| James Randolph Spencer | |
| Office: | Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia |
| Term Start: | March 25, 2014 |
| Term End: | June 2, 2017 |
| Office1: | Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia |
| Term Start1: | 2004 |
| Term End1: | 2011 |
| Predecessor1: | Claude M. Hilton |
| Successor1: | Rebecca Beach Smith |
| Office2: | Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia |
| Term Start2: | October 14, 1986 |
| Term End2: | March 25, 2014 |
| Appointer2: | Ronald Reagan |
| Predecessor2: | John Ashton MacKenzie |
| Successor2: | M. Hannah Lauck |
| Birth Name: | James Randolph Spencer |
| Birth Place: | Florence, South Carolina |
| Education: | Clark College (BA) Harvard University (JD) Howard University (MDiv) |
| Allegiance: |  United States |
| Rank: | Captain |
| Unit: | J.A.G. Corps |
| Serviceyears: | 1975-1978, 1981-1986 |
James Randolph Spencer (born 1949) is a former United States district judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.
He was born in Florence, South Carolina in 1949 and attended Clark College in Atlanta, Georgia, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1971. He earned Juris Doctor in 1974 at Harvard Law School. After Harvard, he was commissioned as a captain in the J.A.G. Corps. He served in that capacity from 1975 until 1978. After being honorably discharged from active duty, he was appointed Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, serving there from 1978 until 1983. He also was recommissioned in the United States Army Reserves, serving as a Military Judge from 1981 until 1986. From 1983 until 1986, he served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. In 1985, Spencer earned a Master of Divinity degree from Howard University.
James R. Spencer was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on September 9, 1986, to the a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 8, 1986, and received his commission on October 14, 1986. He was the first African American to be nominated to this position in this district. From 2004 to 2011, Judge Spencer was Chief Judge of the Eastern District of Virginia. He was succeeded as Chief Judge by Rebecca Beach Smith. He assumed senior status on March 25, 2014. He retired from active service on June 2, 2017.
He presided over the highly visible trial of former Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell and First Lady Maureen McDonnell who were convicted of federal corruption charges.[1] [2] The Supreme Court ruled on the certiorari granted in relation to United States v. Robert McDonnell in 2016.
His wife, Margaret Spencer is a Judge on the Richmond, Virginia Circuit Court.[3]