Jawaharlal Nehru University Explained

Jawaharlal Nehru University
Native Name:Javāharalāla Neharū Viśvavidyālaya
Native Name Lang:hi
Image Upright:0.7
Established:[1]
Budget:[2]
Chancellor:Kanwal Sibal[3]
Vice Chancellor:Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit[4]
Academic Staff:631 (2021)
Students:8,847 (2021)[5]
Undergrad:1,117 (2021)
Postgrad:3,498 (2021)
Doctoral:4,232 (2021)
Coordinates:28.54°N 77.167°W
Campus:Urban, total 1019acres

Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU; IAST: Javāharalāla Neharū Viśvavidyālaya) is a public research university located in Delhi, India. It was established in 1969 and named after Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. The university is known for leading faculties and research emphasis on social sciences and applied sciences.

History

Jawaharlal Nehru University was established in 1969 by an act of parliament.[6] It was named after Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. G. Parthasarathy was the first vice-chancellor.[7] Prof. Moonis Raza was the Founder Chairman and Rector.[8] [9] The bill for the establishment of Jawaharlal Nehru University was placed in the Rajya Sabha on 1 September 1965 by the then-Minister of Education, M. C. Chagla. During the discussion that followed, Bhushan Gupta, member of parliament, voiced the opinion that this should not be yet another university. New faculties should be created, including scientific socialism, and one thing that this university should ensure was to keep noble ideas in mind and provide accessibility to students from weaker sections of society. The JNU Bill was passed in Lok Sabha on 16 November 1966 and the JNU Act came into force on 22 April 1969.[10]

The Indian School of International Studies was merged with the Jawaharlal Nehru University in June 1970. Following the merger, the prefix "Indian" was dropped from the name of the School and it became the School of International Studies of the Jawaharlal Nehru University.[11]

Languages

The JNU offers education in the following languages:[12]

Organisation and administration

Governance

The President of India is the visitor of the university. The chancellor is the nominal head of the university and the vice-chancellor is the executive head of the university. They are both appointed by the visitor on the recommendations of the Executive Council. The Court, the Executive Council, the Academic Council and the Finance Committee are the administrative authorities of the university.

The University Court is the supreme authority of the university and has the power to review the acts of the Executive Council and the Academic Council. The Executive Council is the highest executive body of the university. The Academic Council is the highest academic body of the university and is responsible for the maintenance of standards of instruction, education and examination within the university. It has the right to advise the Executive Council on all academic matters. The Finance Committee is responsible for recommending financial policies, goals, and budgets.[13]

Schools and Centres

The Jawaharlal Nehru University's academic departments are divided into 20 Schools and Centres.[14]

Recognised institutes

JNU has granted recognition and accreditation to the following institutions across the country.[15]

List of Defence Institutions Granted Recognition under JNU

Research and Development Institutions

In addition, the university has exchange programmes and academic collaboration through the signing of MoUs with 71 universities around the world. The university has also sent a proposal to set up a Center in Bihar.[16] The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) trainee officers will be awarded an MA degree in Public Management from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi.[17]

Academic profile

Awards

JNU was awarded the "Visitor's Award" for "Best University" in 2017[18] [19] by the President of India.

Rankings

Type:University
Arwu W 2020:701-800
The W 2021:601–800
Thes A 2020:187
Thes E 2020:151
Nirf O 2022:10
Nirf U 2022:2
Outlook U 2020:2
Qs W 2022:561-570

The JNU was ranked at 561-570 by the QS World University Rankings 2022 list.

JNU was ranked second with a score of 68.47 among all universities in India and tenth with a score of 67.25 in the overall category by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022.

Student life

Students' Union

See main article: Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union.

Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union or JNUSU is the university-wide representative body for students at the university. It is an elected body.

