Jan Grabowski Explained

Jan Grabowski
Image Upright:1.2
Birth Date:June 24, 1962 (61 years old)
Birth Place:Warsaw, Poland
Nationality:Polish-Canadian
Occupation:Historian
Awards:Yad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research
Website:Homepage, University of Ottawa
Education:Université de Montréal (PhD, 1994)
Thesis Title:The Common Ground. Settled Natives and French in Montréal 1667–1760
Thesis Url:http://bibliomontreal.uqam.ca/bibliographie/fiche/ZNCQJAQB
Thesis Year:1993
Era:
Workplaces:University of Ottawa
Notable Works:Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland (2013)

Jan Zbigniew Grabowski (born June 24, 1962) is a Polish-Canadian professor of history at the University of Ottawa, specializing in Jewish–Polish relations in German-occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust in Poland.[1]

Co-founder in 2003 of the Polish Center for Holocaust Research, in Warsaw, Poland, Grabowski is best known for his book (2013), which won the Yad Vashem International Book Prize.

Early life and education

Grabowski was born in Warsaw to a Roman Catholic mother and Jewish father.[2] His father,, a Holocaust survivor and chemistry professor[3] from Kraków, fought in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising.[4]

While at the University of Warsaw, Grabowski was active in the Independent Students' Union between 1981 and 1985, where he helped to run an underground printing press for the Solidarity movement. He received his M.A. in 1986, and in 1988 he emigrated to Canada after travel restrictions had been eased by Poland's communist government.[4] If he had known the regime would fall a year later, he would have stayed, he told an interviewer: "When I left in 1988 I thought there was no future for any young person in Poland. It felt like you were looking at the world through a thick wall of glass. It was sort of an un-reality ... the rules were oblique, strange, inhuman even. Then after one year the system seemed to collapse like a house of cards."[5] He received his Ph.D. from the Université de Montréal in 1994 for a thesis entitled The Common Ground. Settled Natives and French in Montréal 1667–1760.[6]

Academic appointments

Grabowski became a faculty member at the University of Ottawa in 1993.[4] In 2016–17 he was an Ina Levine Invitational Scholar at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, where he conducted research into the Polish Blue Police for a project entitled "Polish 'Blue' Police, Bystanders, and the Holocaust in Occupied Poland, 1939–1945".[7] [8] He received a grant for the project (2016–2020) from the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.[9]

Research

Hunt for the Jews

See main article: Hunt for the Jews. Grabowski is best known for his book Hunt for the Jews, first published in Poland in 2011 as Judenjagd: Polowanie na Żydów 1942–1945.[10] In 2013 a revised and updated edition was published by Indiana University Press as ,[11] and in 2016 a revised and expanded edition was published in Hebrew by Yad Vashem.[12] [4]

Awarded the Yad Vashem International Book Prize in 2014,[13] the book describes the Judenjagd (German: "Jew hunt") from 1942 onwards, focusing on Dąbrowa Tarnowska County, a rural area in southeastern Poland.[14] The Judenjagd was the German search for Jews who had escaped from the liquidated ghettos in Poland and were trying to hide among the non-Jewish population. Grabowski relied on Polish court records from the 1940s, post-war testimony collected by the Central Committee of Polish Jews, and records gathered in Germany during investigations in the 1960s. In a 2015 interview, he described the mechanics of the "hunt":

According to Grabowski, most Jews in hiding were given up by local people to the Polish Blue Police or directly to the Germans. He said that Poles were "directly or indirectly" responsible for most of the deaths of over 200,000 Jews, not counting victims of the police; he explained that by "most", it could be 60 percent or as high as 90 percent.[4]

The book sparked a heated public debate in Poland.[15]

The Polish Police

Grabowski's book The Polish Police: Collaboration in the Holocaust (2017), published by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, is based on his 2016 Ina Levine Annual Lecture on the Blue Police.[8]

