James Lovelock Explained

Birth Name:James Ephraim Lovelock
Birth Date:26 July 1919
Birth Place:Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England
Death Place:Abbotsbury, Dorset, England
Work Institution:
Spouse:
    Children:4
    Thesis Title:The properties and use of aliphatic and hydroxy carboxylic acids in aerial disinfection
    Thesis Year:1947
    Thesis Url:http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006122881
    Known For:

    James Ephraim Lovelock (26 July 1919 – 26 July 2022) was an English independent scientist, environmentalist and futurist. He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system.[1]

    With a PhD in medicine, Lovelock began his career performing cryopreservation experiments on rodents, including successfully thawing frozen specimens. His methods were influential in the theories of cryonics (the cryopreservation of humans). He invented the electron capture detector and, using it, became the first to detect the widespread presence of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. While designing scientific instruments for NASA, he developed the Gaia hypothesis.

    In the 2000s, he proposed a method of climate engineering to restore carbon dioxide–consuming algae. He was an outspoken member of Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy,[2] asserting that fossil fuel interests have been behind opposition to nuclear energy, citing the effects of carbon dioxide as being harmful to the environment, and warning of global warming due to the greenhouse effect. He wrote several environmental science books based upon the Gaia hypothesis from the late 1970s.

    He also worked for MI5, the British security service, for decades.[3] Bryan Appleyard, writing in The Sunday Times, described him as "basically Q in the James Bond films".[4]

    Early life and education

    James Lovelock was born in Letchworth Garden City to Tom Arthur Lovelock and his second wife Nellie.[5] Nell, his mother, was born in Bermondsey and won a scholarship to a grammar school but was unable to take it up, and started work at thirteen in a pickle factory. She was described by Lovelock as a socialist and suffragist, who was also anti-vaccine, and did not allow Lovelock to receive his smallpox inoculation as a child.[6] His father, Tom, was born in Fawley, Berkshire, had served six months hard labour for poaching in his teens, and was illiterate until attending technical college, later running a bookshop. Lovelock was brought up a Quaker and imbued with the notion that "God is a still, small voice within rather than some mysterious old gentleman way out in the universe", which he thought was a helpful way of thinking for inventors, but he would eventually end up as being non-religious.[7] The family moved to London, where his dislike of authority made him, by his own account, an unhappy pupil at Strand School in Tulse Hill, south London.[8]

    Lovelock could not at first afford to go to university, something which he believed helped prevent him from becoming overspecialised and aided the development of Gaia theory.[9]

    Career

    After leaving school Lovelock worked at a photography firm, attending Birkbeck College during the evenings, before being accepted to study chemistry at the University of Manchester, where he was a student of the Nobel Prize laureate professor Alexander R. Todd.[10] Lovelock worked at a Quaker farm before a recommendation from his professor led to him taking up a Medical Research Council post,[11] working on ways of shielding soldiers from burns. Lovelock refused to use the shaved and anaesthetised rabbits that were used as burn victims, and exposed his skin to heat radiation instead, an experience he describes as "exquisitely painful".[12] His student status enabled temporary deferment of military service during the Second World War. Still, he registered as a conscientious objector. He later abandoned his conscientious objection in the light of Nazi atrocities and tried to enlist in the armed forces but was told that his medical research was too valuable for the enlistment to be approved.

    In 1948, Lovelock received a PhD degree in medicine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.[13] He spent the next two decades working at London's National Institute for Medical Research. In the United States, he conducted research at Yale, Baylor College of Medicine, and Harvard University.

    In the mid-1950s, Lovelock experimented with the cryopreservation of rodents, determining that hamsters could be frozen and revived successfully.[14] Hamsters were frozen with 60% of the water in the brain crystallised into ice with no adverse effects recorded. Other organs were shown to be susceptible to damage.[15]

    A lifelong inventor, Lovelock created and developed many scientific instruments, some of which were designed for NASA in its planetary exploration program. While working as a NASA consultant, Lovelock developed the Gaia hypothesis, for which he is most widely known.[16]

    In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to develop sensitive instruments for the analysis of extraterrestrial atmospheres and planetary surfaces.[17] The Viking program, which visited Mars in the late 1970s, was motivated in part to determine whether Mars supported life, and some of the sensors and experiments that were ultimately deployed aimed to resolve this issue. During work on a precursor of this program, Lovelock became interested in the composition of the Martian atmosphere, reasoning that many life forms on Mars would be obliged to make use of it (and, thus, alter it). However, the atmosphere was found to be in a stable condition close to its chemical equilibrium, with very little oxygen, methane, or hydrogen, but with an overwhelming abundance of carbon dioxide. To Lovelock, the stark contrast between the Martian atmosphere and chemically dynamic mixture of the Earth's biosphere was strongly indicative of the absence of life on Mars. However, when they were finally launched to Mars, the Viking probes still searched (unsuccessfully) for extant life there. Further experiments to search for life on Mars have been carried out by additional space probes, for instance, by NASA's Perseverance rover, which landed in 2021.Lovelock invented the electron capture detector, which ultimately assisted in discoveries about the persistence of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and their role in stratospheric ozone depletion.[18] [19] [20] After studying the operation of the Earth's sulphur cycle,[21] Lovelock and his colleagues, Robert Jay Charlson, Meinrat Andreae and Stephen G. Warren developed the CLAW hypothesis as a possible example of biological control of the Earth's climate.[22]

    Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974.[23] He served as the president of the Marine Biological Association (MBA) from 1986 to 1990 and was an Honorary Visiting Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford (formerly Green College, Oxford) from 1994.[24]

    As an independent scientist, inventor, and author, Lovelock worked out of a barn-turned-laboratory he called his "experimental station" located in a wooded valley on the Devon–Cornwall border in South West England.[25]

    In 1988 he made an extended appearance on the Channel 4 television programme After Dark, alongside Heathcote Williams and Petra Kelly, among others.

    On 8 May 2012, he appeared on the Radio Four series The Life Scientific, talking to Jim Al-Khalili about the Gaia hypothesis. On the programme, he mentioned how his ideas had been received by various people, including Jonathon Porritt. He also said how he had a claim for inventing the microwave oven. He later explained this claim in an interview with The Manchester Magazine. Lovelock said that he did create an instrument during his time studying causes of damage to living cells and tissue, which had, according to him, "almost everything you would expect in an ordinary microwave oven". He invented the instrument to heat frozen hamsters in a way that caused less suffering to the animals, as opposed to the traditional way, which involved putting red-hot spoons on the animals' chests to heat them. He believed that, at the time, nobody had gone that far and made an embodiment of an actual microwave oven.[26] However, he did not claim to have been the first person to have the idea of using microwaves for cooking.

    CFCs

    See main article: Free-radical halogenation. After developing his electron capture detector, in the late 1960s, Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. He found a concentration of 60 parts per trillion of CFC-11 over Ireland and, in a partially self-funded research expedition in 1972, went on to measure the concentration of CFC-11 from the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic aboard the research vessel . He found the gas in each of the 50 air samples that he collected but, not realising that the breakdown of CFCs in the stratosphere would release chlorine that posed a threat to the ozone layer, concluded that the level of CFCs constituted "no conceivable hazard". He later stated that he meant "no conceivable toxic hazard".

    However, the experiment did provide the first useful data on the ubiquitous presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused to the ozone layer by the photolysis of CFCs was later discovered by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina. After hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's results,[27] they embarked on research that resulted in the first published paper that suggested a link between stratospheric CFCs and ozone depletion in 1974 (for which Sherwood and Molina later shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul Crutzen).[28] Lovelock was sceptical of the CFC–ozone depletion hypothesis for several years, calling the US ban of CFCs as aerosol propellants in the late 1970s arbitrary overkill.[29]

    Gaia hypothesis

    See main article: Gaia hypothesis. Drawing from the research of Alfred C. Redfield and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Lovelock first formulated the Gaia hypothesis in the 1960s resulting from his work for NASA concerned with detecting life on Mars[30] and his work with Royal Dutch Shell.[31] The hypothesis proposes that living and non-living parts of the Earth form a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism.[32] [33] Named after the Greek goddess Gaia at the suggestion of novelist William Golding, the hypothesis postulates that the biosphere has a regulatory effect on the Earth's environment that acts to sustain life.

    While the hypothesis was readily accepted by many in the environmentalist community, it has not been widely accepted within the scientific community as a whole. Among its most prominent critics were the evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould, a convergence of opinion among a trio whose views on other scientific matters often diverged. These (and other) critics have questioned how natural selection operating on individual organisms can lead to the evolution of planetary-scale homeostasis.[34]

    In response to this, Lovelock, together with Andrew Watson, published the computer model Daisyworld in 1983, which postulated a hypothetical planet orbiting a star whose radiant energy is slowly increasing or decreasing. In the non-biological case, the temperature of this planet simply tracks the energy received from the star. However, in the biological case, ecological competition between "daisy" species with different albedo values produces a homeostatic effect on global temperature. When energy received from the star is low, black daisies proliferate since they absorb a greater fraction of the heat, but when energy input is high, white daisies predominate since they reflect excess heat. As the white and black daisies have contrary effects on the planet's overall albedo and temperature, changes in their relative populations stabilise the planet's climate and keep the temperature within an optimal range despite fluctuations in energy from the star. Lovelock argued that Daisyworld, although a parable, illustrates how conventional natural selection operating on individual organisms can still produce planetary-scale homeostasis.[35]

    In Lovelock's 2006 book, The Revenge of Gaia, he argued that the lack of respect humans have had for Gaia, through the damage done to rainforests and the reduction in planetary biodiversity, is testing Gaia's capacity to minimise the effects of the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. This eliminates the planet's negative feedbacks and increases the likelihood of homeostatic positive feedback potential associated with runaway global warming. Similarly, the warming of the oceans is extending the oceanic thermocline layer of tropical oceans into the Arctic and Antarctic waters, preventing the rise of oceanic nutrients into the surface waters and eliminating the algal blooms of phytoplankton on which oceanic food chains depend. As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the Earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts. In 2012, Lovelock distanced himself from these conclusions, saying he had "gone too far" in describing the consequences of climate change over the next century in this book.

