Rambhadracharya Explained

Jagadguru Rambhadracharya
Religion:Hinduism
Birth Date:14 January 1950
Birth Place:Sachipuram earlier known as Shandikhurd, Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India
Birth Name:Giridhar Mishra
Sect:Ramanandi sect
Philosophy:Vishishtadvaita Vedanta
Honours:Dharmacakravartī, Mahāmahopādhyāya, Śrīcitrakūṭatulasīpīṭhādhīśvara, Jagadguru Rāmānandācārya, Mahākavi, Prasthānatrayībhāṣyakāra, and others
Literary Works:Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam on Prasthanatrayi, Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam, Bhṛṅgadūtam, Gītarāmāyaṇam, Śrīsītārāmasuprabhātam, Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudi, Aṣṭāvakra, and others
Disciples:Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra, Dhirendra Krishna Shastri, Prem Bhushan,[1] Nityanand Misra[2]
Signature:JagadguruRamabhadracharya013.png
Signature Alt:Thumb impression of Rambhadracharya
Successor:Acharya Ramchandra Das

Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya[3] (born Pandit Giridhar on 14 January 1950) is an Indian Hindu spiritual leader, educator, Sanskrit scholar, polyglot, poet, author, textual commentator, philosopher, composer, singer, playwright and Katha artist based in Chitrakoot, India. He is one of four incumbent Jagadguru Ramanandacharya,[4] and has held this title since 1988.[5] [6]

Rambhadracharya is the founder and head of Tulsi Peeth, a religious and social service institution in Chitrakoot named after Saint Tulsidas.[7] He is the founder and lifelong chancellor of the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University in Chitrakoot, which offers graduate and postgraduate courses exclusively to four types of disabled students.[8] [9] Rambhadracharya has been blind since the age of two months, had no formal education until the age of seventeen years, and has never used Braille or any other aid to learn or compose.[10]

Rambhadracharya can speak 22 languages[11] and is a spontaneous poet and writer in Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Maithili, and several other languages.[12] He has authored more than 240 books and 50 papers,[13] including four epic poems,[14] Hindi commentaries on Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas and Hanuman Chalisa, a Sanskrit commentary in verse on the Ashtadhyayi, and Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi scriptures.[15] [16] He is acknowledged for his knowledge in diverse fields including Sanskrit grammar, Nyaya and Vedanta. He is regarded as one of the greatest authorities on Tulsidas in India, and is the editor of a critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas.[17] He is a Katha artist for the Ramayana and the Bhagavata. His Katha programmes are held regularly in different cities in India and other countries, and are telecast on television channels like Shubh TV, Sanskar TV and Sanatan TV. He is also a leader of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP).

Birth and early life

Jagadguru Rambhadracharya was born to Pandit Shri Rajdev Mishra and Shrimati Shachidevi Mishra in a Saryupareen Brahmin family of the Vasishtha Gotra (lineage of the sage Vasishtha) in Shandikhurd village in the Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India.[18] He was born on Makara Sankranti day, 14 January 1950.[19] [20] He was named Giridhar by his great aunt, a paternal cousin of his paternal grandfather, Pandit Suryabali Mishra. The great aunt was a devotee of Mirabai, a female saint of the Bhakti era in medieval India, who used the name Giridhar to address the god Krishna in her compositions.[21]

Loss of eyesight

Shree Giridhar Ji lost his eyesight at the age of two months. On 24 March 1950, his eyes were infected by trachoma. There were no advanced facilities for treatment in the village, so he was taken to an elderly woman in a nearby village who was known to cure trachoma boils to provide relief. The woman applied a paste of myrobalan to Giridhar's eyes to burst the lumps, but his eyes started bleeding, resulting in the loss of his eyesight.[19] [20] His family took him to the King George Hospital in Lucknow, where his eyes were treated for 21 days, but his sight could not be restored.[19] Various Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Allopathic, and other practitioners were approached in Sitapur, Lucknow, and Bombay, but to no avail.[21] Rambhadracharya has been blind ever since. He cannot read or write, as he does not use Braille; he learns by listening and composes by dictating to scribes.[10]

Childhood accident

In June 1953, at a juggler's monkey dance show in the village, the children—including Giridhar—suddenly ran away when the monkey began to touch them. Giridhar fell into a small dry well and was trapped for some time, until a teenage girl rescued him.[19] His grandfather told him that his life was saved because he had learned, that very morning itself, the following line of a verse in the Ramcharitmanas (1.192.4), from the episode of the manifestation of the god Rama:[19] [22]

यह चरित जे गावहिं हरिपद पावहिं ते न परहिं भवकूपा ॥yaha carita je gāvahı̐ haripada pāvahı̐ te na parahı̐ bhavakūpā ॥

Even after he fell into the well, Giridhar was confident that Rama will somehow rescue him from this "kupa" (well). Thereafter, Giridhar's grandfather asked him to recite the verse always, and from then on, Giridhar has followed the practice of reciting it every time he takes water or food.[19]

First composition

Giridhar's initial education came from his paternal grandfather, as his father worked in Bombay. In the afternoons, his grandfather would narrate to him various episodes of the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, and devotional works like Vishramsagar, Sukhsagar, Premsagar and Brajvilas. At the age of three, Giridhar composed his first piece of poetry—in Awadhi (a dialect of Hindi)—and recited it to his grandfather. In this verse, Krishna's foster mother Yashoda is fighting with a Gopi (milkmaid) for hurting Krishna.[19] [21]

