J. O. Urmson Explained

J. O. Urmson
Birth Name:	James Opie Urmson
Birth Date:	4 March 1915
Birth Place:	Hornsea, England
Discipline:	Philosophy
Doctoral Students:	Richard Shusterman
Module:	Embed: yes Branch: British Army Branch Label: Service Serviceyears: 1939 – Rank: Captain Unit: 1st Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment Battles: Second World War Battles Label: Wars

James Opie Urmson (4 March 1915 – 29 January 2012)^[1] was a philosopher and classicist who spent most of his professional career at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was a prolific author and expert on a number of topics including British analytic/linguistic philosophy, George Berkeley, ethics, and Greek philosophy (especially Aristotle).

Life and career

J. O. Urmson was born in Hornsea. He was named after his father, James Opie Urmson (1881–1954), a Methodist minister. Urmson was educated at Kingswood School, Bath (1928–1934), and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1934–38).

When the Second World War broke out, he joined the army. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1943. He was taken prisoner in Italy in 1944, remaining in captivity in Germany until the end of the war in Europe. He spent his time as a prisoner of war "playing bridge and doing mathematics."^{[2] [3]}

After the war he was a student (i.e. a fellow) of Christ Church, Oxford, from 1945 to 1955. During this period he lived in Monckton Cottage in Headington, Oxford.

In 1955 he accepted an appointment as Professor of Philosophy at Queen's College Dundee, then part of the University of St Andrews in Scotland. In 1959 he returned to Oxford as a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford and a Tutor in Philosophy. Except for visiting appointments in the United States (e.g. Visiting Associate Professor of philosophy at Princeton University in 1950–51), he remained at Oxford until his retirement,^[4] at which point he assumed the position of Henry Waldgrave Stuart Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Stanford University.

Achievements

Urmson and his co-editor G. J. Warnock performed an invaluable service to the development of "analytic" or "linguistic" philosophy by preparing for publication the papers of the Oxford linguistic philosopher J. L. Austin.

After World War II, Urmson's book Philosophical Analysis (1956) – an overview of the development of analytic philosophy at Cambridge and Oxford universities between World War I and World War II – was influential in the post-war spread of analytic philosophy in Anglophone countries.

David Heyd records that "the history of supererogation in non-religious ethical theory" began with Urmson's 'seminal' "Saints and Heroes" (1958).^[5] This paper, according to Heyd, "opened the contemporary discussion of supererogation," while hardly mentioning the term, "by challenging the traditional threefold classification of moral action: the obligatory, the permitted (or indifferent) and the prohibited."

Urmson translated or wrote notes for a number of volumes of Aristotle, and commentaries on Aristotle's Physics by Simplicius, for the Ancient Commentators on Aristotle series published in the US by Cornell University Press, in the UK initially by Duckworth, now by Bloomsbury, under the general editorship of Richard Sorabji. His book Aristotle's Ethics was praised by J. L. Ackrill and Julius Moravcsik as an excellent introduction to Aristotle's Ethics.

Although, as Jonathan Rée notes, many of Urmson's writings "focus on theories about the nature of philosophy",^[6] Urmson holds that "on the whole the best philosophy is little affected by theory; the philosopher sees what needs doing and does it."^[7]

Works

Edited volumes

• (with G. J. Warnock) J. L. Austin Philosophical Papers,1961
• J. L. Austin How to do Things with Words, 1962 (2nd edition, 1975, with Marina Sbisà)
• Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers 1960 (with Jonathan Rée: second edition 1989, third edition 2004)

Translations

• Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics (translated W. D. Ross, 1925; revised J. O. Urmson and J. L. Ackrill, 1980) Oxford University Press
• Simplicius Corollaries on Place and Time Cornell University Press, 1992
• On Aristotle's "Physics 3 by Simplicius, translated by J.O. Urmson & Peter Lautner, 2002, .