    In his 2009 book, Lovelock|2009}}|The Vanishing Face of Gaia, he rejected scientific models that disagree with the findings that sea levels are rising and Arctic ice is melting faster than the models predict. He suggested that we may already have passed the tipping point of terrestrial climate resilience into a permanently hot state. Given these conditions, Lovelock expected that human civilisation would be hard-pressed to survive. He expected the change to be similar to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum when the temperature of the Arctic Ocean was 23 °C.[36] [37]

    Nuclear power

    Lovelock became concerned about the threat of global warming from the greenhouse effect. In 2004 he broke with many fellow environmentalists by stating that "only nuclear power can now halt global warming".[38] In his view, nuclear energy is the only realistic alternative to fossil fuels that can both fulfil the large scale energy needs of humankind while also reducing greenhouse emissions.[39] He was an open member of Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy (EFN).

    In 2005, against the backdrop of renewed UK government interest in nuclear power, Lovelock again publicly announced his support for nuclear energy, stating, "I am a Green, and I entreat my friends in the movement to drop their wrongheaded objection to nuclear energy".[40] Although those interventions in the public debate on nuclear power were in the 21st century, his views on it were longstanding. In his 1988 book The Ages of Gaia, he stated:

    In The Revenge of Gaia (2006), where he put forward the concept of sustainable retreat, Lovelock wrote:

    In 2019 Lovelock said he thought difficulties in getting nuclear power going again were due to propaganda, that "the coal and oil business fight like mad to tell bad stories about nuclear", and that "the greens played along with it. There's bound to have been some corruption there – I'm sure that various green movements were paid some sums on the side to help with propaganda".[41]

    Climate

    Writing in the British newspaper The Independent in 2006, Lovelock argued that, as a result of global warming, "billions of us will die and the few breeding pairs of people that survive will be in the Arctic where the climate remains tolerable" by the end of the 21st century.[42] The same year he suggested that "we have to keep in mind the awesome pace of change and realise how little time is left to act, and then each community and nation must find the best use of the resources they have to sustain civilisation for as long as they can." He further predicted in 2007 that the temperature increase would leave much of the world's land uninhabitable and unsuitable for farming, with northerly migrations and new cities created in the Arctic; furthermore that much of Europe will have turned to desert and Britain will have become Europe's "life-raft" due to its stable temperature caused by being surrounded by the ocean.[43] He was quoted in The Guardian in 2008 that 80% of humans will perish by 2100, and this climate change will last 100,000 years.[44]

    In a 2010 interview with The Guardian newspaper, he said that democracy might have to be "put on hold" to prevent climate change.[45] He continued:

    Statements from 2012 portrayed Lovelock as continuing his concern over global warming while at the same time criticising extremism and suggesting alternatives to oil, coal and the green solutions he did not support.[46]

    In a 2012 interview aired on MSNBC, Lovelock stated that he had been "alarmist", using the words "All right, I made a mistake," about the timing of climate change and noted the documentary An Inconvenient Truth and the book The Weather Makers as examples of the same kind of alarmism. Lovelock still believed the climate to be warming, although not at the rate of change he once thought; he admitted that he had been "extrapolating too far." He believed that climate change is still happening, but it will be felt further in the future. Of the claims "the science is settled" on global warming, he stated: He criticised environmentalists for treating global warming like a religion. In this 2012 MSNBC article, Lovelock is quoted as saying: In a follow-up interview also in 2012, Lovelock stated his support for natural gas; he favoured fracking as a low-polluting alternative to coal. He opposed the concept of "sustainable development", where modern economies might be powered by wind turbines, calling it meaningless drivel.[47] He kept a poster of a wind turbine to remind himself how much he detested them.

    In Novacene (2019), Lovelock proposed that benevolent superintelligence may take over and save the ecosystem and stated that the machines would need to keep organic life around to keep the planet's temperature habitable for electronic life.[48] On the other hand, if instead life becomes entirely electronic, "so be it: we played our part and newer, younger actors are already appearing on stage".