Mastering Gita and Ramcharitmanas

At the age of five, Giridhar memorised the entire Bhagavad Gita, consisting of around 700 verses with chapter and verse numbers, in 15 days, with the help of his neighbour, Pandit Murlidhar Mishra. On Janmashtami day in 1955, he recited the entire Bhagavad Gita.[19] [21] He released the first Braille version of the scripture, with the original Sanskrit text and a Hindi commentary, at New Delhi on 30 November 2007, 52 years after memorising the Gita. When Giridhar was seven, he memorised the entire Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, consisting of around 10,900 verses with chapter and verse numbers, in 60 days, assisted by his grandfather. On Rama Navami day in 1957, he recited the entire epic while fasting.[19] [21] Later, Giridhar went on to memorise the Vedas, the Upanishads, works of Sanskrit grammar, the Bhagavata Purana, all the works of Tulsidas, and many other works in Sanskrit and Indian literature.[21]

Upanayana and discourses

Giridhar's Upanayana (sacred thread ceremony) was performed on Nirjala Ekadashi (the Ekadashi falling in the bright half of the lunar month of Jyeshtha) of 24 June 1968. On this day, besides being given the Gayatri Mantra, he was initiated (given Diksha) into the mantra of Rama by Pandit Ishvardas Maharaj of Ayodhya. Having mastered the Bhagavad Gita and Ramcharitmanas at a very young age, Giridhar started visiting the Katha programmes held near his village once every three years in the intercalary month of Purushottama. The third time he attended, he presented a Katha on Ramcharitmanas, which was acclaimed by several famous exponents of the Katha art.[21]

Discrimination by family

When Giridhar was eleven, he was stopped from joining his family in a wedding procession. His family thought that his presence would be a bad omen for the marriage.[19] [20] This incident left a strong impression on Giridhar; he says at the beginning of his autobiography:[23]

Formal education

Schooling

Although Giridhar did not have any formal schooling until the age of seventeen years, he had learned many literary works as a child by listening to them. His family wished him to become a Kathavachak (Narrator of Hindu literature, Epics and stories) but Giridhar wanted to pursue his studies. His father explored possibilities for his education in Varanasi and thought of sending him to a special school for blind students. Giridhar's mother refused to send him there, saying that blind children were not treated well at the school.[20] On 7 July 1967 Giridhar joined the Adarsh Gaurishankar Sanskrit College in the nearby Sujanganj village of Jaunpur to study Sanskrit Vyakarana (grammar), Hindi, English, Maths, History, and Geography.[24] In his autobiography he recalls this day as the day when the "Golden Journey" of his life began.[25] With an ability to memorise material by listening to it just once, Giridhar has not used Braille or other aids to study.[10] In three months, he had memorised and mastered the entire Laghusiddhāntakaumudī of Varadaraja.[24] He was top of his class for four years, and passed the Uttara Madhyama (higher secondary) examination in Sanskrit with first class and distinction.

First Sanskrit composition

At the Adarsh Gaurishankar Sanskrit College, Giridhar learnt the eight Ganas of Sanskrit prosody while studying Chandaprabhā, a work on Sanskrit prosody. The next day, he composed his first Sanskrit verse, in the Bhujaṅgaprayāta metre.[24]

Graduation and masters

In 1971 Giridhar enrolled at the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in Varanasi for higher studies in Vyakarana.[24] He topped the final examination for the Shastri (Bachelor of Arts)[26] degree in 1974, and then enrolled for the Acharya (Master of Arts)[26] degree at the same institute.[10] While pursuing his master's degree, he visited New Delhi to participate in various national competitions at the All-India Sanskrit Conference, where he won five out of the eight gold medals—in Vyakarana, Samkhya, Nyaya, Vedanta, and Sanskrit Antakshari.[10] Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, presented the five gold medals, along with the Chalvaijayanti trophy for Uttar Pradesh, to Giridhar. Impressed by his abilities, Gandhi offered to send him at her own expense to the United States for treatment for his eyes, but Giridhar turned down this offer, replying with an extemporaneous Sanskrit verse.[10] [27]

In 1976 Giridhar topped the final Acharya examinations in Vyakarana, winning seven gold medals and the Chancellor's gold medal. In a rare achievement, although he had only enrolled for a master's degree in Vyakarana, he was declared Acharya of all subjects taught at the university on 30 April 1976.[10]

Doctorate and post-doctorate

After completing his master's degree, Giridhar enrolled for the doctoral Vidyavaridhi (PhD)[28] degree at the same institute, under Pandit Ramprasad Tripathi.[10] He received a research fellowship from the University Grants Commission (UGC), but even so, he faced financial hardship during the next five years.[10] He completed his Vidyavaridhi degree in Sanskrit grammar on 14 October 1981.[10] His dissertation was titled Adhyātmarāmāyaṇe'pāṇinīyaprayogānāṃ Vimarśaḥ, or Deliberation on the non-Paninian usages in the Adhyatma Ramayana.[29] The thesis was authored in only thirteen days in 1981.[29] On completion of his doctorate, the UGC offered him the position of head of the Vyakarana department of the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University. However, Giridhar did not accept; he decided to devote his life to the service of religion, society, and those with disabilities.[10]

On 9 May 1997, Giridhar (now known as Rambhadracharya) was awarded the post-doctorate Vachaspati (DLitt)[26] [28] degree by Sampurnanand Sanskrit University for his 2000-page Sanskrit dissertation Pāṇinīyāṣṭādhyāyyāḥ Pratisūtraṃ Śābdabodhasamīkṣā, or Investigation into verbal knowledge of every Sūtra of the Ashtadhyayi of Panini.[24] The degree was presented to him by K. R. Narayanan, then President of India.[30] In this work, Rambhadracharya explained each aphorism of the grammar of Panini in Sanskrit verses.[24]

