United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting explained

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting
Partof:antisemitism in the United States
Location:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.
Time:12:50 p.m.
Timezone:EDT
Type:Murder by shooting, hate crime
Fatalities:1
Injuries:2 (including the perpetrator)
Perp:James Wenneker von Brunn
Weapons:Winchester Model 1906 .22-caliber rifle
Motive:Antisemitism, Holocaust denial

At approximately 12:50 p.m. on June 10, 2009, 88-year-old James Wenneker von Brunn entered the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., with a slide-action rifle and fatally shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Other special police officers returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended.[1] [2] [3]

Von Brunn was charged in federal court on June 11, 2009, with first-degree murder and firearms violations.[4] On July 29, 2009, von Brunn was indicted by a federal grand jury on seven counts.[5] Included in the indictment were three hate crime charges, as well as four charges which made him eligible for the death penalty.[6] [7] In September 2009, a judge ordered von Brunn to undergo a competency evaluation to determine whether or not he could stand trial.[8] On January 6, 2010, von Brunn died of natural causes while awaiting trial.[9]

Von Brunn was a white supremacist, Holocaust denier, and neo-Nazi. He had previously been convicted of entering the Federal Reserve Building with various weapons in 1981 and attempting to place the members of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, who he considered to be treasonous, under citizen's arrest.[3] [10]

Background

The Holocaust Museum has previously been a target of white supremacist terrorism since its establishment in 1993. In 2002, two white supremacists plotted to attack the museum using a fertilizer bomb, though their plan was foiled after their arrest.

Shooting

At about 12:49 p.m., 88-year-old James von Brunn[11] [12] [13] drove his car to the 14th Street entrance of the museum.[14] Von Brunn entered the museum when Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns opened the door for him.[15] Authorities said he raised a Winchester Model 1906 .22-caliber rifle[16] and shot Special Police Officer Johns once in the upper torso;[1] [2] Johns later died of his injuries at the George Washington University Hospital. Two other Special Police Officers stationed with Officer Johns, Harry Weeks and Jason "Mac" McCuiston, then exchanged fire with von Brunn, wounding him with a shot to the face.[17] According to police officers at the scene, a third person was injured by broken glass but refused treatment at the hospital.[18]

In total, 11 shots were fired during the incident (three from von Brunn and eight from Weeks and McCuiston).[19]

Immediate aftermath

The Washington Post reported that "if it weren't for the quick response of the private guards on duty, more people could have been killed or wounded." Mayor Adrian Fenty stated that the officers' efforts "to bring this gunman down so quickly ... saved the lives of countless people... This could have been much, much worse."[20] Inside, the museum was crowded with visiting schoolchildren.[1] Museum officials said that "the entire incident unfolded in approximately two minutes."[21]

After the shooting, the nearby U.S. Department of Agriculture Administration Building, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the USDA's Sidney R. Yates Federal Building were closed.[22] Portions of 14th Street and Independence Avenue in the Southwest quadrant were closed until later in the night.[23] The car driven by von Brunn was found double-parked in front of the museum and tested for explosives.[24]

Police said they found a notebook on von Brunn that contained a list of District locations, including the Washington National Cathedral; they dispatched bomb squads to at least 10 sites.[25] The notebook also contained this passage, signed by von Brunn: "You want my weapons—this is how you'll get them. The Holocaust is a lie. Obama was created by Jews. Obama does what his Jew owners tell him to do. Jews captured America's money. Jews control the mass media. The 1st Amendment is abrogated henceforth."

