Jim Henson Explained

Jim Henson
Birth Name:	James Maury Henson
Birth Date:	24 September 1936
Birth Place:	Greenville, Mississippi, U.S.^[1]
Death Place:	New York City, U.S.
Death Cause:	Toxic shock syndrome caused by Group A streptococcal infection
Resting Place:	Cremated ashes scattered in Taos, New Mexico in 1992
Alma Mater:	University of Maryland, College Park (BS)
Years Active:	1954–1990
Known For:	Creator of the Muppets

James Maury Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American puppeteer, animator, actor, and filmmaker who achieved worldwide notability as the creator of the Muppets. Henson was also well known for creating Fraggle Rock (1983–1987) and as the director of The Dark Crystal (1982) and Labyrinth (1986).

Born in Greenville, Mississippi, and raised in both Leland, Mississippi, and University Park, Maryland, Henson began developing puppets in high school. He created Sam and Friends (1955–1961), a short-form comedy television program on WRC-TV, while he was a freshman at the University of Maryland, College Park, in collaboration with fellow student Jane Nebel. Henson and Nebel co-founded Muppets, Inc. – now The Jim Henson Company – in 1958, and married less than a year later in 1959. Henson graduated from the University of Maryland with a degree in home economics.

In 1969, Henson joined the children's educational television program Sesame Street (1969–present) where he helped to develop Muppet characters for the series. He and his creative team also appeared on the first season of the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (1975–present). He produced the sketch comedy television series The Muppet Show (1976–1981) during this period. Henson revolutionized the way puppetry is captured and presented in video media, and he won fame for his characters – particularly Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, and the characters on Sesame Street. During the later years of his life, he founded the Jim Henson Foundation and Jim Henson's Creature Shop. He won the Emmy Award twice for his involvement in The StoryTeller (1987–1988) and The Jim Henson Hour (1989).

Henson died in New York City in 1990 from toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. At the time of his death, he was in negotiations to sell his company to The Walt Disney Company, but talks fell through after his death. He was posthumously awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1991, and was named a Disney Legend in 2011.

Early life

James Maury Henson was born on September 24, 1936, in Greenville, Mississippi, the younger of two children of Betty Marcella (née Brown, 1904–1972) and Paul Ransom Henson (1904–1994), an agronomist for the United States Department of Agriculture.^[2] Henson's older brother, Paul Ransom Henson Jr. (1932–1956), died in a car crash on April 15, 1956. He was raised as a Christian Scientist and spent his early childhood in nearby Leland, Mississippi, before moving with his family to University Park, Maryland, near Washington, D.C., in the late 1940s.^[3] He remembered the arrival of the family's first television as "the biggest event of his adolescence",^[4] being heavily influenced by radio ventriloquist Edgar Bergen and the early television puppets of Burr Tillstrom on Kukla, Fran and Ollie and Bil and Cora Baird.^[4] He remained a Christian Scientist at least into his twenties, when he taught Sunday school, but he wrote to a Christian Science church in the early 1970s to inform them that he was no longer a practicing member.^[5]

Career

Education

Henson attended a variety of grade schools in his youth, including Hyattsville High School until it was closed in 1951. He completed his high school career at the newly opened Northwestern High School, where he joined the puppetry club.

He enrolled at the University of Maryland, College Park, the following fall as a studio arts major, thinking that he might become a commercial artist. As a freshman at the university, Jim took a newly offered puppetry class mostly populated with seniors, including his future wife Jane Nebel. He graduated in 1960 with a Bachelor of Science degree in home economics.

Early career: 1954–1961

Henson began working at WTOP-TV (now WUSA-TV) in the late spring of 1954, at age, hired to "manipulate marionettes" on a Saturday morning children's show called The Junior Morning Show, until the show was cancelled only three weeks later. This first break into the Television industry was short-lived, but his talent landed him and his puppets an opportunity to continue working at WTOP-TV, lip-syncing on Roy Meachum's Saturday show.

Henson's employment at WTOP-TV lasted only until August, when Saturday was also cancelled. Meachum then referred Jim to the local NBC-affiliate station WRC-TV, where Henson continued performing his puppets with Jane's help. The two were eventually offered a nightly segment for which they created Sam and Friends, a five-minute puppet show that afforded Henson much more freedom to develop his own creative work. The characters on Sam and Friends were forerunners of the Muppets, and the show included a prototype of Henson's most famous character Kermit the Frog. He remained at WRC until Sam and Friends aired its last episode on December 15, 1961.

In the show, Henson began experimenting with techniques that changed the way in which puppetry was used on television, foregoing the convention of pointing the camera at a stationary Puppet theatre and instead using the image created by the TV camera and lens to dynamically engage with his characters. He believed that television puppets needed to have "life and sensitivity".^[6] Rather than carving wooden puppets Henson built characters from softer, flexible materials like foam rubber;^[7] his first iteration of Kermit was made from a halved table tennis ball and fabric from an old coat belonging to his mother, with denim from a pair of jeans forming the sleeve for the puppeteer's arm.^[8]

Though Henson told people that "Muppet" was a portmanteau of "marionette" and "Puppet", many early Muppets were actually hand puppets, rod puppets, or some combination of the two. Direct control over the puppet's mouth, in combination with the softer construction materials, allowed the puppeteer to express a wider range of emotions and to more accurately move the puppet's mouth along with the character's dialogue or while lip-syncing to music. Commenting on his puppet design philosophy, Henson said,

"A lot of people build very stiff puppets—you can barely move the things—and you can get very little expression out of a character that you can barely move. Your hand has a lot of flexibility to it, and what you want to do is to build a puppet that can reflect all that flexibility."

Sam and Friends was a financial success, but Henson began to have doubts about going into a career performing with puppets once he graduated. He spent six weeks in Europe during the summer of 1958, originally with the intent to study painting, but was surprised to learn that puppets were considered just as serious of an art form as painting or sculpture. After returning to the United States he and Jane made their partnership official, creating Muppets, Inc. in November of that same year,^[9] then marrying each other in 1959.

Television and Muppets: 1961–1969

Henson spent much of the next two decades working in commercials, talk shows, and children's projects before realizing his dream of the Muppets as "entertainment for everybody".^[4] The popularity of his work on Sam and Friends in the late 1950s led to a series of guest appearances on network talk and variety shows. He appeared as a guest on many shows, including The Steve Allen Show, The Jack Paar Program, and The Ed Sullivan Show. (Sullivan introduced him as "Jim Newsom and his Puppets" on September 11, 1966.) These television broadcasts greatly increased his exposure, leading to hundreds of commercial appearances by Henson characters throughout the 1960s.

Among the most popular of Henson's commercials was a series for the local Wilkins Coffee company in Washington, D.C., created for a campaign managed by advertising manager Helen Ver Standig.^[10] Most of the Wilkins advertisements followed a similar formula: two Muppets, in this case named Wilkins and Wontkins (usually both voiced by Henson), would appear. Wilkins would extol the product while Wontkins would express his hatred for it, prompting physical retaliation from Wilkins; Wontkins might be shot with a cannon, struck in the head with a hammer or baseball bat, or have a pie thrown in his face.^[11] The Jim Henson Company has posted a short selection of them.^[12] Henson later explained, "Till then, advertising agencies believed that the hard sell was the only way to get their message over on television. We took a very different approach. We tried to sell things by making people laugh."

The first seven-second commercials for Wilkins were an immediate hit and were later remade for other local coffee companies throughout the United States, such as Community Coffee, Red Diamond Coffee, La Touraine Coffee, Nash's Coffee, and Jomar Instant coffee.^[10] The characters were so successful in selling coffee that soon other companies began seeking them to promote their products, such as bakeries like Merita Breads, service station chains such as Standard Oil of Ohio and the downstream assets of Marathon Oil,^[13] and beverage bottlers such as Faygo. Over 300 "Wilkins and Wontkins" commercials were made. The ads were primarily produced in black and white, but some color examples also exist.