Dalej jest noc

In 2018, Grabowski and Barbara Engelking co-edited a two-volume study, Dalej jest noc: losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski (Night without End: The Fates of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland). Published by the Polish Center for Holocaust Research, the study focused on nine counties in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust, giving a detailed account of the fate of the area's Jews and of the question of Polish collaboration with the German occupiers. Grabowski contributed a chapter on Węgrów County. He told a newspaper that the work "talks about Polish virtue just as much. It paints a truthful picture."[16]

Mark Weitzman, director of government affairs for the Simon Wiesenthal Center, said it was "meticulously researched and sourced".[16] Polish historian commended its authors for deconstructing political myths that persist in Polish history, journalism, church, and politics.[17] However, scholars associated with Poland's Institute of National Remembrance alleged that the study used unreliable sources, selectively treated witness statements, presented rumor as fact, and underestimated the draconian nature of the German occupation.[18] [19] [20]

Litigation

The Polish League Against Defamation, a group whose stated aim is to protect "Poland's good name", funded a civil case against Grabowski and Engelking in Poland, brought by the 81-year-old niece of a Polish villager who was accused in the book by witness testimony of having betrayed Jews to the Germans. In February 2021, a Warsaw court ruled that Grabowski and Engelking must apologize for their claims about the villager, but it did not order them to pay compensation.[21] [22]

In response to the court ruling, the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Yad Vashem, and the Simon Wiesenthal Center released statements expressing their concerns about the ruling's effects on academic freedom and freedom of speech.[23] [24] The POLIN Museum stated that the suit had been "an attempt to frighten scholars away from publishing the results of their research out of fear of a lawsuit and the ensuing costly litigation."[25] [26]

In August 2021, an appeals court overturned the ruling against Grabowski and Engelking, arguing in favour of academic freedom.[27]

Research regarding Wikipedia

In 2023, Grabowski, along with historian Shira Klein, published an article in the Journal of Holocaust Research which stated that Wikipedia spread misinformation about the history of Jews in Poland due to the work of a small group of editors.[28] Grabowski said "as a historian, I was aware for a long time of various distortions of the history of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale of the phenomenon, its lasting character and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity."[29]

Views

Summary

In 2016, Grabowski published a paper criticizing what he called "the history policy of the Polish state", and arguing that "the state-sponsored version of history seeks to undo the findings of the last few decades and to forcibly introduce a sanitized, feel-good narrative".[30] He has deplored plans for a monument to rescuers of Jews, to be located at Grzybowski Square, which was part of the wartime Warsaw Ghetto; he sees it as an attempt to inflate the role of the rescuers, whom he describes as a "desperate, hunted, tiny minority", the exception to the rule. The ghetto site should be dedicated, he argues, to Jewish suffering, not to Polish courage.[31] [32]

Poland's embassy in Ottawa criticized Grabowski in 2016 for "groundless opinions and accusations" after he wrote an article for Maclean's about Poland's controversial amendment to its Act on the Institute of National Remembrance.[33] The amendment would have penalized, with imprisonment for up to three years, anyone defaming Poland by accusing it of complicity in the Holocaust,[34] with exceptions for "freedom of research, discussion of history, and artistic activity".[35] [36]

In July 2017, Grabowski criticized the Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II, which opened in Markowa in 2016. The garden will have plaques identifying the 1,500 towns in which the nearly 6,700 Poles lived who helped Jews and were recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations.[37] In Grabowski's view, the museum should provide more information about the Polish neighbours of the Ulma family and others who aided Jews.[38]

Grabowski co-wrote a Haaretz opinion piece in December 2018 criticizing Israeli historian Daniel Blatman, professor of modern Jewish history and Holocaust studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, for accepting the post of chief historian at the newly formed Warsaw Ghetto Museum in Warsaw, Poland, and thus agreeing to be "the poster boy of [Polish] state authorities bent on turning back the clock and distorting the history of the Holocaust".[39] In January 2019 Blatman responded in Haaretz that, while scholars at the Center for Holocaust Research had provided valuable insights into involvement in the Holocaust by parts of the Polish population, they did not give due weight to the terror and violence perpetrated by the Germans against Poles under German occupation.[40]