2008–2012 ban on student elections

On 24 October 2008 the Supreme Court of India stayed the JNU elections and banned the JNUSU for not complying with the recommendations of the Lyngdoh committee.[20] After a prolonged struggle and multi-party negotiations, the ban was lifted on 8 December 2011.[21] After a gap of more than four years, interim elections were scheduled again on 1 March 2012.[22] Following the election results declared on 3 March 2012, All India Students Association (AISA) candidates won all four central panel seats and Sucheta De, the president of AISA became the president of JNUSU.[23]

International Student's Association

The International Student's Association (ISA) is an official Jawaharlal Nehru University body. It was instituted in 1985 with a view to promoting friendly relations and cultural exchange. The ISA has a constitution and elected executive, cultural, advisory and financial committees. All foreign students of JNU are also members of the FSA. The university has 133 international students.[24]

Activism and controversy

The JNU is infused with an intense political life on campus. Students that leave campus are said to acquire a "permanently changed outlook on life" as a result of student politics. The politicisation of campus life has led to a refusal to brush under the carpet social issues such as feminism, minority rights, social and economic justice. All such issues are debated fiercely in formal and informal gatherings.The JNU student politics is left-of-centre even though, in recent years, right-wing student groups have also entered the field. Political involvement is "celebratory in spirit." The student union elections are preceded by days of debates and meetings, keeping all students involved. The JNU has the reputation of an "unruly bastion of Marxist revolution." However, the student activists deny the charge, stating that the politics at JNU is issue-based and intellectual.The university is known for its alumni who now occupy important political and bureaucratic positions (see Notable alumni below). In part, this is because of the prevalence of Centre-left student politics and the existence of a written constitution for the university to which noted Communist Party of India (Marxist) leader Prakash Karat contributed exhaustively during his education at JNU.[25]

2010 Operation Green Hunt controversy

In 2010 a "JNU Forum Against War on People" was organised "to oppose Operation Green Hunt launched by the government." According to the NSUI national general secretary, Shaikh Shahnawaz, the meeting was organised by the Democratic Students' Union (DSU) and All India Students Association (AISA) to "celebrate the killing of 76 CRPF personnel in Chhattisgarh." Shaikh Shahnawaz also stated that "they were even shouting slogans like 'India murdābāda, Māvavāda ziṃdābāda'." NSUI and ABVP activists undertook a march against this meeting, "which was seen as an attempt to support the Naxalites and celebrate the massacre,"[26] after which the various parties clashed.[27] The organisers of the forum said that "the event had nothing to do with the killings in Dantewada".[28]

2015 opposition to saffronisation

In 2015, the JNU Students' Union and the All India Students Association objected to efforts to create instruction on Indian culture. Opposition to such courses was on the basis that such instruction was an attempt to saffronise education.[29] Saffronisation refers to right-wing efforts to glorify ancient Hindu culture. The proposed courses were successfully opposed and were, thus, "rolled back." A former student of JNU and a former student union member, Albeena Shakil, claimed that BJP officials in government were responsible for proposing the controversial courses.[30]

2015 Rainbow Walk

On 28 December 2014, the symbolic "Rainbow Tree" which stood for LGBTQ pride was vandalised.[31] To counter the "growing homophobia" on the campus, JNU Students' Union along with other queer groups like Anjuman and Dhanak, led a march on 9 January, called Rainbow Walk. The march started from JNU's Ganga Dhaba and ended at the Rainbow Tree spot.[32] The protestors criticised the 2013 verdict of the Supreme Court nullifying the Delhi High Court order reading down Section 377 of the IPC. The campaign aimed at celebrating individual right to sexual freedom and identity. The march was filled with songs and slogans; the students also painted a zebra crossing in rainbow colours and wrapped trees with rainbow coloured threads.[33]

2016 sedition controversy

See main article: 2016 JNU sedition controversy. On 9 February, a cultural evening was organised by 10 students, formerly of the Democratic Students' Union (DSU), at the Sabarmati Dhaba, against the execution of 2001 Indian Parliament attack convict Afzal Guru and separatist leader Maqbool Bhat, and for Kashmir's right to self-determination.[34] Slogans like "Pākistāna Zindābāda" ("Long live Pakistan"), "Kaśmīra kī āzādī taka jaṃga calegī, Bhārata kī barbādī taka jaṃga calegī" ("War will continue till Kashmir's freedom, war will continue till India's demolition") were reportedly raised at the protest meet." Protests by members of ABVP were held at the University demanding expulsion of the student organisers.[35]