The FBI and Washington, D.C. police chief Cathy L. Lanier said that it appeared von Brunn was acting alone at the time of the shooting, and the FBI said it had no knowledge of any threat against the museum.[26] [27] The museum's director of security said they receive threats, but "nothing this significant recently".[28]

Witnesses

Present at the museum during the shooting was former United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen, awaiting his wife Janet Langhart; the two were at the museum for the premiere of Langhart's one-act play, Anne and Emmett. The play imagines a conversation between two teenagers, Nazi victim Anne Frank and Jim Crow victim Emmett Till. Her play was to be presented in honor of the eightieth anniversary of Anne Frank's birth.[29]

Possible motives

Several news agencies have noted the timing of the June 10 shooting; it came shortly after Obama's June 5 visit to and speech at the Buchenwald concentration camp,[30] and that "President Obama’s recent visit to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp, in Germany, may have set off the shooter."[31]

On his website, von Brunn stated that his conviction in the 1980s was by "a Negro jury, Jew/Negro attorneys" and that he was "sentenced to prison for eleven years by a Jew judge." A Court of Appeals denied his appeal.[12]

Victim

Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns (October 4, 1969 – June 10, 2009), a Temple Hills, Maryland native, was an employee of Wackenhut who was, at the time of the shooting, stationed at the door of the museum when von Brunn entered with a .22 caliber long rifle and shot him. He later died at the George Washington University Hospital. His funeral was held on June 19, 2009, at Ebenezer AME Church in Fort Washington, Maryland, with 2,000 attendees,[32] and he was subsequently interred. The American Jewish Committee established a memorial fund for the family.[33]

Perpetrator

Subject Name:James von Brunn
Birth Name:James Wenneker von Brunn
Birth Date:11 July 1920
Birth Place:St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Death Place:Butner, North Carolina, U.S.
Conviction:Burglary, assault, weapons charges, and attempted kidnapping
Conviction Penalty:Imprisonment of six and a half years
Conviction Status:Deceased
Occupation:Advertising executive and producer, author

Von Brunn was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the first of two children. His father was a native of Houston, Texas, and a superintendent at the Scullin Steel Mill in Houston during World War II. His mother was a piano teacher and homemaker.

Von Brunn enrolled in Washington University in St. Louis in August 1938, and received his Bachelor of Science degree in journalism in April 1943. During his time at the university, von Brunn was said to have been president of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon chapter, and a varsity football player.[34] He served in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1957, and was the commanding officer of PT boat 159 during the Pacific Theatre of World War II, receiving a commendation and three battle stars.[35] [36] [37] Von Brunn had worked as an advertising executive and producer in New York City for twenty years. In the late 1960s, he relocated to the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where he continued to do advertising work and resumed painting.

In the early 1970s, Von Brunn briefly worked for Noontide Press, the publishing arm of the Holocaust-denying Institute for Historical Review.[38]

Von Brunn's arrest history dates back at least as far as the mid-1960s. In 1968, he received a six-month jail sentence in Maryland for fighting with a sheriff during an incident at the county jail.[39] He had earlier been arrested for driving under the influence following an altercation at a local restaurant in 1966.[40]

Von Brunn was arrested in 1981 for attempted kidnapping[41] and hostage-taking[42] of members of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors after approaching the Federal Reserve's Eccles Building armed with a revolver, knife, and sawed-off shotgun.[43] [44] Von Brunn later described his actions as a "citizen's arrest for treason." He reportedly complained of "high interest rates" during the incident and was disarmed without any shots being fired, after threatening a security guard with a .38 caliber pistol.[45] He reportedly claimed he had a bomb, which was found to be only a device designed to look like a bomb.[46] He was convicted in 1983 for burglary, assault, weapons charges, and attempted kidnapping. Von Brunn's sentence was completed by September 15, 1989,[47] after he had served six and a half years in prison.[48] After he was released he successfully tested for and joined Mensa International; however, he was eventually dropped from membership for failing to pay his annual dues.[49]

Von Brunn was a member of the American Friends of the British National Party, a group that raised funds in the United States for the far right and "rights for whites" British National Party (BNP). The group had been addressed on at least two occasions by Nick Griffin, an ex-member of the National Front and chairman of the BNP.[50] A BNP spokesperson claimed after the shooting that the party had "never heard of" von Brunn.[51]

