| Bamboo English | |
| Also Known As: | Japanese Bamboo English Korean Bamboo English |
| Era: | since ca. 1950 |
| Familycolor: | Pidgin |
| Iso3: | none |
| Glotto: | none |
| Ietf: | cpe-JP |
Bamboo English was a Japanese Pidgin-English jargon developed after World War II that was spoken between American military personnel and Japanese on US military bases in occupied Japan. It has been thought to be a pidgin, though analysis of the language's features indicates it to be a pre-pidgin or a jargon rather than a stable pidgin.
It was exported to Korea during the Korean War by American military personnel as a method of communicating with Koreans. Here it acquired some Korean words, but remained largely based on English and Japanese. Recently, it has been most widely used in Okinawa Prefecture, where there is a significant U.S. military presence.
The Bonin Islands feature a similar form of Japanese Pidgin English referred to as Bonin English. This contact language was developed due to a back-and-forth shift in dominant languages between English and Japanese spanning over one hundred years.
The name Bamboo English was coined by Arthur M. Z. Norman in an article, where he initially described the language.
With the differences between Japanese and English in terms of sounds included in each language and the placement of those sounds within words, the combination of the two within Bamboo English shows some differences between English-speaking and Japanese-speaking individuals even for the same words.
The ending consonants of words are often altered by Japanese speakers for English words that do not end with [n], [m], or [ŋ] (such as can, from, and song, respectively) by adding an /o/ or /u/ to the end of the word. This altering was picked up by English speakers, though applied without the knowledge of why it was done, such as in the case of Creoles and pidgins, English based: saymo-saymo meaning 'same'.
Another similar alteration demonstrated in Bamboo English was the addition of the "ee" sound (as in cheese) to the end of English words. Words such as 'change', 'catch', and 'speak' then became Creoles and pidgins, English based: changee, Creoles and pidgins, English based: ketchee, and Creoles and pidgins, English based: speakie.
As well, Japanese speakers mimicked some aspects of English speech by removing final vowels from some words, such as the word for 'car' which is normally in Japanese but which is said as Creoles and pidgins, English based: jidoš in Bamboo English.
Documentation of the morphology of Bamboo English is rather incomplete and so demonstrating the presence or absence of various characteristics is difficult.
Compounding, for example, has little record of existing within Bamboo English due to this. On the other hand, affixation has been better noted. The presence of the suffix Creoles and pidgins, English based: -san, taken from Japanese, is often attached to terms of reference and address such as "mama", "papa", "boy", "girl", and "baby" to produce nouns such as Creoles and pidgins, English based: mama-san or Creoles and pidgins, English based: baby-san.
An additional morphological trait shown in Bamboo English is reduplication, though examples shown from the language indicate that this is not true reduplication as there are no forms of these words with only a single occurrence of the root. Such words are Creoles and pidgins, English based: chop-chop meaning 'food', Creoles and pidgins, English based: dame-dame meaning 'bad', and Creoles and pidgins, English based: hubba-hubba meaning 'to hurry'.
As Bamboo English does not make significant use of inflection and the vocabulary was limited, words obtained multiple functions. Nouns often served in this as the initial use, with use as a verb, adjective, or adverb then developing. For example, Creoles and pidgins, English based: chop-chop means 'food' but also 'to eat'. Other such dual-use words are Creoles and pidgins, English based: hayaku meaning 'quickly' and also 'to hurry up', Creoles and pidgins, English based: sayonara meaning 'absence' and 'to get rid of', and Creoles and pidgins, English based: taksan meaning 'many, many', 'very', and 'large'.
Examples taken from .
| Bamboo English | Translation | |
|---|---|---|
| Creoles and pidgins, English based: How much you speak, papa-san? | Name your price | |
| Creoles and pidgins, English based: You number one washee-washee ketchee; number one presento hava-yes | If you do my washing satisfactorily, I'll pay you well |