Later life

1979–1988

Virakta DikshaIn 1976 Giridhar narrated a Katha on Ramcharitmanas to Swami Karpatri, who advised him not to marry, to stay a lifelong Brahmachari (celibate bachelor) and to take initiation in a Srivaishnava Sampradaya (a sect worshipping Vishnu, Krishna, or Rama as the supreme God).[31] [32] Giridhar took vairagi (renouncer) initiation or Virakta Diksha in the Ramananda Sampradaya on the Kartika full-moon day of 19 November 1983 from Shri Ramcharandas Maharaj Phalahari. He now came to be known as Rambhadradas.[32]
Six-month fastsFollowing the fifth verse of the Dohavali composed by Tulsidas, Rambhadradas observed a six-month Payovrata, a diet of only milk and fruits, at Chitrakoot in 1979.[32] [33]

In 1983 he observed his second Payovrata beside the Sphatik Shila in Chitrakoot.[32] The Payovrata has become a regular part of Rambhadradas' life. In 2002, in his sixth Payovrata, he composed the Sanskrit epic Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam.[34] He continues to observe Payovratas, the latest (2010–2011) being his ninth.

Tulsi Peeth

See main article: Tulsi Peeth. In 1987 Rambhadradas established a religious and social service institution called Tulsi Peeth (The seat of Tulsi) in Chitrakoot, where, according to the Ramayana, Rama had spent twelve out of his fourteen years of exile. As the founder of the seat, the title of Śrīcitrakūṭatulasīpīṭhādhīśvara (literally, the Lord of the Tulsi Peeth at Chitrakoot) was bestowed upon him by Sadhus and intellectuals. In the Tulsi Peeth, he arranged for a temple devoted to Rama and his "Patni"Sita to be constructed, which is known as Kanch Mandir ("glass temple").

Post of Jagadguru Ramanandacharya

Rambhadradas was chosen as the Jagadguru Ramanandacharya seated at the Tulsi Peeth by the Kashi Vidwat Parishad in Varanasi on 24 June 1988.[6] On 3 February 1989, at the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, the appointment was unanimously supported by the Mahants of the three Akharas, the four sub-Sampradayas, the Khalsas and saints of the Ramananda Sampradaya.[35] On 1 August 1995 he was ritually anointed as the Jagadguru Ramanandacharya in Ayodhya by the Digambar Akhara. Thereafter he was known as Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya.[36]

Deposition in the Ayodhya case

In July 2003 Rambhadracharya deposed as an expert witness for religious matters (OPW 16) in Other Original Suit Number 5 of the Ram Janmabhoomi Babri Masjid dispute case in the Allahabad High Court. Some portions of his affidavit and cross examination are quoted in the final judgement by the High Court.[37] [38] [39] In his affidavit, he cited the ancient Hindu scriptures including the Ramayana, Rāmatāpanīya Upaniṣad, Skanda Purana, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, and others describing Ayodhya as a city holy to Hindus and the birthplace of Rama. He cited verses from two works composed by Tulsidas which, in his opinion, are relevant to the dispute. The first citation consisted of eight verses from a work called Dohā Śataka, which describe the destruction of a temple and construction of a mosque at the disputed site in 1528 CE by Mughal ruler Babur, who had ordered General Mir Baqui to destroy the Rama temple, considered a symbol of worship by sanatana dharmi. The second citation was a verse from a work called Kavitāvalī, which mentions a mosque.[37] In his cross examination, he described in some detail the history of the Ramananda sect, its Mathas, rules regarding Mahants, formation and working of Akharas, and Tulsidas' works.[37] Refuting the possibility of the original temple being to the north of the disputed area, as pleaded by the pro-mosque parties, he described the boundaries of the Janmabhoomi as mentioned in the Ayodhya Mahatmya section of Skanda Purana, which tallied with the present location of the disputed area, as noted by Justice Sudhir Agarwal.[37] However, he stated that he had no knowledge of whether there was a Ram Chabootra ("Platform of Rama") outside the area that was locked from 1950 to 1985 and where the Chati Poojan Sthal was, nor whether the idols of Rama, his brother Lakshmana, and Sita were installed at Ram Chabootra outside the Janmabhoomi temple.

Multilingualism

Rambhadracharya is a scholar of 14 languages and can speak 22 languages in total,[12] including Sanskrit, Hindi, English, French, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Oriya, Gujarati, Punjabi, Marathi, Magadhi, Awadhi, and Braj. He has composed poems and literary works in many Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, and Awadhi. He has translated many of his works of poetry and prose into other languages. He delivers Katha programmes in various languages, including Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Gujarati.

Institutes for the disabled

See also: Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University.

On 23 August 1996 Rambhadracharya established the Tulsi School for the Blind in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh.[9] He founded the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, an institution of higher learning solely for disabled students, on 27 September 2001 in Chitrakoot.[9] This is the first university in the world exclusively for those with disabilities. The university was created by an ordinance of the Uttar Pradesh Government, which was later passed as Uttar Pradesh State Act 32 (2001) by the Uttar Pradesh legislature.[40] The act appointed Swami Rambhadracharya as the lifelong chancellor of the university. The university offers graduate, post-graduate, and doctorate degrees in various subjects, including Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Sociology, Psychology, Music, Drawing and Painting, Fine Arts, Special Education, Education, History, Culture and Archeology, Computer and Information Sciences, Vocational Education, Law, Economics, and Prosthetics and Orthotics.[40] The university plans to start offering courses in Ayurveda and Medical Sciences from 2013. Admissions are restricted to the four types of disabled students—visually impaired, hearing impaired, mobility impaired, and mentally impaired—as defined by the Disability Act (1995) of the Government of India. According to the Government of Uttar Pradesh, the university is among the chief educational institutes for Information Technology and Electronics in the state.

