| Country: | Jamaica |
| Previous Election: | 1983 |
| Next Election: | 1993 |
| Seats For Election: | All 60 seats in the House of Representaitves |
| Turnout: | 78.38% (75.70pp) |
| Party1: | People's National Party |
| Leader1: | Michael Manley |
| Last Election1: | New |
| Seats1: | 45 |
| Percentage1: | 56.60 |
| Party2: | Jamaica Labour Party |
| Leader2: | Edward Seaga |
| Last Election2: | 60 |
| Percentage2: | 43.32 |
| Seats2: | 15 |
| Prime Minister | |
| Posttitle: | Prime Minister after election |
| Before Election: | Edward Seaga |
| Before Party: | Jamaica Labour Party |
| After Election: | Michael Manley |
| After Party: | People's National Party |
General elections were held in Jamaica on 9 February 1989. The result was a victory for the People's National Party, which won 45 of the 60 seats. Voter turnout was 78%.[1]
They were the first seriously contested elections since 1980, as the PNP had boycotted the 1983 snap elections to protest the refusal of the ruling Jamaican Labour Party to update the electoral roll amid allegations of voter fraud.
Prime Minister Edward Seaga announced the election date on 15 January at a rally in Kingston,[2] with the emergency conditions caused by Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 forcing an extension of the parliamentary term beyond its normal five-year mandate.[3]
The election date and tone of the election were shaped in part by Hurricane Gilbert, which made landfall in September 1988 and decimated the island. The hurricane caused almost $1 billion worth of damage to the island, with banana and coffee crops wiped out and thousands of homes destroyed. Both parties engaged in campaigning through the distribution of relief supplies, a hallmark of the Jamaican patronage system. Political commentators noted that prior to the hurricane, Edward Seaga and the JLP trailed Michael Manley and the PNP by twenty points in opinion polls. The ability to provide relief as the party in charge allowed Seaga to improve his standing among voters and erode the inevitability of Manley's victory. However, scandals related to the relief effort cost Seaga and the JLP some of the gains made immediately following the hurricane. Scandals that emerged included National Security Minister Errol Anderson personally controlling a warehouse full of disaster relief supplies and candidate Joan Gordon-Webley distributing American-donated flour in sacks with her picture on them.[4]
The election was characterized by a narrower ideological difference between the two parties on economic issues. Michael Manley facilitated his comeback campaign by moderating his leftist positions and admitting mistakes made as Prime Minister, saying he erred when he involved government in economic production and had abandoned all thoughts of nationalizing industry. He cited the PNP's desire to continue the market-oriented policies of the JLP government, but with a more participatory approach.[5] Prime Minister Edward Seaga ran on his record of economic growth and the reduction of unemployment in Jamaica, using the campaign slogan "Don't Let Them Wreck It Again" to refer to Manley's tenure as Prime Minister.[6] Seaga during his tenure as Prime Minister emphasized the need to tighten public sector spending and cut close to 27,000 public sector jobs in 1983 and 1984.[7] He shifted his plans as elections neared with a promise to spend J$1 billion on a five-year Social Well-Being Programme, which would build new hospitals and schools in Jamaica.[8]