Henson sold the rights to Wilkins and Wontkins to the Wilkins Company, who allowed marketing executive John T. Brady to sell the rights to some toymakers and film studios. However, in July 1992 Brady was sued by Jim Henson Productions for unfair competition in addition to copyright and trademark infringement. The Henson company claimed that Brady was incorrectly using Henson's name and likeness in their attempts to license the characters.^[14]

In 1963, Henson and his wife moved to New York City where the newly formed Muppets, Inc. resided for some time. Jane quit performing to raise their children, and Henson hired writer Jerry Juhl in 1961 and puppet performer Frank Oz in 1963 to replace her.^[15] Henson credited them both with developing much of the humor and character of his Muppets.^[16] Henson and Oz developed a close friendship and a performing partnership that lasted until Henson's death; their teamwork is particularly evident in their portrayals of Bert and Ernie, Kermit and Miss Piggy, and Kermit and Fozzie Bear.^[17] In New York City, Henson formed a partnership with Bernie Brillstein, who managed Henson's career until the puppeteer's death.^[18] In the years that followed, more performers joined Henson's team, including Jerry Nelson, Richard Hunt, Dave Goelz, Steve Whitmire, Fran Brill, and Kevin Clash.

In 1964 he and his family moved to Greenwich, Connecticut, where they lived until 1971, when they moved to Bedford, New York.^[19]

Henson's talk show appearances culminated when he devised Rowlf, a piano-playing anthropomorphic dog that became the first Muppet to make regular appearances on The Jimmy Dean Show. Henson was so grateful for this break that he offered Jimmy Dean a 40-percent interest in his production company, but Dean declined, stating that Henson deserved all the rewards for his own work, a decision of conscience that Dean never regretted.^[20] From 1963 to 1966, Henson began exploring filmmaking and produced a series of experimental films.^{[21] [22]} His nine-minute experimental film Time Piece was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1965. He produced The Cube in 1969. Around this time, he wrote the first drafts of a live-action movie script with Jerry Juhl which became Tale of Sand. The script remained in the Henson Company archives until it was adapted in the 2012 graphic novel Jim Henson's Tale of Sand.^[23] During this time, Henson continued to work with various companies who sought out his Muppets for advertising purposes. Among his clients were Wilson Meats, Royal Crown Cola, Claussen's Bread, La Choy, and Frito-Lay, which featured an early version of his character Cookie Monster to promote their Munchos line of potato snacks. Like the Wilkins Coffee ads of the late 1950s and early 1960s, the formula stayed fairly similar. For instance, one of the Claussen's commercials featured Kermit the Frog dangling from a window while a character named Mack asks him if he brought a loaf of the company's bread; when Kermit says he did not, Mack closes the window on Kermit's fingers and causes him to fall, suggesting he "drop down" to the grocery store to buy a loaf.

Sesame Street: 1969

See main article: Sesame Street.

In 1969, television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and her staff at the Children's Television Workshop were impressed by the quality and creativity of the Henson-led team, so they asked Henson and staff to work full-time on Sesame Street, a children's program for public television that premiered on National Educational Television on November 10, 1969. Part of the show was set aside for a series of funny, colorful puppet characters living on Sesame Street, including Grover, Cookie Monster, Bert and Ernie, Oscar the Grouch, and Big Bird. Henson performed the characters of Ernie, game-show host Guy Smiley, and Kermit, who appeared as a roving television news reporter.

Henson's Muppets initially appeared separately from the realistic segments on the Street, but the show was revamped to integrate the two segments, placing much greater emphasis on Henson's work. Cooney frequently praised Henson's work, and PBS called him "the spark that ignited our fledgling broadcast service."^[4] The success of Sesame Street also allowed him to stop producing commercials, and he said that "it was a pleasure to get out of that world".^[10]

Henson was also involved in producing various shows and animation inserts during the first two seasons. He produced a series of counting films for the numbers 1 through 10 which always ended with a baker (voiced by Henson) falling down the stairs while carrying the featured number of desserts. He also worked on a variety of inserts for the numbers 2 through 12, including the films "Dollhouse"; "Number Three Ball Film"; the stop-motions "King of Eight" and "Queen of Six"; the cut-out animation "Eleven Cheer"; and the computer animation "Nobody Counts To 10." He also directed the original "C Is For Cookie" and Tales from Muppetland, a short series of TV movie specials that were comic retellings of classic fairy tales aimed at a young audience and hosted by Kermit the Frog. The series included Hey, Cinderella!, The Frog Prince, and The Muppet Musicians of Bremen.

Expansion of audience: 1970–1978

Henson, Oz, and his team were concerned that the company was becoming typecast solely as purveyors of children's entertainment, so they targeted an adult audience with a series of sketches on the first season of the late-night live television variety show Saturday Night Live. Eleven Land of Gorch sketches were aired between October 1975 and January 1976 on NBC, with four additional appearances in March, April, May, and September 1976. Henson liked Lorne Michaels' work and wanted to be a part of it, but he ultimately concluded that "what we were trying to do and what his writers could write for it never gelled".^[10] The SNL writers were not comfortable writing for the characters, and they frequently disparaged Henson's creations. Michael O'Donoghue quipped, "I won't write for felt."^[24]

Henson began developing a Broadway show and a weekly television series both featuring the Muppets.^[10] The American networks rejected the series in 1976, believing that Muppets would appeal only to a child audience. Then, Henson pitched the show to British impresario Lew Grade to finance the show. The show would be shot in the United Kingdom and syndicated worldwide.^[25] That same year, he scrapped plans for his Broadway show and moved his creative team to England, where The Muppet Show began taping. The show featured Kermit as host, with a variety of prominent characters, notably Miss Piggy, Gonzo the Great, and Fozzie Bear, in addition to its large cast of supporting characters such as the Muppet musicians Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem with their chaotic drummer Animal. Henson's teammates sometimes compared his role to that of Kermit: a shy, gentle boss with "a whim of steel"^[17] who ran things like "an explosion in a mattress factory."^[26] Caroll Spinney, who performed as Big Bird, remembered that Henson would never say he did not like something. "He would just go 'Hmm.' ... And if he liked it, he would say, 'Lovely!'"^[3] Henson recognized Kermit as an alter ego, though he thought that Kermit was bolder than he; he once said of the character: "He can say things I hold back."^[27]

Transition to the big screen: 1979–1986

The Muppets appeared in their first theatrical feature film The Muppet Movie in 1979. It was both a critical and financial success; it made $65.2 million domestically and was the 61st highest-grossing film at the time.^[28] Henson's idol Edgar Bergen died at age 75 during production of the film, and Henson dedicated it to his memory. Henson as Kermit sang "Rainbow Connection", and it hit number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. The Henson-directed The Great Muppet Caper (1981) followed, and Henson decided to end the Muppet Show to concentrate on making films,^[2] though the Muppet characters continued to appear in TV movies and specials.

Henson also aided others in their work. During development on The Empire Strikes Back (1980), George Lucas asked him to aid make-up artist Stuart Freeborn in the creation and articulation of Yoda. Lucas had also wanted Henson to puppeteer the character, but Henson instead suggested Frank Oz for the role; Oz performed the role and continued in the subsequent Star Wars films. Lucas lobbied unsuccessfully to have Oz nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

In 1982, Henson founded the Jim Henson Foundation to promote and develop the art of puppetry in the United States. Around that time, he began creating darker and more realistic fantasy films that did not feature the Muppets and displayed "a growing, brooding interest in mortality."^[17] He co-directed The Dark Crystal (1982) with Oz, "trying to go toward a sense of realism—toward a reality of creatures that are actually alive".^[10] To provide a visual style distinct from the Muppets, the puppets in The Dark Crystal were based on conceptual artwork by Brian Froud,^[29] and it was a critical success, winning several industry awards including the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film and the Grand Prize Winner at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival. The film was less financially successful in theaters, but later claimed an enormous following and revenue when it was introduced on VHS for home entertainment.^[30] Also in 1982, Henson co-founded Henson International Television with Peter Orton and Sophie Turner Laing as his partners. The company was a distribution company for children's, teens' and family television.^[31]

Henson worked with Oz again on The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984), this time with Oz as sole director. The film grossed $25.5 million domestically^[32] of a budget of only around $8 million, and ranked as one of the top 40 films of 1984.^[33]