Rambhadracharya also founded an organisation called Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Viklang Seva Sangh, headquartered in Satna, Madhya Pradesh. Its goal is to create community awareness and initiate child development programmes in rural India. Its primary objective is to supplement the education programmes of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University by helping disabled children get a good education. Aid is generally given in the form of facilities which enable easier access to education. Rambhadracharya also runs a hundred-bed hospital in Gujarat.[9]

Critical edition of Ramcharitmanas

See main article: Tulsi Peeth edition of the Ramcharitmanas. The Ramcharitmanas was composed by Tulsidas in the late sixteenth century. It has been extremely popular in northern India over the last four hundred years, and is often referred to as the "Bhagvad gita of northern India" by Western Indologists. Rambhadracharya produced a critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas, which was published as the Tulsi Peeth edition. Apart from the original text, for which Rambhadracharya has relied extensively on older manuscripts, there were differences in spelling, grammar, and prosodic conventions between the Tulsi Peeth edition and contemporary editions of the Ramcharitmanas.[41]

In November 2009, Rambhadracharya was accused of tampering with the epic, but the dispute died down after Rambhadracharya expressed his regret for any annoyance or pain caused by the publication. A writ petition was also filed against him but it was dismissed. This edition was published in 2005 by Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas.[16]

Assassination threats

In November 2007 someone claiming to be an al-Qaeda member sent Rambhadracharya a letter telling him and his disciples either to accept Islam or to be prepared to die.[42] Police superintendent Kamal Singh Rathore said that this letter had been sent from Haridwar, that Rambhadracharya's security arrangements had been increased and that an intensive investigation of the letter had been carried out.[42] Gita Devi, secretary of JRHU, said that Rambhadracharya had been threatened by al-Qaeda, as Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas president Nrityagopal had been in the past.[42]

In November 2014, Rambhadracharya received another assassination threat with a demand of "terror tax" over JRHU operations.[43]

Participation in 84-kosi yatra

On 25 August 2013, Rambhadracharya arrived at the Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport in Lucknow along with VHP leader Ashok Singhal.[44] He was going to Ayodhya to take part in the 84-kosi yatra, a 12-day religious yatra which was banned by the state government citing law and order reasons. It is alleged that the ban was due to opposition from Muslim organisations or vote-bank politics.[45] [46] [47] Rambhadracharya's participation in the yatra was kept secret.[48] Rambhadracharya was put under house arrest at the home of R C Mishra, his disciple and friend.[49] [50]

On 26 August 2013, a local lawyer Ranjana Agnihotri filed a habeas corpus petition in the Allahabad High Court's Lucknow bench, on which judges Imtiyaz Murtaza and D K Upadhayaya passed the release order for Rambhadracharya, along with Singhal and Praveen Togadia.[45] The petitioner's advocate H S Jain said that even though Rambhadracharya and other leaders were arrested under the section 151 of the 1973 Criminal Procedure Code, which permits an arrest to prevent commission of cognisable offences, the custody period cannot exceed 24 hours unless any other section of the code or any other law is applicable.[45] After his release, Rambhadracharya said that the government had creating misconceptions about the yatra.[51]

Two days after the incident, Rambhadracharya was given Y-category security cover by the Uttar Pradesh government since he had reported security threats.[44] Hindustan Times reported that this grant could be a possible attempt to "build bridges with the sadhus after the Sunday showdown."[44] Government officials said that a high-powered committee will decide on the continuation of the security cover.[44] JRHU vice-chancellor B Pandey said that Rambhadracharya met Uttar Pradesh chief minister Akhilesh Yadav in Lucknow and invited him to be the chief guest in a University function, and Yadav accepted the invitation.[44] However, Yadav did not attend the function due to difficult circumstances, but sent the Energy Minister of State Vijay Mishra and Secondary Education Minister of State Vijay Bahadur Pal.[52] Rambhadracharya was disappointed that Yadav could not "come for even 15 minutes for disabled children," and said that he will have atone for this.[52]

Works

See main article: Works of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya. Rambhadracharya has authored more than 240 books and 50 papers, including published books and unpublished manuscripts.[13] Various audio and video recordings have also been released. His major literary and musical compositions are listed below.[16] [53]

Poetry and plays

Prose

Sanskrit commentaries on Prasthanatrayi

See main article: Shriraghavkripabhashyam. Rambhadracharya composed Sanskrit commentaries titled Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam on the Prasthanatrayi scriptures – the Brahma Sutra,[54] the Bhagavad Gita,[54] and eleven Upanishads.[54] These commentaries were released on 10 April 1998 by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then Prime Minister of India.[16] [56] Rambhadracharya composed Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam on Narada Bhakti Sutra in 1991.[54] He thus revived the tradition of writing Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi. He also gave the Ramananda Sampradaya its second commentary on Prasthanatrayi in Sanskrit, the first being the Ānandabhāṣyam, composed by Ramananda himself.[57] Rambhadracharya's commentary in Sanskrit on the Prasthanatrayi was the first written in almost 500 years.

Other prose works

Audio and video

Literary style

See main article: Rambhadracharya's literary style. Rewa Prasad Dwivedi writes in his Sanskrit poem dedicated to Rambhadracharya that he is an encyclopaedia of learning whose literature is like numerous Narmadā rivers flowing out simultaneously, and in whose literary works Shiva and Parvati delight while performing Tandava and Lasya.[63]

Devarshi Kala Nath Shastry writes in his review of Rambhadracharya's works that Rambhadracharya is an accomplished and eloquent poet who is the foremost among scholars and is also well-versed in all scriptures, and who even talks in extemporaneously composed poetry with Sanskrit scholars, usually in Upajāti metre. Rambhadracharya uses with great effect the Daṇḍaka style with Sanskrit adjectives in his speeches. Shastry recounts a use of a long sentence in the Daṇḍaka style at a speech in Jaipur in July 2003 by Rambhadracharya, in which one sentence with multiple adjectives lasted around seven minutes and was "replete with poetic beauty". Shastry writes that among Sanskrit poets, only Śrīharṣa (poet of Naiṣadhīyacaritam) has been described as having such wonderful command over Sanskrit as Rambhadracharya has.[64]