JNU administration ordered a "disciplinary" enquiry into the holding of the event despite denial of permission, saying any talk about country's disintegration cannot be "national".[36] The Delhi Police arrested the JNU Students' Union President Kanhaiya Kumar and Umar Khalid on charges of sedition and criminal conspiracy, under section 124 of the Indian Penal Code dating back to 1860.[37] [38]

The arrest soon snowballed into a major political controversy, with several leaders of opposition parties visiting the JNU campus in solidarity with the students protesting against the police crackdown.[39] More than 500 academics from around the world, including JNU alumni, released a statement in support of the students.[40] In a separate statement, over 130 world-leading scholars including Noam Chomsky, Orhan Pamuk and Akeel Bilgrami called it a "shameful act of the Indian government" to invoke sedition laws formulated during colonial times to silence criticism.[41] [42] The crisis was particularly concerning to some scholars studying nationalism. On 25 March 2016, the Google Maps search for 'anti national' led users to JNU campus.[43]

Swami Vivekananda Statue

The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi inaugurated 151-inch tall statue of Swami Vivekananda on 151st Jayanti of Jainacharya Shree Vijay Vallabh Surishwer Ji Maharaj and referred as the Statue of Peace whereas the students of Jawaharlal Nehru University Students Union protested outside the JNU campus and raised slogans such as ‘Uninvited Modi Go Back’, ‘Punish the perpetrators of January 5th attack’, ‘Save Public Education’ and ‘Unlock JNU’ among others.[44] [45]

In November 2019, the yet-to-be inaugurated statue of Swami Vivekananda in the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) campus was vandalised, with slogans against the BJP painted on the floor around the statue.[46] [47] [48] Students of the university, however, denied their involvement and termed it an act by some miscreants to discredit the JNU Students Union movement against the varsity administration against fee hike and hostel manual. A group of students later wiped off the slogans painted near the statue.[49]

Campus Violence

1981 46 days lockdown

JNU was shut down for 46 days by Indian government in 1981 after violence by student unions linked to communist parties.[50]

2000 Army Officers Scuffle

In April 2000, two army officers who disturbed an Indo-Pak mushaira at the JNU campus were beaten up by agitated students.[51] The officers were angered by anti-war poems recited by two Pakistani poets[51] and disrupted the Urdu: muśāirā. They were enraged at the recited lines of a poem by Urdu poet Fahmida Riaz Urdu: tuma bhī bilkula hama jaise nikale ("It turned out you were just like us") and interpreted the lines as a criticism of India.[52] One of them started to shout anti-Pakistan slogans. When the audience asked for silence. They were overpowered by security and then beaten by students, though not seriously injured.[53] [54] The Indian Army denied the charges and it was reported that the two army officers were admitted in hospitals.[55] A retired judge was appointed to probe the accusation.[56]

2019 protest and 2020 attack

See main article: Jawaharlal Nehru University attack. On 13 November 2019, the JNU administration raised the fees of the university.[57] Since 28 October 2019, some students of JNU had been protesting against the fee hike.[58] [59] [60] [61] As a part of this protest, students boycotted the final semester examinations. After protests, the university partially rolled back by reducing fees only for students from families with extreme poverty (BPL category) who do not avail any scholarship. The move did not convince the students as there was no rollback in the fee hike for non-BPL category students neither for BPL students availing a scholarship.[62] To press the administration for a complete rollback of the increase in fees, JNUSU had continued the protests.[63] [64] [65] The semester registration with the revised fee was started by 1 January.