Responses

Since publication of Hunt for the Jews, Grabowski has become subject to significant criticism in Poland, particularly from groups associated with Polish right-wing spectrum. Some of them attempted to have him fired from his academic position, and he has faced harassment and death threats, leading to increased security patrols in his department at the University of Ottawa.[41] [42] [43]

On 7 June 2017, the Polish League Against Defamation (PLPZ) published a statement signed by about 130 Polish scholars — none of them historians of the Holocaust — protesting against Grabowski's research, which allegedly portrayed a "false and wrongful image of Poland and Polish people".[44] [45] In response, the Polish Center for Holocaust Research issued a statement of its own, entitled "In defence of Jan Grabowski's good name" — signed by seven of its members, including Barbara Engelking, Jacek Leociak and Dariusz Libionka, it called the criticism "as brutal as it is absurd". On 19 June 2017, about 180 historians of Holocaust and modern European history, including Christopher Browning, Mary Fulbrook, Deborah Lipstadt, Antony Polonsky, Dina Porat, Yitzhak Arad, and Robert Jan van Pelt, signed an open letter in Grabowski's defence, describing the campaign against Grabowski as "an attack on academic freedom and integrity", the letter emphasized that "[h]is scholarship [held] to the highest standards of academic research and publication", and that the PLPZ attempted to put forth a "distorted and whitewashed version of the history of Poland during the Holocaust era". In November 2018, Grabowski filed a defemation lawsuit in Warsaw against the PLPZ; he asked that each of their signatories buy a copy of Dalej jest noc and donate it to a Polish high school.[46]

On 30 May 2023, a lecture by Grabowski at the German Historical Institute in Warsaw was abandoned after far-right politician Grzegorz Braun attacked the stage and smashed the microphone and speakers.[47] [48]