Shastry critiqued the work Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam in the January 2003 issue of the Sanskrit monthly Bhāratī. Shastry writes that the work has poetic excellence, variety of meters and dexterity of language which has not been seen hitherto in Sanskrit epics. Shastry finds the twentieth canto of the epic to be an excellent illustration of Sanskrit poetry in Prakrit verses, a style which was pioneered by Shastry's father.[64]

Dr. Brajesh Dikshit, Sanskrit scholar from Jabalpur, says that Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam combines the styles of three previous Sanskrit epics – it has two leading characters like in Bhāravi's Kirātārjunīyam, the poetic excellence and variety of prosodic metres is like in Śrīharṣa's Naiṣadhīyacaritam, while the length and extent of the work is like the Śiśupālavadham of Māgha.[65]

Shastry also critiqued the work Bhṛṅgadūtam, about which he says that it has many new usages (Prayogas) not seen earlier in Sanskrit poetry. As per Shastry, new dimensions in Sanskrit literature are seen in the play Śrīrāghavābhyudayam where there are songs in the Gīti style, and Gītarāmāyaṇam which is an epic poem in the Gīti style of Gītagovindam by Jayadeva.[64] Dikshit writes that Kubjāpatram is a revival of the letter-poem (Patrakāvya) genre in Sanskrit after 2000 years, and is the first work in Sanskrit literature whose lead character is disabled.[65]

Shastry says that rhyme (Antyānuprāsa) is a distinguishing feature of Rambhadracharya's Sanskrit poetry. Shastry notes that another feature of Rambhadracharya's works is the devotion to motherland and patriotism, which is most evident in the poetic work Ājādacandraśekharacaritam on the life of Chandrashekhar Azad. Shastry says that this strong feeling of love towards motherland is reminiscent of old Sanskrit literature including Prithvi Sukta of Atharva Veda, various Puranas including Bhagavata Purana, and also in the Sanskrit works of Swami Bhagavadacharya, a former Jagadguru Ramanandacharya.[64] Dikshit says that the nationalistic play Śrīrāghavābhyudayam establishes Rambhadracharya as a successful playwright at a young age. Dikshit praises the aesthetics of the work Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī saying that it represents all the six Sampradāyas of Indian literature (Rīti, Rasa, Alaṅkāra, Dhvani, Vakrokti and Aucitya), and that it is a unique work of Rambhadracharya when it comes to figures of speech. Dikshit says that this work places Rambhadracharya in the league of Ritikavya poets like Raskhan, Keshavdas, Ghananand and Padmakar; but observes the distinction that while the works of all these poets are primarily in the Śṛngāra Rasa, Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī is a work which has Vātsalya Rasa as the primary emotion, which is augmented by Śṛngāra Rasa.[65]

Dinkar notes that in the poems of Rambhadracharya, the three poetical styles of Pāñcālī (secondary figurative sense with short and sweet-sounding compounds), Vaidarbhī (with compounds and soft contexts and without many figures of speech) and Lāṭī (with precise contexts and without many figures of speech) are dominant.[66]

Recognition, awards and honours

Recognition

Recognition in IndiaRambhadracharya is widely popular in Chitrakoot. Atal Bihari Vajpayee considered Rambhadracharya to be an "immensely learned person well versed in Vedic and Puranic literature besides the grammar", and commended his intelligence and memory.[67] Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi said of Rambhadracharya that the "intense knowledge of the most revered is indeed adorable".[68] Nanaji Deshmukh called Rambhadracharya "an astonishing gem of the country".[69] Swami Kalyandev considered Rambhadracharya to be "an unprecedented intellectual and speaker, and an Acharya with great devotion".[70] Somnath Chatterjee called him a "celebrated Sanskrit scholar and educationist of great merit and achievement". He is considered one of the greatest scholars on Tulsidas and Ramcharitmanas in India, and is cited as such.[71] Ram Prakash Gupta and Keshari Nath Tripathi have stated that Rambhadracharya has enriched society with his contributions and will continue to do so. Swami Ramdev considers Rambhadracharya to be the most learned person in the world at present.[72] Rambhadracharya was a member of a delegation of saints and Dharmacharyas which met the then president A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and the then union Home Minister Shivraj Patil in July 2005 to hand over a memorandum urging to strengthen the security arrangements for important religious places in the country.[73] Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra said that Rambhadracharya is of a high-mind, has a stupendous grip on the Indian literature, and "his soul feels the true pleasure in serving oppressed disabled people".[74] Mata Prasad Pandey, the Speaker of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, said that Rambhadracharya has opened a door of development for those with disabilities in India, and that he has achieved what eminent industrialists and the government cannot do.[75] [76] Energy Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Uttar Pradesh Vijay Mishra termed Rambhadracharya as "most revered", whereas Uttar Pradesh's Secondary Education Minister of State Vijay Bahadur Pal called him the "chancellor of the utterly unique handicapped university."[77] Rambhadracharya is also a member of the 51-members Akhil Bharatiya Sant Ucchadhikar Samiti (Empowered Committee of the All India Saints).[78] In November 2014, Rambhadracharya was one of the nine people nominated by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi for the Clean India Campaign.[79] In September 2014, Rambhadracharya adopted five villages of Chitrakoot, with an aim to construct toilets in all the households.[80] Rambhadracharya was one of the guests in the inaugural International Yoga Day event in New Delhi.[81]
International recognitionIn 1992 Rambhadracharya led the Indian delegation at the Ninth World Conference on Ramayana, held in Indonesia.[9] [82] He has travelled to several countries, including England, Mauritius, Singapore, and the United States to deliver discourses on Hindu religion and peace.[9] He has been profiled in the International Who's Who of Intellectuals.[83] He was also one of the key figures of the Dharma Prachar Yatra at Detroit.[84]
Address at Millennium World Peace Summit