In 2004 and 2005 he lived in Hayden Lake, Idaho, the town where Aryan Nations—a neo-Nazi organization led by Richard Butler—was based until 2001.[36] Von Brunn was living in Annapolis, Maryland at the time of the incident.[36]

After the shooting, federal authorities raided his apartment and seized a rifle, ammunition, computers, a handwritten will, and a painting of Jesus Christ standing adjacent to Adolf Hitler.[52] The FBI also stated it discovered child pornography on one of the seized computers.[53]

Von Brunn was charged in federal court on June 11, 2009, with first-degree murder and firearms violations; he pleaded not guilty to all of the charges.[54] On July 29, 2009, von Brunn was indicted on seven counts, including four which made him eligible for the death penalty.[55] In September 2009, a judge ordered von Brunn to undergo a competency evaluation to determine whether or not he could stand trial.[56] Von Brunn had the Federal Bureau of Prisons ID# 07128-016 and was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Complex in Butner, North Carolina.[57] On January 6, 2010, von Brunn died in a hospital located near the prison.[58] According to a statement by his attorney, von Brunn had "a long history of poor health," including sepsis and chronic congestive heart failure.[59]

Reaction

The Israeli embassy in Washington condemned the attack. U.S. President Barack Obama said, "This outrageous act reminds us that we must remain vigilant against anti-Semitism and prejudice in all its forms."[60] [61]

The Southern Poverty Law Center, Anti-Defamation League, and FBI stated they had been monitoring von Brunn's Internet postings, but were unable to take action because his comments had not crossed the line from free speech into illegal threats or incitement.[62] [63]

On June 11, 2009, the Jewish Community Relations Council of Greater Washington and the InterFaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington led a prayer vigil that took place in front of the museum to honor Stephen Johns, the slain officer.[64] Approximately 100 people attended the event, including officials from the Israeli and German embassies.[65] The Council on American-Islamic Relations condemned the attack as well.[25] When the museum reopened on June 12, 2009, Director Sara Bloomfield said attendance was normal or even higher than usual. Many visitors said their attendance was a statement against hate and intolerance. A 17-year-old girl who was in the museum the day of the shooting stated, "It's important to come back, because if you don't, they win. It's a form of terrorism."[66]

