Uzan . J.-Ph. . Vangioni . E. . Tanihara . Isao . Ong . Hooi Jin . Tamii . Atsushi . Kishimoto . Tadafumi . Kajino . Toshitaka . Kubono . Shigeru . Shima . Tatsushi . Effects of the variation of fundamental constants on Pop III stellar evolution . AIP Conference Proceedings . AIP . 2010 . 21–26 . 0094-243X . 10.1063/1.3485139 . 0911.2420 . arXiv preprint
  13. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.141101 . MICROSCOPE Mission: First Constraints on the Violation of the Weak Equivalence Principle by a Light Scalar Dilaton . 2018 . Bergé . Joel . Brax . Philippe . Métris . Gilles . Pernot-Borràs . Martin . Touboul . Pierre . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Physical Review Letters . 120 . 14 . 141101 . 29694146 . 1712.00483 . 2018PhRvL.120n1101B . 206309271 .
  14. 10.1103/PhysRevD.64.083004 . Lensing at cosmological scales: A test of higher dimensional gravity . 2001 . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Bernardeau . Francis . Physical Review D . 64 . 8 . 083004 . hep-ph/0012011 . 2001PhRvD..64h3004U . 119455304 .
  15. 10.1007/s10714-006-0385-z . The acceleration of the universe and the physics behind it . 2007 . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . . 39 . 3 . 307–342 . astro-ph/0605313 . 118989708 .
  16. Cusin . Giulia . Pitrou . Cyril . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Anisotropy of the astrophysical gravitational wave background: Analytic expression of the angular power spectrum and correlation with cosmological observations . Physical Review D . American Physical Society (APS) . 96 . 10 . 2017-11-28 . 103019 . 2470-0010 . 10.1103/physrevd.96.103019. 1704.06184 . 118967586 . arXiv preprint
  17. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.231101 . First Predictions of the Angular Power Spectrum of the Astrophysical Gravitational Wave Background . 2018 . Cusin . Giulia . Dvorkin . Irina . Pitrou . Cyril . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Physical Review Letters . 120 . 23 . 231101 . 29932710 . 1803.03236 . 2018PhRvL.120w1101C . 49379620 . https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.03236. See also the CNRS journal article: Décrypter la rumeur des cataclysmes cosmiques. 2018-06-19. Ter Minassian, Vahé. Le Journal. CNRS.
  18. 10.1088/1475-7516/2015/11/022 . The theory of stochastic cosmological lensing . 2015 . Fleury . Pierre . Larena . Julien . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics . 2015 . 11 . 022 . 1508.07903 . 2015JCAP...11..022F . 118389041 . https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.07903
  19. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.191101 . Weak Gravitational Lensing of Finite Beams . 2017 . Fleury . Pierre . Larena . Julien . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Physical Review Letters . 119 . 19 . 191101 . 29219481 . 1706.09383 . 2017PhRvL.119s1101F . 206302118 .
  20. 10.1007/s10714-010-1047-8 . Tests of general relativity on astrophysical scales . 2010 . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . General Relativity and Gravitation . 42 . 9 . 2219–2246 . 0908.2243 . 2010GReGr..42.2219U . 14667139 .
  21. Book: 2010. Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar. Chapter 1. Dark energy, gravitation and the Copernican principle by Jean-Philippe Uzan. Dark Energy: observational and theoretical approaches. 3–47. 2010deot.book.....R . arXiv preprint
  22. 1606.06112 . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . The big-bang theory: Construction, evolution and status . 2016 . astro-ph.CO .
  23. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.191303 . Time Drift of Cosmological Redshifts as a Test of the Copernican Principle . 2008 . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Clarkson . Chris . Ellis . George F. R. . Physical Review Letters . 100 . 19 . 191303 . 18518435 . 0801.0068 . 2008PhRvL.100s1303U . 31455609 .
  24. 10.1051/0004-6361/201527258 . Weak-lensing B-modes as a probe of the isotropy of the universe . 2016 . Pereira . Thiago S. . Pitrou . Cyril . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 585 . L3 . 1503.01127 . 2016A&A...585L...3P . 118463946 .
  25. Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Aghanim . Nabila . Mellier . Yannick . Distance duality relation from x-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich observationsof clusters . Physical Review D . American Physical Society (APS) . 70 . 8 . 2004-10-27 . 1550-7998 . 10.1103/physrevd.70.083533 . 083533–083539. 119430471 .
  26. Ellis, George F. R.. Poltis, Robert. Uzan, J. P.. Weltman, Amanda. Amanda Weltman. 2013. Blackness of the cosmic microwave background spectrum as a probe of the distance-duality relation. Physical Review D. 87. 10. 103530–103535. 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.103530 . 1301.1312 . 118469478 .
  27. 10.1038/nature01944 . Dodecahedral space topology as an explanation for weak wide-angle temperature correlations in the cosmic microwave background . 2003 . Luminet . Jean-Pierre . Weeks . Jeffrey R. . Riazuelo . Alain . Lehoucq . Roland . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Nature . 425 . 6958 . 593–595 . 14534579 . astro-ph/0310253 . 2003Natur.425..593L . 4380713 .
  28. Bernardeau . Francis . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Inflationary models inducing non-Gaussian metric fluctuations . Physical Review D . American Physical Society (APS) . 67 . 12 . 2003-06-04 . 121301 . 0556-2821 . 10.1103/physrevd.67.121301 . astro-ph/0209330 . 118875651 . arXiv preprint
  29. 10.1088/1475-7516/2010/07/003 . The cosmic microwave background bispectrum from the non-linear evolution of the cosmological perturbations . 2010 . Pitrou . Cyril . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Bernardeau . Francis . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics . 2010 . 7 . 003 . 1003.0481 . 2010JCAP...07..003P . 118452299 .
  30. 10.1088/1475-7516/2007/09/006 . Theory of cosmological perturbations in an anisotropic universe . 2007 . Pereira . Thiago S. . Pitrou . Cyril . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics . 2007 . 9 . 006 . 0707.0736 . 2007JCAP...09..006P . 119143078 .
  31. 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.063526 . Cosmic microwave background bispectrum on small angular scales . 2008 . Pitrou . Cyril . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Bernardeau . Francis . Physical Review D . 78 . 6 . 063526 . 0807.0341 . 2008PhRvD..78f3526P . 56073123 .
  32. C. Pitrou, T.S. Pereira & J.-P. Uzan, Predictions from an anisotropic inflationary era, JCAP 04, 004 (2008)
  33. 10.1103/PhysRevD.70.083004 . Modulated fluctuations from hybrid inflation . 2004 . Bernardeau . Francis . Kofman . Lev . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Physical Review D . 70 . 8 . 083004 . astro-ph/0403315 . 2004PhRvD..70h3004B . 119411642 .
  34. 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.065020 . From configuration to dynamics: Emergence of Lorentz signature in classical field theory . 2013 . Mukohyama . Shinji . Uzan . Jean-Philippe . Physical Review D . 87 . 6 . 065020 . 1301.1361 . 2013PhRvD..87f5020M . 119307685 .
  35. Web site: Prix Paul Langevin. Société Française de Physique (sfpnet.fr).
  36. Web site: Gretz-Armainvilliers: arboretum du Val des Dames. Coleur Jardin.
  37. (35391) Uzan = 1997 XN3 (entry on page 16). WGSBN Bulletin. 1. 1. Working Group Small Bodies Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union.

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