Selected works

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/546 "Jan Grabowski"
  2. Snyder, Donald (12 January 2015). "The Summer Polish Jews Were Hunted" (interview with Jan Grabowski). The Forward.
  3. Web site: Zbigniew Ryszard Grabowski . nekrologi.wyborcza.pl . 3 May 2018 . pl . 27 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005646/http://nekrologi.wyborcza.pl/0,11,,382432,Zbigniew-Ryszard-Grabowski-kondolencje.html . live .
  4. News: Aderet . Ofer . 'Orgy of Murder': The Poles Who 'Hunted' Jews and Turned Them Over to the Nazis . . 11 February 2017 . https://archive.today/20180501142054/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-orgy-of-murder-the-poles-who-hunted-jews-and-turned-them-in-1.5430977 . 1 May 2018 . dead . 18 May 2019.
  5. Web site: Twenty-five years since the fall of communism in Poland. Shannon. Lough. 26 February 2014. davidmckie.com. 22 March 2018. 22 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143256/http://www.davidmckie.com/twenty-five-years-since-the-fall-of-communism-in-poland/. live.
  6. http://bibliomontreal.uqam.ca/bibliographie/fiche/ZNCQJAQB "The Common Ground. Settled Natives and French in Montréal 1667-1760"
  7. Web site: Fellow Dr. Jan Grabowski. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2 March 2018. 22 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180822085636/https://www.ushmm.org/research/competitive-academic-programs/fellows-and-scholars/all-fellows-and-scholars/dr-jan-grabowski-2016. live.
  8. Web site: Jan. Grabowski. April 2017. The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://web.archive.org/web/20180206002634/https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20170502-Grabowski_OP.pdf. 6 February 2018. live.
  9. https://arts.uottawa.ca/en/research/funded-research-projects "Funded Research Projects"
  10. Book: Grabowski, Jan . Judenjagd: polowanie na Żydów 1942-1945: studium dziejów pewnego powiatu . 2011 . Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów . 978-8393220236 . Warsaw . 715338569.
  11. Book: Grabowski . Jan . Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland . 2013 . Indiana University Press . Bloomington . 978-0253010742. 868951735.
  12. Grabowski, Jan (2016). ציד היהודים; בגידה ורצח בפולין בימי הכיבוש הגרמני. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.
  13. http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/04-december-2014-16-18.html "Professor Jan Grabowski wins the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize"
  14. Tzur, Nissan (18 October 2013). "Holocaust writer Grabowski faces Polish fury" . Jewish Chronicle.
  15. Fleming . Michael . Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland . European History Quarterly . April 2016 . 46 . 2 . 357–359. 10.1177/0265691416637313r . 147420141 . free .
  16. Web site: Fears rise that Polish libel trial could threaten future Holocaust research. 8 February 2021. 3 February 2021. The Guardian. 9 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209070028/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/03/fears-rise-that-polish-libel-trial-could-threaten-future-holocaust-research. live.
  17. Chrobaczyński, Jacek (2018). "Osaczeni, samotni, bezbronni ... Refleksje po lekturze książki Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski ("Cornered, alone, defenseless... reflections on reading the book Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski). Res Gestae. 6, pp. 266–301.
  18. Domański, Tomasz (2019). Korekta obrazu? Refleksje źródłoznawcze wokół książki "Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski" ("A Corrected Picture? Reflections on Use of Sources in the Book Night without End: The Fates of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland"). Institute of National Remembrance. Polish-Jewish Studies.
  19. Golik, Dawid (2018). "Nowatorska noc. Kilka uwag na marginesie artykułu Karoliny Panz" ("Innovative Night: A Few Remarks Relating to Karolina Panz's Article"). Zeszyty Historyczne WiN-u, 47, pp. 109–134.
  20. Borkowicz, Jacek (10 February 2019). "Wraca spór o udział w zagładzie" ("Dispute over Participation in the Holocaust Returns"). Rzeczpospolita.
  21. News: 2021-02-09. Polish court tells two Holocaust historians to apologise. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-02-21. 21 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210221083736/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55996291. live.
  22. Web site: Polish court orders historians to apologise over Holocaust book. Reuters. Alan. Charlish. Anna. Wlodarczak-Semczuk. 9 February 2021. 10 February 2021. 9 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209193022/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-holocaust-idUSKBN2A91M7. live.
  23. News: 2021-02-03 . Fears rise that Polish libel trial could threaten future Holocaust research . en . Guardian . 2021-07-31 . 3 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210203133637/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/03/fears-rise-that-polish-libel-trial-could-threaten-future-holocaust-research . live .
  24. News: 2021-02-09 . U of O Holocaust scholar ordered to apologize in Polish libel case . CBC . 31 July 2021 . 31 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210731123730/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/holocaust-scholar-polish-libel-case-1.5907633 . live .
  25. Gera, Vanessa (4 February 2021). "Future of Holocaust research in Poland hinges on libel case" . The Associated Press.
  26. Glanville, Jo (12 February 2021). "'A gift for Holocaust deniers': how Polish libel ruling will hit historians" . The Guardian.