Labyrinth (1986) was a fantasy that Henson directed by himself, but—despite some positive reviews; The New York Times called it "a fabulous film"—it was a commercial disappointment.^[34] This demoralized Henson; his son Brian Henson described it as "the closest I've seen him to turning in on himself and getting quite depressed." The film later became a cult classic.^[35]

In 1984 Henson traveled to Moscow, where he made a film about Sergei Obraztsov. ^[36] Henson also donated four dolls to the puppeteer to replenish the Moscow Museum of Obraztsov Puppets: Fraggle, Skeksi, Bugard, and Robin the Frog. Of the show's guests, the Henson Archivist points out that Jim Henson placed a special importance on meeting Obraztsov: "As a teenager learning to make puppets, Jim checked out some books from the public library for instruction – one was Obraztsov’s 1950 book, My Profession"^{[37] [38] [39]}

Last years: 1987–1990

Henson continued creating children's television, such as Fraggle Rock and the animated Muppet Babies. He also continued to address darker, more mature themes with the folklore and mythology-oriented show The StoryTeller (1988), which won an Emmy for Outstanding Children's Program. The next year, he returned to television with The Jim Henson Hour, which mixed lighthearted Muppet fare with more risqué material. It was critically well-received and won him another Emmy for Outstanding Directing in a Variety or Music Program, but it was canceled after 12 episodes due to poor ratings. Henson blamed its failure on NBC's constant rescheduling.^[40]

In late 1989, Henson entered into negotiations to sell his company and characters (excluding those from Sesame Street) to The Walt Disney Company for almost $150 million, hoping that he would "be able to spend a lot more of my time on the creative side of things" with Disney handling business matters.^[40] By 1990, he had completed production on the television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World and the Disney-MGM Studios attraction Muppet*Vision 3D and he was developing film ideas and a television series entitled Muppet High.^[3]

Personal life

Henson and fellow puppeteer Jane Nebel were married on May 28, 1959, in a small ceremony at Jane's family home. They had five children: Lisa (b. 1960), Cheryl (b. 1961), Brian (b. 1963), John (1965–2014),^[41] and Heather Henson (b. 1970).^[42] Henson and his wife separated in 1986, although they remained close for the rest of his life.^[43] Jane said that Henson was so involved with his work that he had very little time to spend with her or their children. His children began working with Muppets at an early age, partly because "one of the best ways of being around him was to work with him", according to Cheryl.^{[6] [44]} Henson was a strong supporter of the civil rights movement.^[45]

Illness and death

Henson appeared with Kermit on The Arsenio Hall Show in Los Angeles on May 4, 1990. This was his final television appearance. Shortly afterwards, he privately disclosed to his publicist that he was tired and had a sore throat, but that he believed it would soon go away. On May 12, Henson traveled to Ahoskie, North Carolina, with his daughter Cheryl to visit his father and stepmother. They returned to their home in New York City the following day, and Henson cancelled a Muppet recording session that had been scheduled for May 14, 1990, due to his ill health.^[3] His wife came to visit that night.

Henson was having trouble breathing when he woke up at around 2:00 a.m. EDT on May 15, and he began coughing up blood. He suggested to his wife that he might be dying, but he did not want to take time off from his schedule to visit a hospital. Two hours later, Henson agreed to be taken by taxi to the emergency room at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan. Shortly after admission, he stopped breathing and was rushed into the intensive care unit. X-ray images of his chest revealed multiple abscesses in both of his lungs as a result of a previous Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) bacterial infection he had apparently had for the past few days. Henson was placed on a ventilator but quickly deteriorated over the next several hours despite increasingly aggressive treatment with multiple antibiotics. Although the medicine killed off most of the infection, it had already weakened many of Henson's organs, and he died at 1:21 a.m. the following morning. He was 53.^[46]

David Gelmont, the hospital's intensive care unit director, announced that Henson had died from Streptococcus pneumoniae, an infection that causes bacterial pneumonia. However, on May 29, Gelmont reclassified it as organ dysfunction resulting from streptococcal toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.^{[47] [48]} Gelmont noted Henson might have been saved had he gone to the hospital just a few hours sooner.^[49] Medical expert Lawrence D. Altman also stated that Henson's death "may have shocked many Americans who believed that bacterial infections no longer could kill with such swiftness."^[47] A lack of familiarity with this possibility, combined with the then-recent deaths of prominent men (including Rock Hudson, Liberace, Roy Cohn, and others) whose AIDS deaths had first been publicly euphemized as other illnesses due to AIDS's pervasive stigma, led to a false but widespread rumor that Henson had died of AIDS — a rumor that was swiftly and directly refuted by Gelmont.^[50] Frank Oz believed the stress of negotiating with Disney contributed to Henson's death, stating in a 2021 interview: "The Disney deal is probably what killed Jim. It made him sick."^[51] His remains were cremated, and in 1992, his ashes were scattered near Taos, New Mexico.

Memorials

News of Henson's death spread quickly and admirers of his work responded from around the world with tributes and condolences. Many of Henson's co-stars and directors from Sesame Street, the Muppets, and other works also shared their thoughts on his death.^[52] On May 21, 1990, Henson's public memorial service was conducted in Manhattan at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Another was conducted on July 2, at St Paul's Cathedral in London. Harry Belafonte sang "Turn the World Around", a song that he had debuted on The Muppet Show, as each member of the congregation waved a brightly colored foam butterfly attached to a puppet performer's rod.^{[53] [54]} Later, Big Bird (performed by Caroll Spinney) walked onto the stage and sang Kermit's signature song "Bein' Green" while fighting back tears.^[55] Dave Goelz, Frank Oz, Kevin Clash, Steve Whitmire, Jerry Nelson, and Richard Hunt sang a medley of Henson's favorite songs in their characters' voices, ending with a performance of "Just One Person" while performing their Muppets.^[56]

In accordance with Henson's wishes, no one in attendance wore black, and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band finished the service by performing "When the Saints Go Marching In". The funeral was described by Life as "an epic and almost unbearably moving event".^[17]

Legacy

The Jim Henson Company and the Jim Henson Foundation continued after his death, producing new series and specials. Jim Henson's Creature Shop also continues to create characters and special effects for both Henson-related and outside projects. Steve Whitmire, who had joined the Muppets cast in 1978, began performing Kermit the Frog six months after Henson's death.^[57] He was dismissed from the cast in October 2016, and Matt Vogel succeeded him in the role of Kermit.^[58]

The Children's Television Workshop was renamed Sesame Workshop, which retained the Sesame Street characters in 2000.^[59] On February 17, 2004, the Muppets and the Bear in the Big Blue House properties were sold to Disney.^{[60] [61] [62]}

One of Henson's last projects was the attraction Muppet*Vision 3D, which opened at Disney's Hollywood Studios on May 16, 1991, exactly one year after his death. The Jim Henson Company retains the Creature Shop as well as the rest of its film and television library, including Fraggle Rock, Farscape, The Dark Crystal, and Labyrinth.^[63] Brian Jay Jones wrote the book Jim Henson: The Biography. It was released on what would have been Henson's 77th birthday, September 24, 2013.^[64]

The moving-image collection of Jim Henson, which contains the film work of Jim Henson and The Jim Henson Company,^[65] is held at the Academy Film Archive.