Foreign policy also played a role in the 1989 election. Prime Minister Edward Seaga emphasized his relations with the United States, a relationship which saw Jamaica receiving considerable economic aid from the U.S and additional loans from international institutions.[9] Manley pledged better relations with the United States while at the same time pledging to restore diplomatic relations with Cuba that had been cut under Seaga.[6] With Manley as Prime Minister, Jamaican-American relations had significantly frayed as a result of Manley's economic policies and close relations with Cuba.[10]
The personalities of the two party leaders helped shape the 1989 campaign. While Seaga was portrayed as a good manager with a cold public demeanor, Manley was perceived as a person with suspect managerial skills but exceptional personal magnetism. Seaga summarized the two personalities by saying, "Some people prefer to have a husband who will provide for them and give them security. Others are looking for a lover to give them joy."[6]
| Constituency | Jamaica Labour Party | People's National Party | Independents | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
| Kingston Western | Edward Seaga | 11,744 | 81.79 | Clinton Davy | 2,615 | 18.21 | ||||
| Kingston Central | Olivia Grange | 5,758 | 43.02 | Ralph Brown | 7,627 | 56.98 | ||||
| Kingston East & Port Royal | Granclett Cadienhead | 2,392 | 19.17 | Michael Manley | 10,084 | 80.83 | ||||
| St. Andrew West Rural | Kenneth Baugh | 8,074 | 49.70 | Claude Clarke | 8,170 | 50.30 | ||||
| St. Andrew Western | Lee R. Clarke | 7,223 | 41.13 | Onel Williams | 10,298 | 58.64 | Don Jenkins | 40 | 0.23 | |
| St. Andrew West Central | Ferdinand Yap | 10,458 | 44.39 | Arnold Nicholson | 13,102 | 55.61 | ||||
| St. Andrew East Central | Merlene Heholt | 4,088 | 26.61 | Arthur Jones | 11,276 | 73.39 | ||||
| St. Andrew South Western | Royland Williams | 396 | 2.09 | Portia Simpson | 18,577 | 97.91 | ||||
| St. Andrew Southern | Earlston Spencer | 5,092 | 25.60 | Hartley E. Jones | 14,798 | 74.40 | ||||
| St. Andrew South Eastern | Ryan G. Peralto | 5,371 | 45.41 | Easton W.X. Douglas | 6,444 | 54.48 | Jasmin A. Brown | 14 | 0.12 | |
| St. Andrew Eastern | Edmund Bartlett | 6,802 | 54.85 | Oswald S. Seymour | 5,599 | 45.15 | ||||
| St. Andrew North Central | Karl Samuda | 7,017 | 57.70 | Shirley-Ann Eaton | 5,144 | 42.30 | ||||
| St. Andrew North Western | Derrick C. Smith | 5,392 | 51.10 | Jepthah V. Ford | 5,159 | 48.90 | ||||
| St. Andrew East Rural | Joan A. Gordon-Webley | 6,686 | 51.10 | E.G.G. Barrett | 7,070 | 48.90 | ||||
| St. Thomas Western | Errol Anderson | 9,390 | 54.55 | Ronald G. Lampart | 7,822 | 45.45 | ||||
| St. Thomas Eastern | Pearnel Charles | 7,930 | 51.12 | Franklyn Sephestine | 7,462 | 48.10 | Roosevelt S. Barrant | 122 | 0.79 | |
| Portland Eastern | Dennis M. Wright | 6,426 | 42.21 | H. Sam Lawrence | 8,799 | 57.79 | ||||
| Portland Western | St. Clair O. Shirley | 5,977 | 46.60 | Errol F. Ennis | 6,848 | 53.40 | ||||
| St. Mary South Eastern | Alva Ross | 6,476 | 46.94 | Harry G. Douglas | 7,319 | 53.06 | ||||
| St. Mary Central | Neville G. Murray | 4,166 | 31.68 | Horace A. Clarke | 8,983 | 68.32 | ||||
| St. Mary Western | Hyacinth M. Knight | 6,520 | 41.77 | Terrence D. Gillette | 9,089 | 58.23 | ||||
| St. Ann South Eastern | Kern Christian | 3,290 | 26.65 | Seymour Mullings | 9,056 | 73.35 | ||||
| St. Ann North Eastern | Patricia Pink | 6,227 | 39.51 | N.W. Manley Bowen | 9,532 | 60.49 | ||||
| St. Ann North Western | Ernest A. Smith | 6,639 | 46.35 | Burchell Whiteman | 7,684 | 53.65 | ||||