On 5 January 2020, a group of masked vandals entered the campus, destroyed property and beat up several people.[66] [67] This included students and professors. This drew widespread condemnation from the public, with opposition parties, Bollywood celebrities and human rights activists expressing their concerns.[68]

2022 Resistance to ban on non-veg food

In April 2022, a group of students from ABVP attacked the canteen staff and students on serving non-vegetarian food. A clash between students in resistance to the efforts of ABVP to ban non-veg and several students were injured.[69] Delhi police registered an FIR against unidentified ABVP students.[70] Netizen commented this as denial of freedom and a continuation of attack against Muslims in India.[71]

Notable alumni and faculty

See main article: List of Jawaharlal Nehru University people and List of Vice-Chancellors of The Jawaharlal Nehru University. The university's alumni include 2019 Nobel Laureate for Economics Prof. Abhijit Banerjee, former Prime Minister of Libya Ali Zeidan and former Prime Minister of Nepal Baburam Bhattarai, as well as several politicians, diplomats, artists, academics, and scientists.

See also

References

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Stastistical Data Of Central Universities – Jawaharlal Nehru University . 26 December 2019 . 26 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191226105902/https://www.jnu.ac.in/datafactsheet . live .
  2. Web site: Everything you need to know about how JNU uses taxpayers' money, in 5 charts . 16 September 2018 . 16 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164118/https://qz.com/india/618333/jnu-really-doesnt-burn-a-lot-of-tax-payers-money-so-why-the-wrath-against-it/ . live .
  3. Web site: Ex-foreign secretary Kanwal Sibal appointed new chancellor of JNU . 2023-10-04 . Education Times . en.
  4. Web site: Vice Chancellor. 26 July 2017. Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002743/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Administration/ViceChancellor.asp. 7 January 2016.
  5. Web site: NIRF 2021-Data . Jawaharlal Nehru University.
  6. Web site: Jawaharlal Nehru University Act 1966. 7 September 2012. 22 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121122065930/http://www.jnu.ac.in/RTI/Act%20%26%20Statutes/ACT.pdf. live.
  7. News: AP Venkitewaran, Kapila Vatsyayan. Remembering GP, the gentle colossus. 10 November 2015. The Hindu. 7 July 2012. 10 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160110091921/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/remembering-gp-the-gentle-colossus/article3610515.ece. live.
  8. Web site: We need a sustainable framework that synthesizes human and environmental elements of security: Vice President. 27 February 2017. Press Information Bureau Government of India Vice President's Secretariat. pib.nic.in. 18 November 2018. 24 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084320/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158713. live.
  9. Web site: Atlas of the Child in India. Moonis. Raza. Sudesh. Nangia. 27 November 1986. Concept Publishing Company. Google Books. 26 October 2020. 12 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210712030411/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsDwyTK4nnQC&q=national+professor+india+geography+moonis+raza&pg=PA477. live.
  10. Web site: Jawaharlal Nehru University Vision. 7 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170129014251/http://www.jnu.ac.in/AboutJNU/vision.asp. 29 January 2017. dead.
  11. Web site: School of International Studies | Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University . 11 December 2017 . 12 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084334/https://www.jnu.ac.in/sis . live .
  12. Web site: CL Language Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University . 2023-03-19 . www.jnu.ac.in.
  13. Web site: Jawaharlal Nehru University Act, 1966. 25 November 2020. 3 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303201219/https://www.jnu.ac.in/sites/default/files/ACT.pdf. live.
  14. Web site: Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University. 2020-11-25. www.jnu.ac.in. 1 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201201000022/http://jnu.ac.in/node#school_center. live.
  15. Web site: Recognised Institutes. www.jnu.ac.in. Jawaharlal Nehru University. 2 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20190115193127/https://www.jnu.ac.in/institute. 15 January 2019. dead.
  16. Web site: After BHU, JNU submits proposal to set up a Campus in Bihar. IANS. news.biharprabha.com. 19 February 2014. 25 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084336/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/after-bhu-jnu-submits-proposal-to-set-up-a-campus-in-bihar/. live.