In 2019, the YouTube channel Defunctland released a six-part miniseries on the life and legacy of Jim Henson.^[66]

A biopic film based on Henson's life, known as Muppet Man, has been in development at Walt Disney Pictures and The Jim Henson Company since 2010. In April 2021, it was reported that Michael Mitnick was hired to rewrite the screenplay, previously written by Aaron and Jordan Kandell. Lisa Henson will serve as producer.^[67]

In March 2022, it was announced that Ron Howard planned to direct a documentary on Henson's life, with Brian Grazer's Imagine Entertainment collaborating with Disney Original Documentary to produce it. The project was reported to have "the full participation and cooperation of the Henson family".^[68] In April 2024, it was announced the documentary was titled Jim Henson Idea Man. It began streaming on Disney+ on May 31, 2024.^[69]

In 2024, Henson was portrayed by Nicholas Braun in the biographical dramedy Saturday Night, which chronicles the production of the first episode of Saturday Night Live.^[70]

Henson's characters are currently performed by the following puppeteers: Matt Vogel (Kermit), Peter Linz (Ernie, Link Hogthrob), Eric Jacobson (Guy Smiley, The Newsman), Dave Goelz (Waldorf) and Bill Barretta (Rowlf the Dog, The Swedish Chef, Dr. Teeth).^{[71] [72] [73] [74] [75]}

Tributes

• In 1971, the University of Maryland's National Residence Hall Honorary chapter was founded as the Jim Henson Chapter. The UMD NRHH Chapter is still the Jim Henson Chapter to this day. The Michelle Smith Performing Arts Library created an exhibit from 2019 to 2020 highlighting Jim Henson's time at the university.^{[76] [77]}
• Henson is honored both as himself and as Kermit the Frog on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Only three other people have received this honor: Walt Disney as both himself and Mickey Mouse; Mel Blanc as both himself and Bugs Bunny; and Mike Myers as both himself and Shrek. Henson was posthumously inducted into the Walk of Fame in 1991.^[78]
• Henson received an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from Fordham University, Rose Hill Campus, Bronx, New York (June 1982)^[79]
• Henson was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1987.^[80]
• Henson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1987.^[81]
• The theater and Visual and Performing Arts Academy at his alma mater, Northwestern High School, in Hyattsville, Maryland, is named in his honor.^[82]
• and A Muppet Christmas Carol are both dedicated to his memory.
• Henson featured in The American Adventure in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort.^[83]
• The Jim Henson Exhibit, located in Leland, Mississippi, features an assortment of original Muppet characters, official certificates from the Mississippi Legislature honoring Henson and his characters, and a statue of Kermit in the middle of the stream behind the museum.^[84]
• The 1990 television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson allowed the Muppets themselves to pay tribute to Henson. The special featured interviews with Steven Spielberg and others.^[85]
• Tom Smith's Henson tribute song, "A Boy and His Frog", won the Pegasus Award for Best Filk Song in 1991.^[86]
• The classes of 1994, 1998, and 1999 at the University of Maryland, College Park, Henson's alma mater, commissioned a life-size statue of Henson and Kermit the Frog, which was dedicated on September 24, 2003, on what would have been Henson's 67th birthday. The statue cost $217,000 and is displayed outside Maryland's student union.^{[87] [88]} In 2006, the University of Maryland introduced 50 statues of its school mascot, Testudo the Terrapin, with various designs chosen by different sponsoring groups. Among them was Kertle, a statue designed to look like Kermit the Frog by Washington, DC–based artist Elizabeth Baldwin.^[89]
• In 2003, Jim Henson was honored at the annual Norsk Høstfest in Minot, North Dakota.^[90]
• Our Atlan, Thibaut Berland, and Damien Ferrie wrote, directed, and animated a 3D tribute to Henson entitled Over Time that was shown as part of the 2005 Electronic Theater at SIGGRAPH.^{[91] [92]}
• On September 28, 2005, the U.S. Postal Service issued a sheet of commemorative stamps honoring Henson and the Muppets.^[93]
• On August 9, 2011, Jim Henson posthumously received the Disney Legends Award. Two of his characters, Kermit the Frog and Rowlf the Dog, performed "Rainbow Connection" in his honor.^[94]
• On September 24, 2011, which what would have been Henson's 75th birthday, Mississippi town Leland renamed a local bridge to "The Rainbow Connection" to honor Henson and his work.^[95] He was also honored with a Google doodle to commemorate his 75th birthday; the Google logo had six Muppets that were clickable using the "hand" buttons.^[96]
• The Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta opened a gallery of Muppets exhibits within the Worlds of Puppetry exhibition at the Center in November 2015, a greatly scaled-down version of what was announced in 2007 to have been a wing honoring Henson.^{[97] [98] [99]}
• In July 2016, Hyattsville, Maryland installed a memorial to Jim Henson in the city's Magruder Park, featuring a large planter embossed with images of characters from Sam & Friends and benches inscribed with quotes from Henson.^{[100] [101]}
• The Jim Henson Exhibition: Imagination Unlimited, an exhibition organized by the Museum of the Moving Image showcasing over 300 artifacts from Henson's career, premiered at the Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle before opening at its permanent home in New York City in 2017.^{[102] [103]} A traveling version of the exhibition, featuring over 100 objects and 25 historic puppets, has been hosted by several cultural institutions across the U.S. including Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles (June–September 2018),^[104] Albuquerque Museum (November 2019 – April 2020),^{[105] [106]} Durham Museum in Omaha (October 2020 – January 2021),^{[107] [108]} The Henry Ford museum in Dearborn (June–September 2021),^{[109] [110]} the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Francisco (May–August 2022),^{[111] [112]} and the Grand Rapids Art Museum in Michigan (October 2022 – January 2023).^[113] The traveling exhibition's final stop will be the Maryland Center for History and Culture in Baltimore (May–December 2023).^[114]
• In 2018, the American Banjo Museum inducted Henson into its hall of fame, for his positive portrayal of the banjo in his shows and in The Muppet Movie.^[115]
• In 2020, the 1979 song "Rainbow Connection" from The Muppet Movie (performed by Henson as Kermit) was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry.^[116]
• On September 7, 2021, a blue plaque was unveiled at Jim Henson's former Hampstead home, 50 Downshire Hill NW3^[117] to honor his artistic creativity. Henson purchased his London home in 1979 after ITV commissioned the Muppet series, filmed at Elstree Studios.
• An area outside Studio 6B at NBC's Rockefeller Center headquarters in New York City includes a set of pipes that Henson and his team of puppeteers had painted while waiting to perform on The Jack Paar Show in 1964. While the artwork has been preserved over time – Henson showed it to Gene Shalit on Today in 1980 and Paar took David Letterman over to see it during an appearance on Late Night which taped across the hall – it wasn't until Jimmy Fallon, host of the studio's current tenant The Tonight Show, brought it up that NBC officially made the pipes part of its studio tour. Frank Oz attended the ribbon-cutting for the exhibit in 2010.^[118]

Filmography

Film

Year	Film	Director	Producer	Screenwriter	Actor	Role	Notes
1965	Time Piece					Man	Short film
1979	The Muppet Movie					Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Dr. Teeth Waldorf Swedish Chef Additional Muppets
1981	The Great Muppet Caper					Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Dr. Teeth Waldorf Swedish Chef The Newsman Additional Muppets
1982	The Dark Crystal					Jen skekZok/The Ritual Master skekSo/The Emperor	Puppeteering only Co-directed with Frank Oz
1984	The Muppets Take Manhattan					Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Dr. Teeth Waldorf Swedish Chef The Newsman Ernie Additional Muppets
1985	Into the Night					Man on the phone	Cameo
						Kermit the Frog Ernie
1986	Labyrinth
1990	The Witches
1991	Muppet*Vision 3D					Kermit the Frog Waldorf The Swedish Chef	3D film attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios, posthumous release

