| Honorific-Prefix: | The Most Honourable |
| The Marquess of Salisbury | |
| Order1: | Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal |
| Term Start1: | 27 February 1852 |
| Term End1: | 17 December 1852 |
| Monarch1: | Victoria |
| Primeminister1: | The Earl of Derby |
| Predecessor1: | The Earl of Minto |
| Successor1: | The Duke of Argyll |
| Order: | Lord President of the Council |
| Term Start: | 26 February 1858 |
| Term End: | 11 June 1859 |
| Primeminister: | The Earl of Derby |
| Predecessor: | The Earl Granville |
| Successor: | The Earl Granville |
| Birth Name: | James Brownlow William Cecil |
| Office4: | Member of Parliament for Hertford |
| Term Start4: | 1817 |
| Term End4: | 1823 |
| Predecessor4: | Hon. Edward Spencer Cowper |
| Successor4: | Thomas Byron |
| Office14: | Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis |
| Term Start14: | 1813 |
| Term End14: | 1817 |
| Predecessor14: | Hon. Edward Spencer Cowper |
| Successor14: | Adolphus Dalrymple |
| Office3: | Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal |
| Term Start3: | 13 June 1823 |
| Term End3: | 12 April 1868 Hereditary peerage |
| Predecessor3: | The 1st Marquess of Salisbury |
| Successor3: | The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury |
| Nationality: | British |
| Spouse: | |
| Children: | 11, including Robert, Eustace, and Mary Arabella |
| Parents: | |
James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, (17 April 1791 – 12 April 1868), styled Viscount Cranborne until 1823, was a British Conservative politician. He held office under the Earl of Derby as Lord Privy Seal in 1852 and Lord President of the Council between 1858 and 1859. He was the father of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and grandfather of Arthur Balfour, who also served as Prime Minister.
Salisbury was the son of James Cecil, 1st Marquess of Salisbury, and Lady Emily Mary Hill, daughter of Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire.[1]
Salisbury entered the House of Commons in 1813 as Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, a seat he held until 1817,[2] and then sat for Hertford between 1817 and 1823.[3]
In the latter year, he succeeded his father in the marquessate and entered the House of Lords. He served in the Lord Derby's first two cabinets as Lord Privy Seal in 1852 and as Lord President of the Council between 1858 and 1859. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1826 and made a Knight of the Garter in 1842.
Apart from his political career he also served as titular Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex between 1841 and 1868, and followed his father as colonel of the Hertfordshire Militia.[4] During a period of unrest in 1830 he raised the South Hertfordshire Yeomanry Cavalry and commanded it with the rank of major. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel the following year when the regiment was expanded. In 1847, however, he exchanged with his second-in-command, James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam, and reverted to the rank of major.[5]
Lord Salisbury was married twice. His first marriage was on 2 February 1821 to Frances Mary Gascoyne (born 25 January 1802, died 15 October 1839), daughter of Bamber Gascoyne of Childwall Hall, Lancashire, and his wife Sarah Bridget Frances Price. A biography of her by Carola Oman appeared in 1966. Upon marrying Frances, he added her surname to his own.[6] The couple had six children, including:
Lord Salisbury's second marriage, on 29 April 1847, was to Lady Mary Catherine Sackville-West, daughter of George Sackville-West, 5th Earl De La Warr, and Elizabeth Sackville-West, Countess De La Warr, with whom he had five children:
Lord Salisbury died in April 1868, aged 76, and was succeeded as marquess by his third, eldest surviving son, Robert. The Marchioness of Salisbury died in December 1900.[1]