Rambhadracharya was one of the spiritual and religious Gurus from India at the Millennium World Peace Summit, organised by the United Nations in New York City from 28 to 31 August 2000. While addressing the gathering, he gave Sanskrit definitions for the words Bharata (the ancient name of India) and Hindu, and touched upon the Nirguna and Saguna aspects of God. In his speech on Peace, he called for developed and developing nations to come together to strive for the eradication of poverty, the fight against terrorism, and nuclear disarmament. At the end of his speech, he recited the Shanti Mantra.

Awards and honours

See main article: List of awards and honours received by Rambhadracharya. In 2015, Rambhadracharya was awarded Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honour.[85] Rambhadracharya has been honoured by several leaders and politicians, including A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Somnath Chatterjee, Shilendra Kumar Singh, and Indira Gandhi. Several state governments, including that of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Himachal Pradesh have conferred honours on him.[86] In 2021, he was also awarded with Kendra Sahitya Academy Fellowship.[87] On 17 February 2024 Rambhadracharya was named a recipient (along with Gulzar) of the 58th Jnanpith Award (for 2023).

See also

Notes

pronounced as /notice/

Works cited

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: राष्ट्रबोध का अभाव सबसे बड़ी चुनौती -प्रेमभूषण महाराज, रामकथा मर्मज्ञ . hi . 16 August 2012 . 24 August 2012 . The lack of national awareness is the biggest challenge: Prem Bhushan Maharaj, the exponent of Ram Katha . . https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175543/http://www.panchjanya.com/Encyc/2012/8/16/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C,-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E.aspx . 28 January 2016 . dead .
  2. Sharma . Richa . Raj . Jyoti . Mishra . Narayan Dutt (hosts) . Vaartavali: Sanskrit News Magazine April 30 . Vaartavali . sa . . 30 April 2016 . 7 May 2016 . नित्यानन्दमिश्रः ... स्वामिरामभद्राचार्यस्य शिष्यो हि अयं ... . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180303194341/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvC5Itp01UI . 3 March 2018 . dmy-all .
  3. News: UP govt creating misconception about yatra: Rambhadracharya . Zee News . 27 August 2013 . 30 August 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005025429/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-govt-creating-misconception-about-yatra-rambhadracharya_872127.html . 5 October 2013 . dmy-all .
  4. Leaders of the Ramananda monastic order.
  5. Agarwal 2010, pp. 1108–1110.
  6. Dinkar 2008, p. 32.
  7. Nagar 2002, p. 91.
  8. Dwivedi 2008, p. x.
  9. Aneja 2005, p. 68.
  10. Aneja 2005, p. 67.
  11. News: 2015-12-03 . Visually impaired Jagadguru a messiah for others . The Times of India . 2023-07-06 . 0971-8257.
  12. Dinkar 2008, p. 39.
  13. మార్గదర్శి జగద్గురు రామభద్రాచార్య (Margadarsi Jagadguru Rambhadracharya) . 25 October 2012 . మార్గదర్శి (Margadarsi) . . . . 21 October 2012 . 1:24 . ఆయన శతాధిక గ్రంథకర్తా (He is the author of more than 100 books). . te . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130725105242/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qg6Lu9bil6k . 25 July 2013 . dmy-all .
  14. Two each in Sanskrit and Hindi.
  15. Prasad 1999, p. 849: श्रीहनुमानचालीसा की सर्वश्रेष्ठ व्याख्या के लिए देखें महावीरी व्याख्या, जिसके लेखक हैं प्रज्ञाचक्षु आचार्य श्रीरामभद्रदासजी। श्रीहनुमानचालीसा के प्रस्तुत भाष्य का आधार श्रीरामभद्रदासजी की ही वैदुष्यमंडित टीका है। इसके लिए मैं आचार्यप्रवर का ऋणी हूँ। [For the best explanation of Hanuman Chalisa, refer the ''Mahāvīrī'' commentary, whose author is the visually-disabled Acharya Rambhadradas. The base for the commentary being presented is the commentary by Rambhadradas, which is adorned with erudition. For this, I am grateful to the eminent Acharya.]
  16. Dinkar 2008, pp. 40–43.
  17. Rambhadracharya (ed) 2006.
  18. News: Singh. Roopam. पढ़िए, पद्म पुरस्कार पाने वाली यूपी की इन छह हस्‍तियों के बारे में. 7 October 2015. ETV Uttar Pradesh. 27 January 2015. hi. Read about the six Padma-awardees from Uttar Pradesh. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150912183131/http://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/read-about-up-six-personality-who-get-padma-award-416692.html. 12 September 2015.
  19. Nagar 2002, pp. 37–53.
  20. Aneja 2005, p. 66.
  21. Dinkar 2008, pp. 22–24.
  22. Prasad 1999, p. 133.
  23. Nagar 2002, p. 37.
  24. Dinkar 2008, pp. 25–27.
  25. Nagar 2002, p. 55.
  26. Gupta and Kumar 2006, p. 745.
  27. Nagar 2002, p. 72.
  28. Bhuyan 2002, p. 245.