Television

Year	Film	Director	Producer	Screenwriter	Actor	Role	Notes
1954	The Junior Morning Show					Pierre the French Rat Additional Muppets	aired on WTOP-TV
	Saturday					Additional Muppets
1955–1956	Afternoon with Inga					Additional Muppets	aired on WRC-TV
1955	In Our Town					Sam Kermit Yorick Additional Muppets
1955–1961	Sam and Friends					Sam Harry the Hipster Kermit Professor Madcliffe Omar Yorick Pierre the French Rat Additional Muppets
1956	Footlight Theater					Sam Additional Muppets
1962	Tales of the Tinkerdee					Kermit the Frog Additional Muppets	Unaired Pilot available on YouTube
1963–1966	The Jimmy Dean Show					Rowlf the Dog
1969	The Cube
	The Wizard of Id test pilot					Additional Muppets	Pilot available on YouTube
	Hey, Cinderella!					Kermit the Frog Additional Muppets
1969–1990	Sesame Street					Ernie Kermit the Frog Guy Smiley Bip Bippadotta Harvey Monster Additional Muppets
1970	The Muppets on Puppets					Himself Rowlf the Dog Kermit Additional Muppets	Filmed in 1968
1971	The Frog Prince					Kermit the Frog Additional Muppets
1972	The Muppet Musicians of Bremen
1974	The Muppets Valentine Show					Wally Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Ernie Additional Muppets
1975						Nigel George Washington The Swedish Chef Dr. Teeth Waldorf Kermit the Frog Additional Muppets
1976–1981	The Muppet Show					Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Dr. Teeth Waldorf The Swedish Chef Link Hogthrob The Newsman Additional Muppets
1977	Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas					Kermit the Frog Harvey Beaver Howard Snake Mayor Harrison Fox	Television film
1978	Christmas Eve on Sesame Street					Kermit the Frog Ernie
1983–1987	Fraggle Rock					Cantus the Minstrel Convincing John
1983	Big Bird in China					Ernie	Television film
	Don't Eat the Pictures
1985	Little Muppet Monsters					Kermit the Frog (live-action puppet only) Dr. Teeth
1986						Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Dr. Teeth Waldorf The Swedish Chef Link Hogthrob Ernie Harry the Hipster The Newsman Additional Muppets	Television film
	The Tale of the Bunny Picnic					The Dog
	The Christmas Toy					Jack-in-the-Box Kermit the Frog
1987–1988	The StoryTeller
1987
	A Muppet Family Christmas					Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Dr. Teeth Waldorf Swedish Chef The Newsman Ernie Guy Smiley Baby Kermit Baby Rowlf Additional Muppets	Television film
1988	Sing-Along, Dance-Along, Do-Along					Rowlf the Dog Penguins Kermit the Frog	Entry in the Play-Along Video series
1984–1991	Muppet Babies
1989	Sesame Street... 20 Years & Still Counting					Ernie Kermit the Frog Additional Muppets	Television film
	The Jim Henson Hour					Himself Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Additional Muppets
1990	The Earth Day Special					Kermit the Frog	segment: "Kermit the Frog"
	The Muppets at Walt Disney World					Kermit the Frog Rowlf the Dog Dr. Teeth Waldorf Link Hogthrob The Swedish Chef	Television special

Video games

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1988	Oscar's Letter Party	Kermit the Frog
	Let's Learn to Play Together	Ernie
1991	Sesame Street Numbers	Ernie Kermit the Frog^[119]	Voice only, Posthumous release
	Sesame Street Letters

References

Bibliography

• Book: Finch, Christopher . Jim Henson: The Works – The Art, the Magic, the Imagination . registration . 1993 . . New York . 0-679-41203-4.
• Book: Jones, Brian Jay . Jim Henson: The Biography . 2013 . . New York . 978-0-345-52611-3.

Further reading

• Web site: Henson . Jim . The Red Book . JimHenson.Com . The Jim Henson Company.
• Book: Finch, Christopher . Of Muppets and Men: The Making of The Muppet Show . 1981 . Muppet Press/Alfred A. Knopf . New York . 0-394-52085-8.

External links

• • The Jim Henson Legacy
    • • Art Directors Club biography and portrait
• Jim Henson Biography – Book Summary and Quotes
• The Jim Henson Works at the University of Maryland: 70+ digital videos available to students, scholars and visitors at the University of Maryland (College Park, MD)
• Early Jim Henson films in the AT&T Archives: "Robot" and "Charlie Magnetico", two films that Henson created for the Bell Data Communications Seminar in the early 1960s
• Jim Henson Documentary produced by the PBS series In Their Own Words
• Documentary about Jim Henson on YouTube, produced by Defunctland
  • Sam and Friends
  • Sesame Street
  • The Muppet Show
  • Fraggle Rock
  • Muppet Babies
  • The Jim Henson Hour