| St. Ann South Western | Neville Gallimore | 6,916 | 59.45 | Newton Richards | 4,717 | 40.55 | ||||
| Trelawny Northern | Keith E. Russell | 6,874 | 40.49 | Desmond Leakey | 10,103 | 59.51 | ||||
| Trelawny Southern | Brascoe L. Lee | 5,662 | 49.24 | Lyndel L. Frater | 5,837 | 50.76 | ||||
| St. James East Central | Godfrey G. Dyer | 4,598 | 44.84 | Violet Neilson | 5,656 | 55.16 | ||||
| St. James North Western | Charles E. Sinclair | 6,108 | 41.10 | Carl E. Miller | 8,753 | 58.90 | ||||
| St. James West Central | Winston Watt | 5,165 | 40.30 | Patrick Rose-Green | 7,651 | 59.70 | ||||
| St. James Southern | Ephraim A. Morgan | 3,858 | 31.39 | Derrick F.L. Kellier | 7,980 | 64.93 | Princess E. Vernon | 452 | 3.68 | |
| Hanover Eastern | Franklin D. Jackson | 5,269 | 44.02 | Aston S. King | 6,700 | 55.98 | ||||
| Hanover Western | Horace Chang | 6,096 | 41.54 | Benjamin A.L. Clare | 8,578 | 58.46 | ||||
| Westmoreland Western | Russell O. Hammond | 4,335 | 33.12 | Kenneth McNeill | 8,755 | 66.88 | ||||
| Westmoreland Central | Carlton C.C. Jones | 4,324 | 35.03 | Enoch C.K. Blythe | 8,021 | 64.97 | ||||
| Westmoreland North Eastern | Astil Sangster | 4,331 | 37.47 | Headly Cunningham | 7,229 | 62.53 | ||||
| Westmoreland South Eastern | Percival LaTouche | 3,999 | 36.00 | P.J. Patterson | 7,108 | 64.00 | ||||
| St. Elizabeth North Western | Neville B. Lewis | 6,656 | 52.13 | Caswell Daley | 6,111 | 47.87 | ||||
| St. Elizabeth North Eastern | Hugh A. Dawes | 5,433 | 37.53 | Sydney R. Pagon | 9,042 | 62.47 | ||||
| St. Elizabeth South Western | Derrick Sangster | 6,478 | 46.41 | Donald B. Buchanan | 7,479 | 53.59 | ||||
| St. Elizabeth South Eastern | Jeremy A. Palmer | 6,144 | 42.95 | Derrick A. Rochester | 8,162 | 57.05 | ||||
| Manchester Southern | Lloyd G. Bent | 5,604 | 39.41 | Douglas Manley | 8,615 | 60.59 | ||||
| Manchester Central | Cecil Charlton | 6,655 | 47.41 | John Junor | 7,384 | 52.59 | ||||
| Manchester North Western | Stafford S. Haughton | 4,420 | 36.21 | Dean A. Peart | 7,787 | 63.79 | ||||
| Clarendon North Western | Audley Shaw | 6,675 | 47.63 | Calvin S. Lyn | 7,339 | 52.37 | ||||
| Clarendon Northern | J.A.G. Smith | 6,135 | 46.65 | Horace Daley | 7,015 | 53.35 | ||||
| Clarendon North Central | Errol A. Dunkley | 6,429 | 56.77 | N.C. Bachelor | 4,895 | 43.23 | ||||
| Clarendon Central | Lester Michael Henry | 6,768 | 51.85 | Donnal M. Scott-Bhoorasingh | 6,286 | 48.15 | ||||
| Clarendon South Western | Arthur H.W. Williams | 4,788 | 36.56 | O.D. Ramtallie | 8,307 | 63.46 | ||||
| Clarendon South Eastern | Hugh Shearer | 7,299 | 50.01 | Emanuel Cousins | 7,295 | 49.99 | ||||
| St. Catherine North Western | John Franklyn | 3,959 | 30.78 | Robert D. Pickersgill | 8,904 | 59.22 | ||||
| St. Catherine South Western | Michael A. Williams | 7,044 | 44.88 | Rudyard E. Lawson | 8,652 | 55.22 | ||||
| St. Catherine Southern | Thomas Tavares-Finson | 7,848 | 48.52 | Hugh Small | 8,325 | 51.48 | ||||
| St. Catherine Central | Bruce Golding | 12,062 | 63.77 | Vincent L. Edwards | 6,852 | 36.23 | ||||
| St. Catherine South Eastern | Jeanette Grant-Woodham | 5,651 | 40.83 | Carl Rattray | 8,189 | 59.17 | ||||
| St. Catherine East Central | Ruby C. Walcott | 5,070 | 34.22 | Keith D. St. A. Knight | 9,744 | 65.78 | ||||
| St. Catherine West Central | Enid Bennett | 6,340 | 54.70 | Enoch L. Blake | 5,250 | 45.30 | ||||
| St. Catherine North Eastern | Anthony S.R. Johnson | 5,740 | 55.49 | Phyllis Mitchell | 4,604 | 44.51 | ||||
| Source: Electoral Commission of Jamaica | ||||||||||