    Ocean fertilisation

    In 2007, Lovelock and Chris Rapley proposed the construction of ocean pumps to pump water up from below the thermocline to "fertilize algae in the surface waters and encourage them to bloom".[49] The basic idea was to accelerate the transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean by increasing primary production and enhancing the export of organic carbon (as marine snow) to the deep ocean. A scheme similar to that proposed by Lovelock and Rapley was later developed independently by a commercial company.[50]

    The proposal attracted widespread media attention[51] [52] [53] [54] and criticism.[55] [56] [57] Commenting on the proposal, Corinne Le Quéré, a University of East Anglia researcher, said "It doesn't make sense. There is absolutely no evidence that climate engineering options work or even go in the right direction. I'm astonished that they published this. Before any geoengineering is put to work a massive amount of research is needed – research which will take 20 to 30 years". Other researchers claimed that "this scheme would bring water with high natural p levels (associated with the nutrients) back to the surface, potentially causing exhalation of ". Lovelock subsequently said that his proposal was intended to stimulate interest and that research would be the next step, and several research studies were published in the wake of the original proposal.[58] [59] However, these estimated that the scheme would require a huge number of pipes, and that the main effect of the pipes may be on the land rather than in the ocean.

    Sustainable retreat

    See also: Climate change adaptation. Sustainable retreat is a concept developed by Lovelock to define the necessary changes to human settlement and dwelling at the global scale to adapt to global warming and prevent its expected negative consequences on humans.

    Lovelock thought the time was past for sustainable development and that we had come to a time when development is no longer sustainable. Therefore, we needed to retreat. Lovelock stated the following to explain the concept:[60]

    The concept of sustainable retreat emphasises a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs with lower levels or less environmentally harmful types of resources.[61]

    Prizes and other honours

    Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974. His nomination reads:

    Lovelock was awarded a number of prestigious prizes, including the Tswett Medal for Chromatography (1975), the American Chemical Society Award in Chromatography (1980), the World Meteorological Organization Norbert Gerbier–MUMM Award (1988), the Dr A. H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences (1990) and the Royal Geographical Society Discovery Lifetime award (2001). In 2006 he received the Wollaston Medal, the Geological Society of London's highest award, whose previous recipients include Charles Darwin.[62] Lovelock was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to the study of the Science and Atmosphere in the 1990 New Year Honours and a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) for services to Global Environmental Science in the 2003 New Year Honours.

    Honours

    Commonwealth honours

    width=20% Country ! width=10% Date ! width=35% Appointment !Post-nominal letters
    1990 Commander of the Order of the British Empire[63] CBE
    2003 Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour[64] CH

    Scholastic

    University degrees
    width=20% Location ! width=10% Date ! width=35% School !Degree
    1941 Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Chemistry
    1948 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Medicine
    1959 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Biophysics[65]
    Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships
    width=20% Location ! width=10% Date ! width=35% School !Position
    1954 Rockefeller Travelling Fellowship in Medicine
    19581959 Visiting Scientist
    1994 Senior Visiting Research Fellow[66]
    Honorary degrees
    width=20% Location ! width=10% Date ! width=35% School !Degree
    1982 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
    1988 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)[67]
    1988 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
    1991 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
    1993 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
    18 May 1996 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
    1997 Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[68]

    Memberships and fellowships

    width=20% Location ! width=10% Date ! width=35% Organisation !Position
    1974 Fellow (FRS)[69]
    19861990 President[70]
    2014 Honorary Fellow (Hon FMBA)

    Personal life

    Lovelock married Helen Hyslop in 1942. They had four children and remained married until her death in 1989 from multiple sclerosis.[71] He first met his second wife, Sandy, at the age of 69.[72] Lovelock stated of their relationship: "...you would find the life of me and my wife Sandy to be an unusually happy one in simple beautiful but unpretentious surroundings."[73]

    Lovelock turned 100 in 2019.[74] He died at his home in Abbotsbury, Dorset, on his 103rd birthday in 2022,[75] of complications related to a fall.[76]

    Portraits

    In March 2012, the National Portrait Gallery[77] unveiled a new portrait of Lovelock by British artist Michael Gaskell, which was completed in 2011. The collection also has two photographic portraits by Nick Sinclair (1993) and Paul Tozer (1994). The archive of the Royal Society of Arts has a 2009 image taken by Anne-Katrin Purkiss.[78] Lovelock agreed to sit for sculptor Jon Edgar in Devon during 2007, as part of the Environment Triptych (2008)[79] along with heads of Mary Midgley and Richard Mabey. A bronze head is in the collection of the sitter, and the terracotta is in the artist's archive.[80]