On the white nationalist Internet forum Stormfront, some users criticized von Brunn's actions, saying they hurt the forum's cause. Others supported him in threads that were later removed, some of which later reappeared.[67]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Guard Slain in Museum Shootout ID'd; Gunman Hospitalized. 2009-06-10. WJLA-TV. 2009-06-10. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090613040641/http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0609/630674.html. 2009-06-13.
  2. News: 2 People Shot at U.S. Holocaust Museum. Wilgoren. Debbi. Branigin, William. 2009-06-10. The Washington Post. 2009-06-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20090826051726/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/10/AR2009061001768.html?hpid=topnews. 2009-08-26. live.
  3. Del Quentin Wilber, Von Brunn, white supremacist Holocaust museum shooter, dies, Washington Post (January 7, 2010), B01.
  4. News: Criminal Complaint (U.S v. James Wenneker von Brunn). 2009-06-11. FindLaw. 2009-06-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20090614231115/http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/crim/us-von-brunn61109cmp.html. 2009-06-14. live.
  5. https://legaltimes.typepad.com/files/von-brunn-indictment.pdf
  6. News: Holocaust Museum Shooter Indicted on First-Degree Murder. Wilber. Del Quentin. 2009-07-29. The Washington Post. 2009-07-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20121108144318/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/07/29/ST2009072902450.html. 2012-11-08. live.
  7. James Von Brunn Indicted for Murder of Special Police Officer Stephen Johns and Hate Crimes Charges for Attack on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2009-07-29. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2009-07-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20170512084951/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/washingtondc/press-releases/2009/wfo072909.htm. 2017-05-12. live.
  8. News: North Carolina: Shooting Defendant Is Transferred. 2009-09-28. Associated Press. The New York Times. A23. 2009-09-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20151108190715/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/us/29brfs-SHOOTINGSUSP_BRF.html. 2015-11-08. live.
  9. News: Holocaust museum shooting suspect dies . Pilkington . Ed . January 7, 2010 . . . January 7, 2010 . London . https://web.archive.org/web/20130909085026/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/07/holocaust-museum-shooting-suspect-dies . September 9, 2013 . live . mdy-all .
  10. News: Suspect is seized in Capital in threat at Federal Reserve. 1981-12-08. United Press International. The New York Times. 2017-02-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324194404/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/08/us/suspect-is-seized-in-capital-in-threat-at-federal-reserve.html. 2016-03-24. live.
  11. News: Shooting Suspect Wrote Of "Holocaust Hoax". Condon. Stephanie. 2009-06-10. CBS News. 2009-06-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20090613021802/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/06/10/national/main5078816.shtml. 2009-06-13. live.
  12. News: White supremacist James W Von Brunn opens fire at Holocaust museum. 2009-06-10. The Times. 2009-06-10. London. Tim. Reid. https://web.archive.org/web/20100106035554/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6473316.ece. 2010-01-06. live.
  13. Web site: Gunman Shoots, Kills Guard At Holocaust Museum. 2009-06-10. National Public Radio. 2009-06-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20090614042150/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105207253. 2009-06-14. live.
  14. News: Ashley . Halsey III . Paul Duggan . Was He Capable of This? Yes. . 2009-06-11 . Washington Post . 2009-06-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121108074213/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/11/AR2009061101086.html . 2012-11-08 . live .
  15. Web site: 'Obama created by Jews': Holocaust Museum shooting suspect James von Brunn's chilling racist note. Sisk, Richard. Schapiro, Richard. 2009-06-11. Daily News. 2009-06-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20090614035805/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2009/06/11/2009-06-11_holocaust_museum_guard_.html. 2009-06-14. live.
  16. News: Elderly gunman kills guard at Holocaust Museum. Syeed. Nafeesa. Epso, David . 2009-06-10. Associated Press. Yahoo! News. 2009-06-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090613020706/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090610/ap_on_re_us/us_holocaust_museum_shooting . 2009-06-13.
  17. News: Guards Who Stopped Von Brunn Were Retired Cop, Ex-Marine. 2009-06-12. The Washington Post. 2009-06-13.