  27. Web site: 2021-08-16. Polish appeals court dismisses claims against Holocaust book historians. 2021-08-16. Reuters. en. 16 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210305/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/polish-appeals-court-dismisses-claims-against-holocaust-book-historians-2021-08-16/. live.
  28. Grabowski . Jan . Klein . Shira . 2023-02-09 . Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust . The Journal of Holocaust Research . 37 . 2 . en . 133–190 . 10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 . 2578-5648 . free .
  29. News: 'Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed': New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust . en . Haaretz . 2023-05-24 . 19 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230319131437/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/new-research-documents-how-wikipedia-distorts-the-holocaust/00000186-4f0f-d02c-af9e-cfffa9900000 . live .
  30. Grabowski, Jan (6 January 2017). "The Holocaust and Poland's 'History Policy'" . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 10(3), pp. 481–486.
  31. Snyder, Don (17 April 2013). "Poland Plans Monument to Righteous Gentiles on Site of Warsaw Ghetto" . Forward.
  32. Snyder, Donald (27 April 2014). "Poland's Dueling Holocaust Monuments to 'Righteous Gentiles' Spark Painful Debate" . Forward.
  33. Grabowski, Jan (20 September 2016). "The danger in Poland's frontal attack on its Holocaust history" . Maclean's."The Polish Embassy in Ottawa responds to Jan Grabowski" . Macleans, 30 September 2016.
  34. Zieve, Tamara (20 February 2018). "Polish historian: Penalties for new Polish law resemble pre-war punishment" . Jerusalem Post.
  35. Web site: Communique of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on amendment of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Poland. 23 August 2018. 9 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180209095708/http://www.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/communique_of_the_ministry_of_foreign_affairs_on_amendment_of_the_act_on_the_institute_of_national_remembrance_. live.
  36. News: Aderet . Ofer . Polish Historian: Entering Dialogue With Poland on Holocaust Bill Is 'The Last Thing' Israel Should Do . Haaretz . 19 February 2018 . https://archive.today/20180824025920/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-polish-historian-no-use-in-israel-engaging-poland-on-holocaust-law-1.5829045 . 24 August 2018 . dead . 20 March 2018 . Stoffel, Derek (20 February 2018). "Canadian historian joins uproar in Israel over Polish Holocaust law" . CBC News.
  37. Gieroń, Aneta (21 July 2017). "Przy Muzeum Ulmów w Markowej powstaje Sad Pamięci" . Biznesistyl.
  38. Aderet, Ofer (22 March 2016). "Polish Museum Honoring Poles Who Saved Jews Arouses Controversy", Haaretz.
  39. News: Grabowski, Jan . Engelking, Barbara . Haska, Agnieszka . Leociak, Jacek . Why Is This Israeli Jewish Scholar a Willing Poster Boy for Poland's Brutal Distortion of the Holocaust? . Haaretz . 24 December 2018 . 16 March 2019 . 16 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190316164341/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/the-israeli-scholar-who-s-a-poster-boy-for-poland-s-distortion-of-the-holocaust-1.6768946 . live .
  40. News: Blatman, Daniel . Warsaw Ghetto Museum Historian: A Tale of History, Force and Narrow Horizons . Haaretz . 4 January 2019 . 16 March 2019 . 16 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190316133520/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-warsaw-ghetto-museum-historian-a-tale-of-history-force-and-narrow-horizons-1.6808158 . live .
  41. Thorne, Stephen J. (14 February 2018). "The truth about Poland" . Legion Magazine.
  42. https://www.chronicle.com/article/A-Polish-Historians/132499 "A Polish Historian's Accounting of the Holocaust Divides His Countrymen"
  43. Web site: Statement on Attacks against Professor Jan Grabowski . University of Ottawa. https://web.archive.org/web/20180823014212/https://cdp-hrc.uottawa.ca/en/statement-attacks-against-professor-jan-grabowski. 23 August 2018. live.
  44. Gera, Vanessa (20 June 2017). "International historians defend Ottawa scholar who studies Poland and Holocaust", The Associated Press.Web site: Perkel . Colin . 20 June 2017 . University of Ottawa scholar says he's a target of Polish 'hate' campaign . The Canadian Press . none . 16 April 2018 . 13 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180113124156/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/jan-grabowski-holocaust-hate-campaign-1.4169662 . live . The letter can be read here .
  45. Web site: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów . 10 June 2017 . Bibliotekoznawcy i technologowie żywności zarzucają prof. Grabowskiemu "szkalowanie Narodu". Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów odpowiada . Gazeta Wyborcza . 15 March 2023 . 15 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230315214725/https://wyborcza.pl/7,75398,21942643,bibliotekoznawcy-i-technologowie-zywnosci-zarzucaja-prof-grabowskiemu.html?disableRedirects=true . live .
  46. Markusz, Katarzyna (18 November 2018). "Holocaust researcher sues Polish group that accused him of falsifying history" . Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
  47. Web site: Far-right MP forces abandonment of Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw . Notes from Poland . 31 May 2023 . Notes from Poland Foundation . 31 May 2023.
  48. News: Elia-Shalev . Asaf . Lecture on Holocaust in Poland canceled after far-right lawmaker storms podium . 9 June 2023 . . 1 June 2023.

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