  29. Book: Rajpandit, Acharya Vachaspati . श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यकारजीवनवृत्तम् . The biography of the author of Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣya . श्रीनारदभक्तिसूत्रे श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यम् . Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣya on the Nārada Bhakti Sūtra . 12 . Shri Raghav Sahitya Prakashan Nidhi . Haridwar, India . 1991 . sa . मिश्रवर्याः विद्यावारिधि (पी.एच्.डी) इत्युपाधये शोधप्रबन्धमपि लिखितवन्तोऽनुसन्धानविधया केवलैस्त्रयोदशभिरेव दिवसैः "अध्यात्मरामायणेऽपाणिनीयप्रयोगाणां विमर्शः" इतिनामानम् [Mr. Mishra also authored a thesis titled "Adhyātmarāmāyaṇe'pāṇinīyaprayogānāṃ Vimarśaḥ" in the research style for the Vidyavaridhi (PhD) degree in only thirteen days.].
  30. Nagar 2002, p. 89.
  31. Book: Daniel Coit . Gilman . Harry Thurston . Peck . Frank Moore . Calby . 1916 . New International Encyclopædia: Volume XXII . Dodd, Mead and Company . Second . New York City, United States of America . 9 October 2011 . 847.
  32. Dinkar 2008, pp. 28–31.
  33. Poddar 1996, p. 10.
  34. Dinkar 2008, p. 127.
  35. Agarwal 2010, p. 781.
  36. Nagar 2002, p. 125.
  37. Agarwal 2010, pp. 304, 309, 780–788, 1103–1110, 2004–2005, 4447, 4458–4459, 4537, 4891–4894, 4996.
  38. Sharma 2010, pp. 21, 31.
  39. Sharma 2010, p. 273.
  40. Gupta and Kumar 2006, p. 395.
  41. Rambhadracharya (ed) 2006, pp. 1–27.
  42. Web site: अल कायदा ने दी कुलाधिपति को धमकी. hi. Webduniya Hindi. 30 November 2007. Al-Qaeda threatens the Chancellor. 13 July 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012710/http://hindi.webdunia.com/news/news/regional/0711/30/1071130097_1.htm. 17 July 2012.
  43. News: राम मंदिर पर बयान के बाद रामभद्राचार्य को मारने की धमकी. 7 October 2015. Nai Dunia. 5 November 2014. hi. Assassination threat to Rambhadracharya after statement on Ram Temple. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175543/http://naidunia.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/bhind-ram-temple-after-the-statement-threatening-to-kill-rambhadracharya-217108. 28 January 2016.
  44. News: After yatra issue, govt gifts Y security to seer. Manish Chandra Pandey. Hindustan Times. 3 September 2013. 1 October 2013. Lucknow. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131010123131/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Lucknow/After-yatra-issue-govt-gifts-Y-security-to-seer/Article1-1116672.aspx. 10 October 2013.
  45. News: VHP yatra: Allahabad HC orders release of Ashok Singhal, Praveen Togadia. https://web.archive.org/web/20130829025835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-26/india/41454538_1_vhp-yatra-top-vhp-leaders-ashok-singhal. dead. 29 August 2013. Ashish Tripathi. 26 August 2013. 2 October 2013. The Times of India. Lucknow.
  46. News: 43 dead, parties counting votes. The Tribune. Shahira Naim. 1 October 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215853/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130915/pers.htm#1. 4 October 2013.
  47. VHP Ayodhya yatra live: Togadia arrested, Singhal detained at airport. India Today. 25 August 2013. 1 October 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130929112532/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vhp-84-kosi-parikrama-yatra-begins-ayodhya-uttar-pradesh/1/301222.html. 29 September 2013.
  48. News: विहिप, पुलिस की तैयारियों का इम्तिहान. Dainik Jagran. 12 September 2013. 2 October 2013. hi. VHP, police's preparations' test. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190157/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/basti-10720387.html. 25 March 2014.
  49. News: अशोक सिंहल, तोगड़िया और वेदांती समेत 1061 लोग रिहा . रामभद्राचार्य को गिरफ्तार ही नहीं किया गया था। वह अपने एक मित्र के घर प्रवास लिए हैं। (Rambhadracharya was not arrested, rather he was staying at a friend's home). . 1061 released including Ashok Singhal, Togadia and Vedanti . 27 August 2013 . 9 October 2013 . hi . Dainik Jagran . Lucknow . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140325194713/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-958-be-released-today-the-arrest-of-205-people-10674246.html . 25 March 2014 . dmy-all .
  50. News: अर्चना नहीं होगी, अब तो महाभीषण युद्ध की तैयारी . 27 August 2013 . Amar Ujala . Lucknow . 9 October 2013 . hi . Not for worship, there will be preparations for a decisive war now . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130828193247/http://www.lucknow.amarujala.com/news/city-news-lkw/rambhadrachrya-comments-on-up-govt/ . 28 August 2013 . dmy-all .
  51. Web site: UP govt creating misconception about yatra: Rambhadracharya. Zee News. 27 August 2013. 1 October 2013. Lucknow. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131005025429/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-govt-creating-misconception-about-yatra-rambhadracharya_872127.html. 5 October 2013.
  52. News: सीएम को करना होगा प्रायश्चित : रामभद्राचार्य. Dainik Jagran. 13 September 2013. 3 October 2013. hi. CM will have to atone: Rambhadracharya. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175547/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/chitrakoot-10722087.html. 28 January 2016.
  53. Nagar 2002, pp. 89–90.