  18. News: Shooting reported at Holocaust Museum in Washington. 2009-06-10. CNN. 2009-06-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20090613062201/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/06/10/museum.shooting/index.html. 2009-06-13. live.
  19. Web site: Suspect in museum killing had an agenda, police say. Chicago Tribune. 12 June 2009 .
  20. News: Fast Action By Guards Saved Lives, Officials Say. Davenport. Christian. 2009-06-12. The Washington Post. 2009-06-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20121108075051/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/11/AR2009061103848_pf.html. 2012-11-08. live.
  21. News: Gunman Opens Fire Inside Holocaust Museum, Kills Security Guard. June 10, 2009. Fox News. bot: unknown. https://web.archive.org/web/20100527083145/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/06/10/gunman-opens-inside-holocaust-museum-kills-security-guard/. May 27, 2010.
  22. Web site: A Bad Day at the Museum. Felde. Kitty. June 11, 2009. Southern California Public Radio. bot: unknown. https://web.archive.org/web/20110603235527/http://www.scpr.org/blogs/kitty-felde/2009/06/11/bad-day-museum/. June 3, 2011.
  23. News: Street Closures Affiliated with Holocaust Museum Shooting. Mathis. Sommer. 2009-06-10. DCist. 2009-06-12. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090614234429/http://dcist.com/2009/06/street_closures_affiliated_with_hol.php. 2009-06-14.
  24. News: Guard dies after Holocaust museum shooting . 2009-06-11 . NBC News . Associated Press . 2009-06-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131011163702/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31208188/ . 2013-10-11 . live .
  25. News: Maryland man held in Holocaust museum attack. Meyer, Josh. Oliphant, James. Zajaz, Andrew . 2009-06-11. The Baltimore Sun. 2009-06-11.
  26. Web site: Gunman, guards exchange fire in D.C. Museum. 2009-06-10. WTOP-FM. 2009-06-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20110109061421/http://www.wtopnews.com/?nid=25. 2011-01-09. dead.
  27. Statement Regarding Shooting at United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.. June 10, 2009. Federal Bureau of Investigation. June 7, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170710153014/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/washingtondc/press-releases/2009/wfo061009-1.htm. July 10, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  28. News: Holocaust Museum has attracted anti-Semitism, hatred from its inception. Frommer, Frederic J.. 2002-07-26. Associated Press. Los Angeles Times. 2009-06-14 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090615002329/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-holocaust-museum,1,85556.story . 2009-06-15.
  29. News: Tragedy at the Holocaust museum and giving voice to the slain. Grossman, Cathy Lynn. 2009-06-10. USA Today. 2009-06-11. https://archive.today/20120709082639/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/religion/post/2009/06/67959221/1. 2012-07-09. live.
  30. News: Less Than A Week After Obama's Buchenwald Visit, House Passes Resolution Condemning Holocaust Shooting. Alingod. Kris. 2009-06-12. All Headline News. 2009-06-17.
  31. News: Shooting in the Holocaust Museum in Washington, DC. Lawn. Connie. 2009-06-17. Scoop. 2009-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20090618100335/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0906/S00175.htm. 2009-06-18. live.
  32. News: Grieving for 'Another Victim of an Evil ... Mentality'. Keith L. Alexander and Hamil R. Harris. Washington Post. June 20, 2009. October 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170803123829/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/19/AR2009061900532.html. August 3, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  33. Web site: AJC sets up fund for family of Officer Johns . Eric Fingerhut. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. June 11, 2009.
  34. News: Holocaust Museum gunman a WU graduate, University confirms. Zhao. Kat. Stein. Perry. 2009-06-11. Student Life. 2009-06-11.
  35. News: James von Brunn Military Records. Lyon Research. 2009-06-13. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090615115401/http://www.lyonresearch.com/html/james_von_brunn_military_recor.html. 2009-06-15.
  36. Web site: Holocaust museum closed for day to mark shooting . Woodward . Calvin . Syeed . Nafeesa . 2009-06-11 . Associated Press . . 2009-06-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090614113640/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090611/ap_on_re_us/us_holocaust_museum_shooting . June 14, 2009 .
  37. News: Museum shooting suspect was WWII PT boat CO. Ewing. Phillip. 2009-06-11. Navy Times. 2009-06-11.
  38. Web site: New Evidence Shows Holocaust Museum Shooter James von Brunn Had Long Craved Attention.