    Published works

    See also

    Further reading

    External links

    Interviews and public lectures

    Notes and References

    1. Ball . P. . vanc . 2014 . James Lovelock reflects on Gaia's legacy . Nature . 10.1038/nature.2014.15017 . 125073140.
    2. Web site: Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210908172345/http://www.ecolo.org/base/baseen.htm . 8 September 2021 . 23 August 2021 . ecolo.org.
    3. Book: [{{GBurl|id=XNd-EAAAQBAJ}} Writing Gaia: The Scientific Correspondence of James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis ]. 18 August 2022 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-108-96794-5 . Clarke . Bruce . Dutreuil . Sébastien . limited . vanc.
    4. Web site: Appleyard . Bryan . vanc . 21 August 2022 . Writing Gaia review: what my friend James Lovelock's letters reveal . subscription . 22 August 2022 . The Sunday Times . 23 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220823005946/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/writing-gaia-review-what-my-friend-james-lovelocks-letters-reveal-7dwmmsrhm . live .
    5. News: 27 July 2022 . James Lovelock obituary . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727155934/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/27/james-lovelock-obituary . 27 July 2022 . 27 July 2022 . The Guardian . en.
    6. Web site: 31 July 2019 . James Lovelock at 100: "My life has been one mass of visions" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727145830/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2019/07/james-lovelock-interview-life-climate-love . 27 July 2022 . 27 July 2022 . New Statesman . en-US.
    7. News: 18 July 2020 . James Lovelock: 'The biosphere and I are both in the last 1% of our lives' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727153252/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/18/james-lovelock-the-biosphere-and-i-are-both-in-the-last-1-per-cent-of-our-lives . 27 July 2022 . 30 July 2022 . The Guardian . en.

    8. "strand school."

    9. Appleyard . Bryan . vanc . September 2020 . James Lovelock Looks Beyond Gaia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220203024721/https://www.noemamag.com/his-mind-forever-voyaging/ . 3 February 2022 . 29 March 2022 . Noema Magazine.
    10. Web site: From Manchester to Mars . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160820173422/http://www.manchestermag.com/features/the-mancunian-maverick . 20 August 2016 . 15 August 2016 . The Manchester Magazine.
    11. Web site: James Lovelock's detailed biography in English . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120326205914/http://www.ecolo.org/lovelock/lovedeten.htm . 26 March 2012 . 30 July 2022 . ecolo.org.
    12. News: Carey . John . vanc . 22 February 2009 . The Vanishing Face of Gaia: A Final Warning by James Lovelock and He Knew He Was Right: The Irrepressible Life of James Lovelock and Gaia by John and Mary Gribbin . https://web.archive.org/web/20090511183144/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article5761585.ece . 11 May 2009 . 24 May 2011 . The Sunday Times.
    13. Lovelock . J. E . The properties and use of aliphatic and hydroxy carboxylic acids in aerial disinfection. . PhD . . 1006122881 . vanc . 1947.
    14. Lovelock . J. E. . Smith . Audrey U. . vanc . 1956 . Studies on Golden Hamsters during Cooling to and Rewarming from Body Temperatures below 0 degrees C. III. Biophysical Aspects and General Discussion . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences . 145 . 920 . 427–442 . 1956RSPSB.145..427L . 10.1098/rspb.1956.0054 . 0080-4649 . 83008 . 13359396 . 6474737.
    15. March 1988 . The Cryobiological Case for Cryonics . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200417212211/https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8803.pdf . 17 April 2020 . Cryonics . . 27 . 9(3) . 92.
    16. Book: Wintle, Justin . New Makers of Modern Culture . 22 April 2016 . Routledge . 978-1-136-76882-8 . 931 . limited . vanc . 2 August 2022 . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007020818/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SEHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA931&dq=%22while+working+as+a+consultant+for+NASA+that+Lovelock+developed+the+Gaia+hypothesis,+for+which+he+is+most+widely+known%22 . live .
    17. Web site: Highfield . Roger . vanc . 8 November 2019 . James Lovelock's Greatest Epiphany: Quest for Life on Mars . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520031801/https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/james-lovelocks-greatest-epiphany-quest-for-life-on-mars/ . 20 May 2022 . 18 April 2022 . Science Museum.
    18. Lovelock . J. E. . vanc . 1971 . Atmospheric Fluorine Compounds as Indicators of Air Movements . Nature . 230 . 5293 . 379 . 1971Natur.230..379L . 10.1038/230379a0 . 4194303 . free.
    19. Lovelock . J. E. . Maggs . R. J. . Wade . R. J. . vanc . 1973 . Halogenated Hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic . Nature . 241 . 5386 . 194 . 1973Natur.241..194L . 10.1038/241194a0 . 4222603.
    20. Lovelock . James . vanc . 29 October 1997 . Travels with an Electron Capture Detector . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043230/http://www.resurgence.org/resurgence/issues/lovelock187.htm . 27 September 2007 . Resurgence . 1998 . 187.
    21. Lovelock . J. E. . Maggs . R. J. . Rasmussen . R. A. . vanc . 1972 . Atmospheric Dimethyl Sulphide and the Natural Sulphur Cycle . Nature . 237 . 5356 . 452 . 1972Natur.237..452L . 10.1038/237452a0 . 4259274.
    22. Charlson . R. J. . Lovelock . J. E. . Andreae . M. O. . Warren . S. G. . vanc . 1987 . Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate . Nature . 326 . 6114 . 655 . 1987Natur.326..655C . 10.1038/326655a0 . 4321239.
    23. Web site: Library and Archive Catalogue EC/1974/16: Lovelock, James Ephraim . dead . https://archive.today/20140410000832/http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo

      'EC/1974/16')

      . 10 April 2014 . The Royal Society . London.
    24. Web site: Curriculum Vitae . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201002051049/http://www.jameslovelock.org/curriculum-vitae/ . 2 October 2020 . 17 February 2021 . James Lovelock . en-GB.
    25. News: Hickman . Leo . vanc . 15 June 2012 . James Lovelock: The UK should be going mad for fracking . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804231611/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jun/15/james-lovelock-interview-gaia-theory . 4 August 2019 . 24 June 2012 . The Guardian.
    26. James Lovelock . 26 June 2019 . The Life Scientific . The Life Scientific . . 8 May 2012 . 12 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812114502/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01h666h . live.
    27. Web site: Rowland . F. Sherwood . Molina . Mario J. . vanc . 7 December 2000 . CFC-Ozone Puzzle: Lecture . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090216160905/http://www.eoearth.org/article/CFC-Ozone_Puzzle%3A_Lecture . 16 February 2009 . 10 December 2007.
    28. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200522181342/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/summary/ . 22 May 2020 . 30 July 2022 . . ...for... work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone..
    29. Book: Lovelock, James E. . Stratospheric Ozone and Man . CRC Press . 1982 . 978-1-351-07693-7 . Bower . Frank A. . 1 . Boca Raton, FL . 195–201 . Epilogue . Ward . Richard B. . vanc.
    30. Lovelock . J. E. . vanc . 1965 . A Physical Basis for Life Detection Experiments . Nature . 207 . 4997 . 568–70 . 1965Natur.207..568L . 10.1038/207568a0 . 5883628 . 33821197.
    31. Aronowsky . Leah . vanc . Winter 2021 . Gas Guzzling Gaia, or: A Prehistory of Climate Change Denialism . Critical Inquiry . 47 . 2 . 306–327 . 10.1086/712129 . free.
    32. Lovelock . J. . vanc . 1972 . Gaia as seen through the atmosphere . Atmospheric Environment . 6 . 8 . 579–580 . 1972AtmEn...6..579L . 10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5.
    33. Lovelock . J.E. . Margulis . L. . vanc . 1974 . Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis . Tellus A . en . 26 . 1–2 . 2–10 . 1974Tell...26....2L . 10.3402/tellusa.v26i1-2.9731 . 129803613 . free.
    34. Book: Dawkins, Richard . The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene . The Extended Phenotype . Oxford University Press . 1982 . 0-19-288051-9 . Revised . Oxford . 1999 . vanc.
    35. Watson . A.J. . Andrew Watson (scientist) . Lovelock . J.E. . vanc . 1983 . Biological homeostasis of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld . . International Meteorological Institute . 35 . 4 . 286–9 . 1983TellB..35..284W . 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00031.x.
    36. Russill . C. . Nyssa . Z. . vanc . 2009 . The tipping point trend in climate change communication . Global Environmental Change . 19 . 3 . 336 . 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.04.001.
    37. Pagani . M. . Caldeira . K. . Archer . D. . Zachos . C. . vanc . Dec 2006 . Atmosphere. An ancient carbon mystery . Science . 314 . 5805 . 1556–1557 . 10.1126/science.1136110 . 0036-8075 . 17158314 . 128375931.
    38. Web site: 24 May 2004 . Nuclear power is the only green solution . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823193626/http://www.jameslovelock.org/nuclear-power-is-the-only-green-solution/ . 23 August 2021 . 30 July 2022 . The Independent . James Lovelock.
    39. News: 28 August 2004 . Time for a rethink . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823125159/http://www.jameslovelock.org/time-for-a-rethink/ . 23 August 2021 . 30 July 2022 . The Independent . James Lovelock.
    40. News: Kristof . Nicholas . Nicholas Kristof . vanc . 9 April 2005 . Nukes Are Green . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200325023234/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/09/opinion/nukes-are-green.html . 25 March 2020 . 25 August 2019 . The New York Times.
    41. News: Wallace-Wells . David . vanc . 2 October 2019 . James Lovelock: 'Any Further Interference Is Likely to Be Disastrous' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191025210710/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/10/james-lovelock-on-nuclear-power-and-if-ai-can-stop-warming.html . 25 October 2019 . 25 October 2019 . New York.
    42. News: Lovelock . James . vanc . 16 January 2006 . The Earth is about to catch a morbid fever that may last as long as 100,000 years . https://web.archive.org/web/20060408121826/http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article338830.ece . 8 April 2006 . 4 October 2007 . . none.
    43. News: Jeffries . Stuart . vanc . 15 March 2007 . We should be scared stiff . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220728175751/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/15/desertification.ethicalliving . 28 July 2022 . 28 July 2022 . The Guardian.
    44. News: Aitkenhead . Decca . vanc . 1 March 2008 . James Lovelock: 'Enjoy life while you can: in 20 years global warming will hit the fan' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220728175750/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2008/mar/01/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange . 28 July 2022 . 28 July 2022 . The Guardian.