  17. Web site: Gohain . Manash Pratim . IAS trainees to get MA degrees from Jawaharlal Nehru University . The Times of India . 24 November 2015 . 13 March 2016 . 25 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAS-trainees-to-get-MA-degrees-from-Jawaharlal-Nehru-University/articleshow/49900568.cms%20 . live .
  18. News: JNU wins Visitor's Awards 2017 for best university. 3 July 2017. Business Standard. 2 March 2017. 6 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190106034554/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jnu-wins-visitor-s-awards-2017-for-best-university-117030200808_1.html. live.
  19. Web site: JNU wins Visitor's Awards 2017 for best university. 2 March 2017. Business Standard. 12 June 2017. 6 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190106034554/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jnu-wins-visitor-s-awards-2017-for-best-university-117030200808_1.html. live.
  20. Web site: The recommendation of the Committee accepted by the Hon'ble Supreme Court for implementation . 9 December 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120206114950/http://www.ugc.ac.in/notices/mhrd2712.pdf . 6 February 2012 .
  21. Web site: Supreme Court lifts stay on JNUSU elections after 3 years. https://archive.today/20130126093405/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-09/delhi/30497303_1_jnusu-elections-jnu-students-jawaharlal-nehru-university. dead. 2013-01-26. The Times of India.
  22. News: Polls for JNU students on Feb 23, counting on same day. 7 February 2012. The Indian Express. 4 February 2012. 13 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220613083929/https://indianexpress.com/news/polls-for-jnu-students-union-on-feb-23-counting-on-same-day/907736/. live.
  23. News: Raza. Danish. JNU student union elections: Clean sweep for ultra-left AISA. 9 March 2012. Firstpost.com. 3 March 2012. 6 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120306213036/http://www.firstpost.com/delhi/jnu-student-union-elections-clean-sweep-for-ultra-left-aisa-232903.html. live.
  24. Web site: Statistical Data of Central Universities – Jawaharlal Nehru University. 12 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120815115009/http://www.jnu.ac.in/DataFactSheet/default.htm. 15 August 2012. dead.
  25. Web site: The Indian Express, Difficult to adapt to life outside JNU . 18 February 2016 . 30 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190530023618/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-difficult-to-adapt-to-life-outside-jnu-/1055487 . live .
  26. Web site: Dantewada ambush celebrations spark protest . IBNLive . 2016-02-15 . 2016-02-15 . 21 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160321190844/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/jnu-naxal-jnu-sots-336466.html . live .
  27. Web site: Pitched battle over 'people's war' at JNU. Gohain. Manash Pratim. 2010-04-11. The Times of India. https://web.archive.org/web/20181117010849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pitched-battle-over-peoples-war-at-JNU/articleshow/5783093.cms. 17 November 2018. live. 2016-02-15.
  28. Web site: Dantewada aftershocks at JNU. 2010-04-12. NDTV.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20180711060143/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dantewada-aftershocks-at-jnu-415103. 11 July 2018. live. 2016-02-15.
  29. News: Course on Indian culture is 'saffronisation': JNU students . The Hindu . 10 October 2015 . 28 February 2016 . Sebastian, Kritika Sharma . 8 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091653/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/course-on-indian-culture-is-saffronisation-jnu-students/article7745245.ece . live .
  30. News: Kanhaiya's predecessors: Where they are, what they do . The Indian Express . 22 February 2016 . 28 February 2016 . Iqbal, Naveed . 25 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160225053514/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kanhaiyas-predecessors-where-they-are-what-they-do/ . live .
  31. News: JNU queers its campus with 'Rainbow Walk'. 2015-01-09. dna. 2018-06-30. en-US. 30 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180630133121/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-jnu-queers-its-campus-with-rainbow-walk-2051175. live.
  32. News: 'Rainbow tree' vandalized, JNU's LGBTs to protest - Times of India. The Times of India. 2018-06-30. 23 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180723020040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Rainbow-tree-vandalized-JNUs-LGBTs-to-protest/articleshow/45802635.cms. live.
  33. News: In Delhi's JNU, vandals deface trees that serve as gay rights symbols. Jain. Mayank. Scroll.in. 2018-06-30. en-US. 15 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170815022253/http://scroll.in/article/699818/in-delhis-jnu-vandals-deface-trees-that-serve-as-gay-rights-symbols. live.