Notes and References

1. Web site: The Jim Henson Company. henson.com. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160203060259/http://www.henson.com/aboutus.php?content=jim. February 3, 2016.
2. Web site: Padgett . John B. . February 17, 1999 . Jim Henson . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070829001157/http://www.olemiss.edu/mwp/dir/henson_jim/index.html . August 29, 2007 . June 19, 2007 . The Mississippi Writers Page . University of Mississippi Department of English.
3. News: Susan . Schindehette . J. D. . Podolsky . Legacy of a Gentle Genius . June 18, 1990 . People . 88–96 . February 24, 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120221231138/http://www.muppetcentral.com/articles/tributes/henson/hensonarticle5.shtml . February 21, 2012 . Muppet Central.
4. News: Blau . Eleanor . Jim Henson, Puppeteer, Dies; The Muppets' Creator Was 53 . The New York Times . May 17, 1990 . May 1, 2007 . June 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629221555/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/17/obituaries/jim-henson-puppeteer-dies-the-muppets-creator-was-53.html . live .
5. News: Henson rumor is groundless . Toledo Blade . E4 . July 1, 1990 . April 23, 2014 . . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505145408/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7ElPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4502%2C372385 . live .
6. News: Collins . James . June 8, 1998 . Time 100: Jim Henson . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070428125811/http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/henson.html . April 28, 2007 . May 1, 2007 . Time.
7. Web site: Padgett . John B. . February 17, 1999 . Jim Henson . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20070829001157/http://www.olemiss.edu/mwp/dir/henson_jim/index.html . August 29, 2007 . June 19, 2007 . The Mississippi Writers Page . University of Mississippi Department of English.
8. Web site: The Original Kermit Puppet . 2024-05-05 . americanhistory.si.edu . en . May 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240505193556/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1396955 . live .
9. Web site: "Muppets, Inc." Certificate of Incorporation – 1958-11-20 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220815083713/https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/muppet/images/2/25/CertificateOfIncorporation.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20091222203256 . 2022-08-15 . 2024-05-08 . Muppet Wiki . en.
10. News: Harris . Judy . Muppet Master: An Interview with Jim Henson . Muppet Central . September 21, 1998 . May 5, 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150926003558/http://www.muppetcentral.com/articles/interviews/jim1.shtml . September 26, 2015.
11. Wilkins and Wontkins commercials . https://web.archive.org/web/20201102094020/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPVDw7h-nSQ&feature=youtu.be&t=1439. 2020-11-02 . dead. YouTube.
12. Wilkins Coffee Commercials . YouTube . February 20, 2021 . February 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210205183955/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVewx3-9x24 . live .
13. Web site: Marathon Gas – Jim's Red Book – The Jim Henson Company. January 25, 2013 . YouTube. August 24, 2023. August 24, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230824021307/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeMvb01BTIY. live.
14. News: Moi? Involved in a Copyright-Infringement Suit? . July 18, 1992 . . 5 . en-US . July 15, 2019 . July 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190715211656/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/business/moi-involved-in-a-copyright-infringement-suit.html . live .
15. Plume . Kenneth . Interview with Frank Oz . IGN . February 10, 2000 . May 6, 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20070228032836/http://movies.ign.com/articles/035/035842p1.html . February 28, 2007 .
16. News: Freeman . Don . Muppets on His Hands . The Saturday Evening Post . 1979 . 50–53, 126.
17. Harrigan . Stephen . It's Not Easy Being Blue . Life . July 1990 . May 6, 2007 . Muppet Central . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20070805055823/http://muppetcentral.com/articles/tributes/henson/hensonarticle6.shtml . August 5, 2007 .
18. Book: Brillstein . Bernie . Rensin . David . Where Did I Go Right?: You're No One in Hollywood Unless Someone Wants You Dead . 1999 . 54–55 . . 978-0-316-11885-9.
19. Web site: DeRosa . Andrew . Jim Henson's CT years: Experimental films and the rise of 'Sesame Street' . CT Insider . January 19, 2022 . Hearst Connecticut Media . 8 February 2022 . February 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220208015630/https://www.ctinsider.com/entertainment/article/Jim-Henson-CT-greenwich-sesame-street-16750864.php . dead .
20. Web site: A Hell of a Man Himself . The Bluegrass Special.com . October 18, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111020154333/http://thebluegrassspecial.com/archive/2010/july10/jimmy-dean-news-notes.php . October 20, 2011 .
21. Jim Henson . Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. . 2012 . September 24, 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121015203441/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/262164/Jim-Henson . October 15, 2012 .
22. Web site: Jim Henson's Experimental Period. zenbullets.com. January 7, 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090422103342/http://zenbullets.com/blog/?p=110. April 22, 2009.
23. Archaia and the Jim Henson Company Announce new, original graphic novel written by Jim Henson and Jerry Juhl . Jim Henson Company . August 4, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011842/https://www.henson.com/archaia-and-the-jim-henson-company-announce-new-original-graphic-novel-written-by-jim-henson-and-jerry-juhl/ . March 30, 2023 . November 27, 2023 . live.
24. Book: Shales, Tom . Tom Shales . Miller, James Andrew . Live From New York: An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live . . 2002 . . 79–80 . 0-316-78146-0 . registration .
25. December 25, 1978 . The Man Behind the Frog . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181010141141/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,948401,00.html . October 10, 2018 . May 1, 2007 . Time.
26. Skow . John . Those Marvelous Muppets . Time . December 25, 1978 . May 1, 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071016182527/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C948400%2C00.html . October 16, 2007 .
27. Seligmann, J. . Leonard, E. . Jim Henson: 1936–1990 . Newsweek . May 28, 1990.
28. Web site: The Muppet Movie . Box Office Mojo . November 5, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104004/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=muppetmovie.htm . October 17, 2013 .
29. Web site: jbindeck2015 . 2019-08-28 . The Dark Crystal: Age Of Resistance's designer on 'a purer form of puppetry' . 2022-09-05 . Den of Geek . en-US . August 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200816215517/https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/the-dark-crystal-age-of-resistances-designer-on-a-purer-form-of-puppetry/ . live .
30. Web site: Idato . Michael . 2019-08-21 . The Dark Crystal gets rebirth for streaming era . 2022-09-05 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en . September 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905142424/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/the-dark-crystal-gets-rebirth-for-streaming-era-20190819-p52ifu.html . live .
31. News: Peter Orton: Media entrepreneur who made a global success of Bob the Builder. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-orton-media-entrepreneur-who-made-a-global-success-of-bob-the-builder-764554.html . June 8, 2022 . subscription . live. December 29, 2017. The Independent. December 12, 2007.
32. Web site: The Muppets Take Manhattan . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224220817/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3244656129/weekend/ . 2021-02-24 . 2024-05-07 . Box Office Mojo.
33. Web site: 1984 Yearly Box Office Results . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103115555/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1984&p=.htm . November 3, 2013 . November 5, 2013 . Box Office Mojo.
34. News: Darnton . Nina . Jim Henson's 'Labyrinth' . The New York Times . C14 . June 27, 1986 . November 5, 2013 . August 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809064302/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/27/movies/screen-jum-henson-s-labyrinth.html . live .
35. Web site: Sparrow . A.E. . September 11, 2006 . Return to Labyrinth Vol. 1 Review . . November 5, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140221160255/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/11/return-to-labyrinth-vol-1-review . February 21, 2014.
36. Web site: 8/19-24/1984 – 'In Dresden with Cheryl for UNIMA Puppet Festival.' Jim Henson's Red Book . 2023-04-14 . www.henson.com . April 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414122301/https://www.henson.com/jimsredbook/2013/08/819-241984-2/ . live .
37. Web site: 5/14-17/1984 – 'In Holland for Triangel – Henk and Ans Boerwinkel for J.H. Presents – John H. comes along.' Jim Henson's Red Book . 2023-04-14 . www.henson.com . April 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414121533/https://www.henson.com/jimsredbook/2014/05/514-171984/ . live .
38. Web site: 2020-09-21 . Wanted: The Muppets . 2023-04-14 . September 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921064433/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2012/01/25/wanted-the-muppets-a12156 . bot: unknown .
39. News: Smale . Alison . November 23, 1984 . Henson Takes Kermit to Meet Russian Puppetmaster . The Associated Press.
40. Dialogue on Film: Jim Henson . . 18–21 . November 1989.
41. Web site: It is with great sadness that we confirm... – The Jim Henson Company . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150703024215/https://www.facebook.com/hensoncompany/posts/10152201503957629?stream_ref=10 . July 3, 2015 . April 23, 2014 . Facebook.
42. News: Oliver . Myrna . May 17, 1990 . From the Archives: Jim Henson Dies at Age 53; Muppets' Creative Genius . Los Angeles Times . March 10, 2019 . June 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230602101030/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-jim-henson-20160516-snap-story.html . live .
43. News: Schindehette . Susan . Podolsky . J. D. . June 18, 1990 . Legacy of a Gentle Genius . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120221231138/http://www.muppetcentral.com/articles/tributes/henson/hensonarticle5.shtml . February 21, 2012 . February 24, 2012 . People . 88–96 . Muppet Central.