    45. News: Hickman . Leo . vanc . 29 March 2010 . James Lovelock: Humans are too stupid to prevent climate change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190806204710/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/mar/29/james-lovelock-climate-change . 6 August 2019 . 25 August 2019 . The Guardian.
    46. News: Johnston . Ian . vanc . 23 April 2012 . 'Gaia' scientist James Lovelock: I was 'alarmist' about climate change . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120424004036/https://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/04/23/11144098-gaia-scientist-james-lovelock-i-was-alarmist-about-climate-change?lite . 24 April 2012 . 12 November 2016 . MSNBC.
    47. News: 12 December 2012 . James Lovelock letter on wind turbines Broadbury Ridge . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140112043835/http://regmedia.co.uk/2013/01/30/james_lovelock_objection.pdf . 12 January 2014 . 12 January 2013 . The Register.
    48. News: Poole . Steven . vanc . 27 June 2019 . Novacene by James Lovelock review – a big welcome for the AI takeover . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220730203730/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/27/novacene-by-james-lovelock-review . 30 July 2022 . 30 July 2022 . The Guardian . en.
    49. Lovelock . James E. . Rapley . Chris G. . vanc . 27 September 2007 . Ocean pipes could help the Earth to cure itself . Nature . 449 . 7161 . 403 . 2007Natur.449..403L . 10.1038/449403a . 1476-4687 . 17898747 . 4340626 . free.
    50. Web site: Biological Ocean Sequestration of Using Atmocean Upwelling . https://web.archive.org/web/20071013153833/http://atmocean.com/sequestration.htm . 13 October 2007 . 3 October 2007 . Atmocean.
    51. News: Smith . Lewis . vanc . 26 September 2007 . Scientists propose 'plumbing' method to solve crisis of global warming . https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022710/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2538897.ece . 12 May 2008 . 3 October 2007 . The Times.
    52. News: Highfield . Roger . Roger Highfield . vanc . 26 September 2007 . James Lovelock's plan to pump ocean water to stop climate change . https://web.archive.org/web/20071011082244/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fearth%2F2007%2F09%2F26%2Fsciwater126.xml . 11 October 2007 . 4 October 2007 . The Daily Telegraph.
    53. News: McCarthy . Michael . Michael McCarthy (journalist) . vanc . 27 September 2007 . Pipes hung in the sea could help planet to 'heal itself' . https://web.archive.org/web/20071011013930/http://environment.independent.co.uk/climate_change/article3001626.ece . 11 October 2007 . 4 October 2007 . The Independent.
    54. News: Jha . Alok . vanc . 27 September 2007 . How sea tubes could slow climate change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141005173131/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/sep/27/climatechange . 5 October 2014 . 4 October 2007 . The Guardian.
    55. News: Williamson . Phillip . vanc . 1 October 2007 . Cold water on global warming plans . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190825222938/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/oct/01/climatechange.mainsection . 25 August 2019 . 25 August 2019 . The Guardian.
    56. News: Hari . Johann . vanc . 6 October 2007 . The last green taboo: engineering the planet . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190825222641/https://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/The-last-green-taboo-engineering-the-planet-1251713.php . 25 August 2019 . 25 August 2019 . Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
    57. Shepherd . J. . Iglesias-Rodriguez . D. . Yool . A. . vanc . 2007 . Geo-engineering might cause, not cure, problems . Nature . 449 . 7164 . 781 . 2007Natur.449..781S . 10.1038/449781a . 17943101 . free.
    58. Yool . A. . Shepherd . J.G. . Bryden . H.L. . Oschlies . A. . vanc . 2009 . Low efficiency of nutrient translocation for enhancing oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide . J. Geophys. Res. . 114 . C8 . C08009 . 2009JGRC..114.8009Y . 10.1029/2008JC004792 . ...enhancing the ocean's uptake of CO2 by 1 Gt C / y would require approximately 0.8 billion pumps (of 1 m diameter) to be deployed. . free.
    59. Oschlies . A. . Pahlow . M. . Yool . A. . Matear . R.J. . vanc . 2010 . Climate engineering by artificial ocean upwelling: Channelling the sorcerer's apprentice . Geophys. Res. Lett. . 37 . 4 . L04701 . 2010GeoRL..37.4701O . 10.1029/2009GL041961 . 28795204 . 2023-01-04 . However, the model predicts that about 80% of the carbon sequestered is stored on land, as a result of reduced respiration at lower air temperatures brought about by upwelling of cold waters. . 4 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230104143428/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL041961 . live .
    60. Goodell . Jeff . Jeff Goodell . vanc . 1 November 2007 . James Lovelock, the Prophet . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190825222938/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/james-lovelock-the-prophet-192646/ . 25 August 2019 . 25 August 2019 . Rolling Stone.