  34. Web site: Afzal Guru: A martyr in JNU campus? Anti-India slogans raised, no arrests made : News. 2016-02-11. IndiaToday. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154208/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jnu-afzal-guru-308204-2016-02-11. 31 March 2019. live. 2016-02-15.
  35. Web site: JNU orders probe into Afzal Guru event . theweek.in . 2016-02-10 . 2016-02-15 . 15 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160215023504/http://www.theweek.in/news/india/jnu-orders-probe-into-afzal-guru-event.html . live .
  36. Web site: India . Afzal Guru event: Anti-India slogans at JNU campus; 'disciplinary' enquiry ordered . The Indian Express . 2016-02-10 . 2016-02-15 . 14 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160214041657/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/afzal-guru-event-anti-india-slogan-at-jnu-campus-disciplinary-enquiry-ordered/ . live .
  37. Web site: JNU student leader held on 'sedition' charges over Afzal Guru event. The Indian Express. 2016-02-13. 2016-02-16. 13 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220613083957/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/afzal-guru-film-screening-jnu-student-leader-held-for-sedition/. live.
  38. Web site: Why an Indian student has been arrested for sedition. BBC News. 2016-02-17. 15 February 2016. 29 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180929041356/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-35576855. live.
  39. News: Showdown escalates on JNU campus. The Hindu. 2016-02-14. 2016-02-14. 0971-751X. en-IN. 19 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191219120632/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/showdown-escalates-on-jnu-campus/article8234889.ece. live.
  40. Web site: JNU world alumni back university students, faculty. The Tribune. 2016-02-16. 16 February 2016. 16 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160216072349/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/jnu-world-alumni-back-university-students-faculty/197026.html. live.
  41. News: JNU events signal culture of authoritarian menace. 2016-02-16. The Hindu. 2019-08-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20190726202341/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/%E2%80%98JNU-events-signal-culture-of-authoritarian-menace%E2%80%99/article14084416.ece. 26 July 2019. live. en-IN. 0971-751X.
  42. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chomsky-to-jnu-vc-why-did-you-allow-police-on-campus/article8264400.ece Chomsky to JNU V-C: why did you allow police on campus?
  43. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-now-google-maps-show-jnu-as-anti-national-2193759 ‘Now Google Maps search for ‘anti-national’ leads to JNU’
  44. News: Student bodies hold a protest outside JNU campus as PM Modi inaugurated Vivekananda statue . 16 November 2020 . The New Indian Express . The New Indian Express . Express News Service . 13 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201113061616/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/nov/13/student-bodies-hold-protest-outside-jnu-campus-as-pm-modi-inaugurated-vivekananda-statue-2223086.html . live .
  45. News: PM Modi unveils 'Statue of Peace' to mark 151st birth anniversary of Jainacharya Vijay Vallabh . 16 November 2020 . DNA India . 16 November 2020 . en . 16 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116083555/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-modi-unveils-statue-of-peace-to-mark-151st-birth-anniversary-of-jainacharya-vijay-vallabh-2856750 . live .
  46. Web site: JNU: Swami Vivekananda statue vandalised. 2021-01-18. The Week. en. 19 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191119072947/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/11/14/jnu-protest-swami-vivekananda-statue-vandalised.html. live.
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  59. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50401010 JNU: Indian university rolls back hostel fee hike after protests
  60. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50498890 JNU: Protesters bring top India university to its knees
  61. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/india-jnu-protests-fee-hike-poor-students-fear-future-191120172445517.html As India's JNU protests fee hike, poor students fear for future
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  63. https://thewire.in/education/jnu-fee-hike-protest Fee Hike Protests: JNU Inches Towards Institution-Wide Final Semester Exam Boycott
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  71. Web site: Staff . Mashable News . 2022-04-11 . Student Clash In JNU Over Non-Veg Food Has Netizens Debating The Politics Of Vegetarianism In India . 2022-04-11 . Mashable India . en-in . 7 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220507192932/https://in.mashable.com/culture/30049/student-clash-in-jnu-over-non-veg-food-has-netizens-debating-the-politics-of-vegetarianism-in-india . live .

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