44. News: Vitello . Paul . April 3, 2013 . Jane Henson, a Partner in Creating the Muppets, Dies at 78 . subscription . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/arts/television/jane-henson-early-collaborator-on-the-muppets-dies-at-78.html . 2022-01-03 . The New York Times.
45. News: January 22, 2010 . Are the Muppets conservatives? . June 24, 2019 . The Economist . June 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190624004823/https://www.economist.com/democracy-in-america/2010/01/22/are-the-muppets-conservatives . live .
46. News: Angier . Natalie . An Aggressive Infection, Abrupt and Overwhelming . The New York Times . D29 . May 17, 1990 . October 17, 2020 . October 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201018110458/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/17/arts/an-aggressive-infection-abrupt-and-overwhelming.html . live .
47. News: Altman . Lawrence K. . The Doctor's World; Henson Death Shows Danger of Pneumonia . The New York Times . May 29, 1990 . June 19, 2007 . February 9, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120209232107/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/29/science/the-doctor-s-world-henson-death-shows-danger-of-pneumonia.html . live .
48. Book: C. George Ray . Kenneth J. Ryan . Sherris Medical Microbiology . 4th . McGraw Hill . 2004 . 276–286 . 0-8385-8529-9.
49. News: Pneumonia Quickly Spread In Henson. Cindy. Schreuder. Orlando Sentinel. May 18, 1990. September 26, 2020. June 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200619172733/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1990-05-18-9005180413-story.html. live.
50. News: ASSUMING AIDS. Sun. Sentinel. South Florida Sun Sentinel. May 29, 1990. May 31, 2024. live. May 31, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240531150216/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1990/05/29/assuming-aids/.
51. News: Freeman. Hadley. Frank Oz on life as Fozzie Bear, Miss Piggy and Yoda: 'I'd love to do the Muppets again but Disney doesn't want me'. 30 August 2021. Hadley Freeman. The Guardian. 14 September 2021. May 19, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240519040119/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/aug/30/frank-oz-on-life-as-fozzie-bear-miss-piggy-and-yoda-id-love-to-do-the-muppets-again-but-disney-doesnt-want-me. live.
52. Web site: The Deaths of Jim Henson and Sammy Davis Jr . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cjJNHCGFwCo. 2021-12-11 . live. March 26, 2021 . YouTube.
53. News: Blau . Eleanor . Henson Is Remembered as a Man With Artistry, Humanity and Fun . The New York Times . B11 . May 22, 1990 . May 14, 2007 . December 29, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091229232807/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/22/arts/henson-is-remembered-as-a-man-with-artistry-humanity-and-fun.html . live .
54. Jim Henson Memorial 'Turn The World Around' Sung by Harry Belafonte . May 22, 1990 . December 21, 2009 . live . YouTube . https://web.archive.org/web/20130625040842/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9Em3vVwsm0 . June 25, 2013 . mdy-all.
55. Web site: Barry . Chris . Saying "Goodbye" to Jim . September 7, 2005 . Jim Hill Media . November 5, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105160428/http://jimhillmedia.com/guest_writers1/b/chris_barry/archive/2005/09/08/1722.aspx . November 5, 2013 .
56. Web site: At Jim Henson's funeral, the Muppets (and their human handlers) sang his favorite songs . NPR Fresh Air . November 5, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150206071025/http://nprfreshair.tumblr.com/post/10954602984/at-jim-hensons-funeral-the-muppets-and-their . February 6, 2015 .
57. News: Plume. Kenneth. Ratting Out: An Interview with Muppeteer Steve Whitmire. Muppet Central. July 19, 1999. July 11, 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233739/http://www.muppetcentral.com/articles/interviews/whitmire3.shtml. September 26, 2007.
58. Web site: Parker . Ryan . Kermit the Frog Muppeteer Says Disney Fired Him . The Hollywood Reporter . July 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075828/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/kermit-frog-muppeteer-says-he-was-fired-by-disney-1020466 . June 18, 2018 . July 13, 2017.
59. News: Barnes. Brooks. Fuzzy Renaissance. December 29, 2012. The New York Times. September 18, 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130511170924/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/movies/21barn.html. May 11, 2013.
60. The Walt Disney Company and The Jim Henson Company Sign Agreement for Disney to buy The 'Muppets' and 'Bear in the Big Blue House'. . January 16, 2013 . In the months before his death in 1990, my father Jim Henson pursued extensive discussions with The Walt Disney Company based on his strong belief that Disney would be a perfect home for the Muppets. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20041207182316/http://corporate.disney.go.com/news/corporate/2004/2004_0217_kermit.html . December 7, 2004 .
61. The Walt Disney Company and The Jim Henson Company Sign Agreement for Disney to buy the 'Muppets' and 'Bear in the Big Blue House'. . January 16, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130616224354/http://www.henson.com/press_releases/2004-02-17.pdf . June 16, 2013.
62. News: Disney buys Muppets as bid prospect fades. The Independent. February 18, 2004. December 31, 2011. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20151203185919/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/disney-buys-muppets-as-bid-prospect-fades-69711.html. December 3, 2015.
63. News: Meier . Barry . Kermit and Miss Piggy Join Stable of Walt Disney Stars . The New York Times . February 18, 2004 . April 8, 2008 . July 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170722040620/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/18/business/kermit-and-miss-piggy-join-stable-of-walt-disney-stars.html . live .
64. Web site: Jim Henson: The Biography by Brian Jay Jones . https://web.archive.org/web/20160517190306/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/208942/jim-henson-by-brian-jay-jones/ . Penguin Random House . May 17, 2016 . March 25, 2021.
65. Web site: September 5, 2014 . Jim Henson Collection . Academy Film Archive . July 7, 2016 . July 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160703055232/https://www.oscars.org/film-archive/collections/jim-henson-collection . live .
66. News: Brinkhof . Tim . 2024-05-31 . The Best Jim Henson Documentary Is Already out on YouTube . 2024-07-13 . Slate . en-US . 1091-2339.
67. News: Wiseman . Andreas . Jim Henson Biopic: Michael Mitnick Writing 'Muppet Man' For Disney & The Jim Henson Company . April 22, 2021 . Deadline . April 21, 2021 . October 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211018030330/https://deadline.com/2021/04/jim-henson-movie-muppet-man-sesame-street-muppets-michael-mitnick-1234740866/ . live .
68. News: Carey . Matthew . Ron Howard, Brian Grazer Team For Documentary On Jim Henson, With Full Participation Of Muppet Creator's Family . Deadline . March 30, 2022 . March 30, 2022 . March 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220330132802/https://deadline.com/2022/03/jim-henson-documentary-project-director-ron-howard-producer-brian-grazer-imagine-documentaries-disney-original-documentary-news-1234990726/ . live .
69. Zuckerman . Esther . First Look: Ron Howard Enters the World of Jim Henson . Vanity Fair . April 11, 2024 . April 11, 2024 . April 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240411145911/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/jim-henson-documentary-disney-ron-howard . live .
70. Web site: Kroll . Justin . D'Alessandro . Anthony . March 7, 2024 . 'SNL 1975' Origin Movie Finds Its Jim Henson, Michael O'Donoghue & Billy Crystal . 2024-07-08 . Deadline.
71. 2011-09-30 . Sesame Street Puppeteer Eric Jacobson Reveals Shocking News That Sesame Street Is Not a Real Place . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220924231426/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/09/-i-sesame-street--i--puppeteer-eric-jacobson-reveals-shocking-ne . September 24, 2022 . 2022-11-07 . Vanity Fair . en-US.
72. Web site: August 29 . Nick Romano . EDT . 2017 at 12:33 PM . New Kermit the Frog Voice Actor Makes Debut in 'Muppets' Video . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107081552/https://ew.com/tv/2017/08/29/kermit-the-frog-matt-vogel-muppets-video/ . November 7, 2022 . 2022-11-07 . EW.com . en.
73. Web site: Mar 01 . Michelle Drown Thu . 2018 12:00am . 2018-03-01 . Muppets in the House for PuppetPalooza . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107081554/https://www.independent.com/2018/03/01/muppets-house-puppetpalooza/ . November 7, 2022 . 2022-11-07 . The Santa Barbara Independent . en-US.
74. Web site: March 29, 2022 . Gonzo the Great on the Creativity and Collaboration Behind Jim Henson's Muppets . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107081553/https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101888460/gonzo-the-great-on-the-creativity-and-collaboration-behind-jim-hensons-muppets . November 7, 2022 . 2022-11-07 . KQED . en-us.
75. News: For Muppeteers, It Isn't Easy Being Invisible . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107081547/https://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142509532/for-muppeteers-it-isnt-easy-being-invisible . November 7, 2022 . 2022-11-07 . NPR.org . en.
76. News: Perspective Jim Henson was born gifted. At U-Md., he became even more talented.. Kelly. John. January 4, 2020. Washington Post. en. January 5, 2020. January 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200104233328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/jim-henson-was-born-gifted-at-u-md-he-became-even-more-talented/2020/01/04/7807f41c-2e82-11ea-9b60-817cc18cf173_story.html. live.
77. Web site: In the Gallery at the Michelle Smith Performing Arts Library – MSPAL UMD Libraries. December 3, 2019. www.lib.umd.edu. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191019002103/https://www.lib.umd.edu/mspal/gallery. October 19, 2019. January 5, 2020.
78. Web site: Jim Henson: Hollywood Walk of Fame. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219022113/http://www.walkoffame.com/jim-henson. February 19, 2014.
79. Web site: The Jim Henson Legacy – Awards. 2021-10-13. www.jimhensonlegacy.org. October 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170929/https://www.jimhensonlegacy.org/facts-and-things/awards. live.
80. Web site: Honorees . . June 5, 2018 . en . May 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160501211810/http://www.emmys.com/awards/hall-of-fame-honorees . live .
81. Web site: Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement. www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. August 26, 2020. December 15, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/. live.