    61. News: Gray . John . vanc . 27 January 2006 . The Revenge of Gaia, by James Lovelock . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727224852/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-revenge-of-gaia-by-james-lovelock-6110631.html . 27 July 2022 . 30 July 2022 . The Independent . en.
    62. Web site: Wollaston Medal citation . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081826/http://www.jameslovelock.org/wollaston-medal-citation/ . 28 July 2022 . 30 July 2022 . James Lovelock . en-GB.
    63. 6 January 1990 . Gaia theorist receives royal recognition . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727200542/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12516980-700-gaia-theorist-receives-royal-recognition/ . 27 July 2022 . 30 July 2022 . . 1698.
    64. News: 31 December 2002 . TV chef heads Cornwall's honours list . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727201004/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2617813.stm . 27 July 2022 . 30 July 2022 . BBC News.
    65. Web site: Degrees, awards and prizes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200706231721/http://www.jameslovelock.org/degrees-awards-and-prizes/ . 6 July 2020 . 30 July 2022 . James Lovelock . en-GB.
    66. Web site: Professor James Lovelock . https://web.archive.org/web/20200720033551/https://www.gtc.ox.ac.uk/about/fellows/james-lovelock/ . 20 July 2020 . 19 July 2020 . Green Templeton College.
    67. Web site: Previous honorary graduates . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220623211322/https://www.exeter.ac.uk/about/honorarygraduates/previous/ . 23 June 2022 . 30 July 2022 . University of Exeter.
    68. Web site: Honorary Degrees, University Medals and Distinguished Service Awards 1951–2000 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140731072522/http://www.cu.edu/regents/honorary-degrees-university-medals-and-distinguished-service-awards-1951-2000 . 31 July 2014 . University of Colorado.
    69. Radford . Tim . vanc . 2019 . James Lovelock at 100: The Gaia saga continues . live . Nature . 570 . 7762 . 441–442 . 2019Natur.570..441R . 10.1038/d41586-019-01969-y . 195353836 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727195938/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01969-y . 27 July 2022 . 27 July 2022.
    70. Web site: On the occasion of the 100th birthday of James Lovelock . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200719064720/https://www.mba.ac.uk/blog/occasion-100th-birthday-james-lovelock . 19 July 2020 . 19 July 2020 . Marine Biological Association.
    71. News: Irvine . Ian . vanc . 3 December 2005 . James Lovelock: The green man . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20081006190725/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/james-lovelock-the-green-man-517953.html . 6 October 2008 . 26 June 2019 . The Independent.
    72. News: Siegle . Lucy . vanc . 22 May 2005 . This much I know: James Lovelock, scientist, 86, Devon . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190624063100/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2005/may/22/ethicalliving2 . 24 June 2019 . 25 August 2019 . The Guardian.
    73. Web site: 17 November 2015 . James Lovelock – Independent Scientist, Inventor & Author . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190624070036/https://successness.com/2015/11/james-lovelock-independent-scientist-inventor-author/ . 24 June 2019 . 26 June 2019 . SUCCESSness.
    74. Web site: 17 July 2019 . Centenarian could hold key to brighter future . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200201224447/http://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/university/title_725718_en.html . 1 February 2020 . 7 February 2021 . University of Exeter . en.
    75. News: Schneider . Keith . vanc . 27 July 2022 . James Lovelock, Whose Gaia Theory Saw the Earth as Alive, Dies at 103 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727155025/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/climate/james-lovelock-dead.html . 27 July 2022 . 27 July 2022 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
    76. News: 27 July 2022 . James Lovelock, creator of Gaia hypothesis, dies on 103rd birthday . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727134504/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/27/james-lovelock-creator-of-gaia-hypothesis-dies-on-103rd-birthday . 27 July 2022 . 27 July 2022 . The Guardian . en.
    77. Web site: James Ephraim Lovelock . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220730163547/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp06519/james-ephraim-lovelock . 30 July 2022 . 30 July 2022 . National Portrait Gallery . en . London.
    78. Web site: 10 March 2009 . James Lovelock by Anne Purkiss . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200802123116/https://www.flickr.com/photos/the_rsa/3344496740/ . 2 August 2020 . 1 September 2012 . The RSA . Flickr.
    79. Book: Edgar, Jon . Responses: Carvings and Claywork : Jon Edgar, Sculpture 2003–2008 . 2008 . Hesworth . 978-0-9558675-0-7 . vanc.
    80. Web site: James Lovelock . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120724000929/https://www.jonedgar.co.uk/portrait_james_lovelock.htm . 24 July 2012 . 12 September 2016 . Jon Edgar.

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