  39. News: 6-Month Term Imposed For Hitting Md. Sherrif [sic] ]. 1968-10-12. The Washington Post. 2009-06-17.
  40. News: Michael E. . Ruane . Paul . Duggan. Clarence . Williams . At a Monument of Sorrow, A Burst of Deadly Violence . 2009-06-11 . The Washington Post . 2009-06-13 .
  41. News: Death and the Holocaust museum. Silverstein. Richard. 2009-06-11. The Guardian. 2009-06-11 . London.
  42. News: Who is James Wenneker von Brunn?. Iovino. Jim . Michael . Clancy. 2009-06-10. NBC New York. 2010-08-05.
  43. News: White supremacist James W Von Brunn opens fire at Holocaust museum. 2009-06-10. The Times. 2009-06-10 . London . Tim . Reid.
  44. News: Security Guard Is Killed in Shooting at Holocaust Museum in D.C. . Stout. David. 2009-06-10. The New York Times. 2009-06-10.
  45. News: Suspect is seized in Capital in threat at Federal Reserve. 1981-12-08. United Press International. The New York Times. 2009-06-10.
  46. News: Interest rate has man ready to blast Fed. 1981-12-08. Associated Press. The Ledger. 5A. 2009-06-10.
  47. Web site: Inmate Locator. Federal Bureau of Prisons. 2009-06-10. 2013-09-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20130911025627/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/LocateInmate.jsp. dead.
  48. News: Bill . Turque . Museum Shooter's Son Condemns Father's Violence . 2009-06-13 . The Washington Post . 2009-06-14.
  49. News: Them Jews . James . Taranto . . 2009-06-11 . 2009-06-12.
  50. News: Suspect in US Holocaust museum guard killing has links to BNP. 2009-06-12. The Guardian. 2009-06-12 . London . Matthew . Taylor.
  51. News: White supremacist gunman James W. von Brunn had links to BNP. Times Online. Kaya. Burgess. 12 June 2009. 12 June 2009 . London.
  52. News: Art of Hitler, Jesus in von Brunn's Home. 2010-02-24. myfoxdc.com. 2010-02-25.
  53. News: Child Porn Found on Computer Of Shooting Suspect, Court Told. Wilber. Del Quintin. 2009-06-19. The Washington Post. 2009-06-19.
  54. News: Criminal Complaint (U.S v. James Wenneker von Brunn). 2009-06-11. FindLaw. 2009-06-11.
  55. News: Holocaust Museum Shooter Indicted on First-Degree Murder. Wilber. Del Quentin. 2009-07-29. The Washington Post. 2009-07-30.
  56. News: North Carolina: Shooting Defendant Is Transferred . 2009-09-28. Associated Press. The New York Times. A23. 2009-09-29.
  57. "James Wenneker Von Brunn." (Archive) Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on January 6, 2010.
  58. News: US Holocaust museum murder suspect dies aged 89 . January 6, 2010 . . January 7, 2010 .
  59. News: J. W. von Brunn, Accused Museum Gunman, Dies at 89. New York Times. B19. January 7, 2010.
  60. News: On the Holocaust Museum Shooting. 2009-06-10. whitehouse.gov.
  61. News: US Holocaust museum guard killed. June 11, 2009. BBC News. June 11, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8094076.stm. June 12, 2009. live. mdy-all.
  62. News: Investigators in Holocaust museum shooting continue to look for clues. Meyer. Josh. June 12, 2009. Los Angeles Times. June 11, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090614083006/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-holocaust-shooting12-2009jun12,0,7406829.story. June 14, 2009. live. mdy-all.
  63. News: Southern Poverty Law Center Had Monitored Museum Shooting Suspect. Weiss. Debra Cassens. June 11, 2009. ABA Journal. June 15, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090616230922/http://www.abajournal.com/news/southern_poverty_law_center_had_monitored_holocaust_shooting_suspect/. June 16, 2009. live. mdy-all.
  64. News: Holocaust Museum Shooting Vigil Planned for 2 p.m.. Mathis. Sommer. June 11, 2009. DCist. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090614092511/http://dcist.com/2009/06/holocaust_vigil_planned_for_2_pm.php. June 14, 2009.
  65. News: Tourists shocked, but carrying on. Giaimo. Melissa. The Washington Times. June 12, 2009. June 12, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090615075716/http://washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/12/tourists-shocked-but-try-to-carry-on/. June 15, 2009. live. mdy-all.
  66. News: Stepping Up to Defy Intolerance. Davenport. Christian. June 11, 2009. The Washington Post. October 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170916053129/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/06/11/ST2009061101157.html?sid=ST2009061101157. September 16, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  67. News: What the Media Missed in Museum Shooting: Far-Right Reaction. Mitchell. Greg. June 10, 2009. Editor & Publisher. bot: unknown. https://web.archive.org/web/20090617050552/http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003982248. June 17, 2009.

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