82. Web site: Northwestern VPA. sites.google.com. June 5, 2018. October 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201020234539/https://sites.google.com/pgcps.org/northwesternvpa/home. live.
83. Web site: The American Adventure . WDWThemeParks.com . June 9, 2018 . June 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612191051/http://www.wdwthemeparks.com/details/epcot/world-showcase/american-adventure-pavilion/the-american-adventure . dead .
84. Web site: Jim Henson Exhibit, Leland, Mississippi . . June 5, 2018 . September 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180915001815/https://www.tripadvisor.ie/Attraction_Review-g43851-d2097980-Reviews-Jim_Henson_Exhibit-Leland_Mississippi.html . live .
85. Web site: The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) . IMDb . June 28, 2021 . June 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210628160517/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251874/ . live .
86. Web site: Tom Smith. Pegasus Awards. Ohio Valley Filk Fest. September 3, 2007. October 10, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010171859/http://www.ovff.org/pegasus/people/tom-smith.html. live.
87. Web site: Jim Henson Statue & Memorial FAQ. UMD Newsdesk. University of Maryland. July 28, 2004. June 19, 2007. June 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070614160642/http://www.newsdesk.umd.edu/images/Henson/Articles/FAQ.html. dead.
88. Web site: Jim Henson Statue and Memorial Garden | UMD Arboretum & Botanical Garden. September 11, 2019. August 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190824105219/https://www.arboretum.umd.edu/JimHensonMemorial. dead.
89. News: Fear the Turtle sculptures: Guide to locations. . April 21, 2006. The Baltimore Sun. September 14, 2019. January 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200114012605/https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bal-vg-turtles-locations-story.html. live.
90. Web site: 'Jim Henson.10/8/2003' (Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame) . Hostfest.com . October 8, 2003 . September 24, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111005005534/http://hostfest.com/halloffame/view.asp?ID=107 . October 5, 2011 .
91. Web site: Keep it in Motion – Classic Animation Revisited: 'Overtime' . Animation World Network . June 5, 2018 . en . January 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200114032540/https://www.awn.com/animationworld/keep-it-motion-classic-animation-revisited-overtime . live .
92. Web site: damien ferrie on Behance . www.behance.net . June 5, 2018 . August 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200814051618/https://www.behance.net/gallery/3250863/Overtime . live .
93. Web site: Dakss . Brian . Muppets Get Their Own Stamps . . September 29, 2005 . June 5, 2018 . en . June 23, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180623061210/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/muppets-get-their-own-stamps/ . live .
94. News: Goldhaber. Mark. Disney Legends Class of 2011: Modern princesses, the Muppet master and more. September 16, 2013. USA Today. September 2, 2011. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131101200026/http://travel.usatoday.com/alliance/destinations/mouseplanet/post/2011/09/Disney-Legends-Class-of--2011-Modern-princesses-the-Muppet-master-and-more/545673/1. November 1, 2013.
95. Web site: Muppets Creator Jim Henson Honored on 75th Birthday. September 24, 2011. The Hollywood Reporter. September 17, 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161012031846/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/muppets-creator-jim-henson-honored-239873. October 12, 2016.
96. News: Cavna . Michael . Jim Henson's Muppets: New Google Doodle celebrates late creator's 75th birthday . The Washington Post . September 24, 2011 . September 24, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110924145735/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/jim-hensons-muppets-new-google-doodle-celebrates-late-creators-75th-birthday/2011/09/23/gIQAefxbrK_blog.html . September 24, 2011 .
97. News: Pousner. Howard. With Muppets on-screen, puppet center works to secure Henson legacy. https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065649/http://www.accessatlanta.com/atlanta-events/with-muppets-on-screen-1249213.html. January 14, 2012. December 30, 2011. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. December 2, 2011.
98. Nation's Largest Puppetry Center to Open Jim Henson Wing in Atlanta . Center for Puppetry Arts . July 25, 2007 . December 30, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111124065951/http://puppet.org/pdf/R-Henson.pdf . November 24, 2011 .
99. Web site: It Belongs in a Museum: The New Henson Exhibit in Atlanta. Lee. Barry. Toughpigs. January 15, 2016. July 15, 2017. June 6, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170606194938/http://www.toughpigs.com/henson-atlanta/. live.
100. News: Magruder Park now home to memorial honoring Jim Henson's legacy. Hyattsville Today. Bennett. Rebecca. July 9, 2016. Hyattsville, Maryland. https://web.archive.org/web/20160713064123/http://hyattsvilletoday.com/magruder-park-now-home-to-memorial-honoring-jim-hensons-legacy/ . July 13, 2016 . December 5, 2018.
101. News: How Route 1 Honors Jim Henson. Teague Beckwith. Ryan. The Hyattsville Wire. Hyattsville, Maryland. July 8, 2017. December 5, 2018. December 6, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181206004837/https://www.hyattsvillewire.com/2017/07/18/jim-henson-memorials/. live.
102. Web site: Sharon . Arnold . May 29, 2017 . Jim Henson was more than a puppetmaster . . August 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170606132032/http://crosscut.com/2017/05/mopop-shows-the-unlimited-imagination-of-jim-henson/ . June 6, 2017 . live.
103. Web site: Jordan . Hoffman . July 20, 2017 . Psychedelia, clubbing and Muppets: inside the world of Jim Henson . . July 21, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170720171125/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/jul/20/jim-henson-sesame-street-museum-of-moving-image-exhibition . July 20, 2017 . live.
104. News: The Jim Henson Exhibition: Imagination Unlimited. March 7, 2018. Skirball Cultural Center. August 8, 2018. en . https://web.archive.org/web/20180614010648/https://www.skirball.org/exhibitions/jim-henson-exhibition-imagination-unlimited . June 14, 2018 . live.
105. News: November 22, 2019 . Jim Henson exhibit opens at museum . . Albuquerque, New Mexico . January 14, 2021 . . June 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210625085307/https://www.pressreader.com/usa/albuquerque-journal/20191122/282544430147610 . live .
106. Emily . Esterton . Winter 2020 . Unusual People: The Jim Henson Exhibition . Art. History. People. . Albuquerque Museum Foundation . 6–7 . January 14, 2021 . . May 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220511123559/https://issuu.com/emilyesterson/docs/abqm_winter2020issuu . live .
107. Web site: September 22, 2020 . Durham Museum to open Jim Henson exhibition . . January 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210625064357/https://durhammuseum.org/durham-museum-to-open-jim-henson-exhibition/ . June 25, 2021 . live.
108. Daisy . Hutzell-Rodman . Tara . Spencer . Linda . Persigehl . November–December 2020 . Calendar of Events – The Jim Henson Exhibition: Imagination Unlimited . Omaha Magazine . 38 . 7 . 8 . January 14, 2021 . . May 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220511123559/https://issuu.com/omahapublications/docs/omahamagazine_om1120_cityversion . live .
109. Web site: Maureen . Feighan . May 3, 2021 . Jim Henson Exhibition coming to The Henry Ford explores 'Muppets' founder's lasting legacy . . June 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210503223640/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/2021/05/03/jim-henson-exhibition-opening-henry-ford-early-june-explores-muppets-founders-lasting-legacy/4926685001/ . May 3, 2021 . live.
110. Web site: Duante . Beddingfield . June 3, 2021 . Meet the man behind the Muppets at the Henry Ford's new Jim Henson exhibition . . June 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210603122415/https://eu.freep.com/story/entertainment/2021/06/03/muppets-jim-henson-imagination-unlimited-henry-ford/5288225001/ . June 3, 2021 . live.
111. Web site: Tony . Bravo . April 26, 2022 . Jim Henson's world – from beloved Muppets to avant-garde experiments – comes to life at S.F. museum . . May 2, 2022 . May 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220502061645/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/jim-hensons-world-from-beloved-muppets-to-avant-garde-experiments-comes-to-life-at-s-f-museum . live .
112. Web site: The Jim Henson Exhibition: Imagination Unlimited . SF Station . May 2, 2022 . April 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220423144354/https://www.sfstation.com/the-jim-henson-exhibition-imagination-unlimited-e2428465 . live .
113. Web site: Lauren . Gordon . January 4, 2023 . The Jim Henson Muppets Exhibit Is About To Leave West Michigan . . February 22, 2023 . February 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222064912/https://wkfr.com/jim-henson-muppet-exhibit-west-michigan/ . live .
114. Web site: The Jim Henson Exhibition: Imagination Unlimited . . February 22, 2023 . February 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222064943/https://www.mdhistory.org/exhibitions/the-jim-henson-exhibition-imagination-unlimited/ . live .
115. Web site: OKC to celebrate the life and legacy of Jim Henson at the American Banjo Museum . . August 22, 2018 . American Banjo Museum . February 14, 2020 . February 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200215053108/http://www.americanbanjomuseum.com/blog/okc-to-celebrate-the-life-and-legacy-of-jim-henson-at-the-american-banjo-museum . live .
116. News: Schuessler. Jennifer. March 24, 2021. Janet Jackson and Kermit the Frog Added to National Recording Registry. The New York Times. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/24/arts/music/national-recording-registry-janet-jackson.html . 2021-12-28 . limited. March 24, 2021.
117. Web site: . 2021-09-07. Muppets creator Jim Henson's London home gets blue plaque. 2021-09-07. The Guardian. en. May 19, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240519040120/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/sep/07/muppets-creator-jim-henson-london-home-gets-blue-plaque. live.
118. Web site: 12/18/1964 – 'Paar show – "Glow Worm"' . Jim Henson's Red Book . December 18, 2013 . June 1, 2022 . May 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220525203217/https://www.henson.com/jimsredbook/2013/12/12181964/ . live .
119. http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jim-Henson/ "Jim Henson at Behind the Voice Actors"