Books

• Philosophical Analysis: Its Development between the Two World Wars, Oxford University Press, 1956
• The Emotive Theory of Ethics (1968)
• The Greek Philosophical Vocabulary, Duckworth (1990)
• Berkeley Oxford University Press, 1982, reprinted in The British Empiricists: Locke, Berkeley, Hume (1992)
• Aristotle's Ethics (1988) Blackwell Publishers

Articles/book chapters

• "On Grading", Mind (April 1950), 59(234):145–169, reprinted in Logic and Language (Second Series) (ed. Antony Flew, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1953)
• "Parenthetical Verbs" Mind (October 1952), 61(244):480–496, reprinted in Antony Flew (ed.) Essays in conceptual analysis (1956)
• "Some Questions concerning Validity" Revue Internationale de Philosophie Vol. 7, No. 25 (3) (1953), reprinted in Antony Flew (ed.) Essays in conceptual analysis (1956)
• "The interpretation of the Moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill", The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 3 (1953 pp. 33–39. Reprinted in Theories of Ethics (ed. Philippa Foot) Oxford University Press, 1967
• "What Makes a Situation Aesthetic?" Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 31 (1957), reprinted in Aesthetics, form and emotion (1983)
• "Saints and Heroes", in Essays in Moral Philosophy, A. Melden (ed.), Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1958
• "Austin, John Langshaw" in J.O. Urmson, ed., The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers, p.54. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960.
• "J. L. Austin" Journal of Philosophy 1965, reprinted in The Linguistic Turn ed. Richard Rorty 1967
• "The History of Analysis" in The Linguistic Turn ed. Richard Rorty 1967
• "Utilitarianism" in The Isenberg memorial lecture series, 1965-1966 1969
• "The Objects of the Five Senses" Proceedings of the British Academy 54, 1968, 1970
• "Literature", in George Dickie and R. J. Sclafani, Aesthetics: A Critical Anthology, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977.
• "Aristotle on Excellence of Character", New Blackfriars Volume 71 Issue 834 Page 33–37, January 1990
• "The Ethics of Musical Performance" in Michael Krausz (ed.) The Interpretation of Music (1993)

Related Works

• Human Agency: Language, Duty, and Value. Philosophical Essays in Honor of J. O. Urmson ed. Jonathan Dancy, J. M. E. Moravcsik, C. C. W. Taylor, Stanford University Press, 1988, . Contains a bibliography of Urmson's philosophical works

See also

• Ordinary language philosophy
• Quantifier variance

External links

• • Professor James Urmson Telegraph obituary, 4 April 2012
• Professor J. O. Urmson Times obituary, 16 March 2012
• "Urmson, James Opie (1915–2012), philosopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry archived by Wayback Machine.
• ‘Memorial resolution: James Opie Urmson’, Stanford Historical Society 28 April 2015 archived by Wayback Machine.
• The Pelican Record [Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 48 (Dec 2012),] 45–51, "J.O. Urmson 1915–2012" by C. C. W. Taylor, "Appreciation" by William Waldegrave.

Notes and References

1. Urmson's death on 29 January 2012 was announced on 30 January by the President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. News: Professor James Urmson . Telegraph . 4 April 2012 . 5 April 2012.
2. Web site: 2012-04-04 . Professor James Urmson . 2024-01-20 . The Telegraph . en . In May 1943, during the last stages of the Tunisia Campaign, Urmson was awarded an immediate MC for his “courage and skill” as a captain in the 1st Battalion the Duke of Wellington’s Regiment. ... After the action for which he was awarded an MC, he was captured at Anzio and spent the rest of the war in a German PoW camp, “playing bridge and doing mathematics”..
3. Taylor . C. C. W. . Urmson, James Opie (1915–2012), philosopher . https://web.archive.org/web/20210311165838/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-104992 . 11 March 2021 . 2024-01-20 . 2016 . en . 10.1093/ref:odnb/104992 . Urmson served in the Duke of Wellington's regiment in France, North Africa, and Italy. In May 1943 he was awarded the Military Cross for his courage and skill in bringing ammunition and other supplies to the units holding the crucial position of Bou Akouaz in the final assault on Tunis, where, despite being wounded, he repeatedly led the supply column under heavy fire. He was taken prisoner in Italy in 1944 and remained in captivity until the end of the war, occupying himself, on his own account, by teaching philosophy, doing mathematics, playing bridge, and playing chess with the camp commandant..
4. Bertrand Russell, Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell: Last Philosophical Testament 1947–1968, p.602, ed. John G. Slater & Peter Kollner
5. Urmson, J., 1958, "Saints and Heroes", in Essays in Moral Philosophy, A. Melden (ed.), Seattle: University of Washington Press,
6. Book: Urmson. J. O.. https://books.google.com/books?id=1oHTFyroFGIC&pg=PA443. The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers. Rée. Jonathan. 1991. Psychology Press. 978-0-415-07883-2. en. Urmson, James O., (1915-).
7. Book: Urmson, J. O.. Philosophical analysis : its development between the two World Wars. 1956. Oxford : Clarendon Press. Internet Archive. 200. registration.