  54. Tripathi, Shukla, Tripathi et al (ed) 2012.
  55. Sushil & Mishra 2011, p. 14
  56. Nagar 2002, p. 88.
  57. Dwivedi 2007, pp. 315–317.
  58. Rambhadracharya, Swami (Lyricist, Musician and Singer) . 2001 . YCD-119 . Bhajana Sarayū . CD . hi . The river Sarayu of devotion . Yuki Cassettes . Delhi, India.
  59. Rambhadracharya, Swami (Lyricist, Musician and Singer) . 2001 . YCD-120 . Bhajana Yamunā . CD . hi . The river Yamuna of devotion . Yuki Cassettes . Delhi, India.
  60. Rambhadracharya, Swami (Musician and Singer) . 2009 . KMCN-13 . Śrī Hanumat Bhakti . CD . hi . Devotion to Hanuman . Kuber Music . New Delhi.
  61. Rambhadracharya, Swami (Lyricist, Musician and Singer) . 2009 . YCD-155 . Śrīsītārāmasuprabhātam . CD . sa . The beautiful dawn of Sita and Rama . Yuki Cassettes . Delhi, India.
  62. Rambhadracharya, Swami (Speaker, Musician and Singer) . 2009 . DVD-2020 . Sundara Kāṇḍa . DVD . hi . The Sundar Kand . Yuki Cassettes . Delhi, India.
  63. Dwivedi, Rewa Prasad. "विलसन्ति रामभद्राः [The revered Rambhadracharya is resplendent]" (in Sanskrit). In Sharma, Sushil and Shrivastav (2011), pp. 643–648. "येशामास्यमहाभ्रकूटशिखरादाविर्भवन्त्येक्दैवानेकाः खलु नर्मदास्त्रिजगतीं सम्प्लावयन्त्यो गिरः। तेषां वस्तु किमस्तु दुर्लभमिह श्रीरामभक्तः शिवो यद्वाचां प्रसरेषु नृत्यति मुदा देव्या भवान्या समम्॥", "तं सारस्वतकोशमद्भुतमिमं श्रीरामभद्राभिधं किं सम्भावयितुं क्रमेत न सुधीप्रज्ञावतां मण्डलम्॥".
  64. Shastry, Devarshi Kala Nath. "अलौकिक प्रतिभा को श्रद्धार्घ्य [A reverential offering to a superhuman talent]" (in Hindi). In Sharma, Sushil and Shrivastav (2011), pp. 643–648.
  65. Dikshit, Dr. Brajendra. "अतुला गीर्जगद्गुरोः [The speech of Jagadguru is incomparable]" (in Sanskrit, Hindi). In Sharma, Sushil and Shrivastav (2011), pp. 719–721.
  66. Dinkar 2008, p. 175.
  67. Nagar 2002, p. 13.
  68. Nagar 2002, p. 15.
  69. Nagar 2002, p. 16.
  70. Nagar 2002, p. 10.
  71. Prasad 1999, p. 319.
  72. News: दुनिया में नही चित्रकूट से पवित्र स्थान . No place holier than Chitrakoot in the World . 22 November 2011 . hi . Agrawal . Sachin . Shubh Bharat . 14 December 2011 . Hindi: उन्होंने कहा कि मौजूदा दौर में जगद्गुरु रामभद्राचार्य से बड़ा विद्वान पूरी दुनिया में कोई नहीं है। भौतिक आँखें न होते हुए भी वे दिव्य दृष्टि से पूरी दुनिया को देख रहे हैं। [He said that in the current age there is none who is more learned than Jagadguru Rambhadracharya in the world. Despite being bereft of physical vision, he sees the whole world from his divine eyes.] .
  73. Web site: धार्मिक स्थलों की सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करें. Panchjanya. 31 July 2005. Ensure the protection of religious sites. hi.
  74. Web site: महाकाव्य पर संगोष्ठी में वक्ताओं ने कहा. Panchjanya. 27 August 2006. hi. Speakers said on the epic at the symposium. 13 July 2012.
  75. News: विकलांगों की सेवा करना हम सबकी जिम्मेदारी. Dainik Jagran. 27 July 2012. Serving the disabled is the duty of us all. hi. यह बात विधान सभा अध्यक्ष माता प्रसाद पांडेय ने विकलांग विवि के स्थापना दिवस के अवसर पर कहीं। उन्होंने कहा कि ... जगद्गुरु रामभद्राचार्य ने देश के विकलांगों के लिए विकास का द्वार खोला है। ... जगद्गुरु ने वह कार्य किया है जो बड़े-बड़े उद्योगपति और सरकार नहीं कर सकती।. 30 July 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140325191702/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/chitrakoot-9512407.html. 25 March 2014.
  76. News: विद्या का अनूठा मंदिर है विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय: माता प्रसाद. Amar Ujala. 28 July 2012. Handicapped University is a unique temple of learning: Mata Prasad. hi. 13 August 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121004043517/http://www.amarujala.com/city/chitakut/Chitrakoot-87595-42.html. 4 October 2012.
  77. News: विवि तो बढ़े पर शिक्षा में नैतिकता घटी- विजय मिश्र. Amar Ujala. 15 September 2013. Universities have increased but morality in education has decreased – Vijay Mishra. hi. 3 October 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214258/http://static.amarujala.com/news/states/uttar-pradesh/chitrakoot/Chitrakoot-150541-42/. 4 October 2013.
  78. News: साधुओं की समिति, संतों की निगहबानी. Dainik Jagran. 21 September 2013. 3 October 2013. hi. Committee of sadhus, saints' frontline. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140325193209/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bhadohi-10742745.html. 25 March 2014.
  79. News: PM Narendra Modi offers prayers at Assi Ghat; says 'confident that Ganga will be cleaned up' . 8 November 2014 . 8 November 2014 . DNA.
  80. News: जगद्गुरु रामभद्राचार्य ने पांच गांव लिये गोद. 7 October 2015. Jagran. 23 September 2014. Chitrakoot. hi. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya adopts five villages. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175543/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/chitrakoot-12932133.html. 28 January 2016.
  81. News: PMO officials, ICAR chief among multitudes doing yoga at Rajpath (Yoga Day Sidelights). 7 October 2015. Business Standard. 21 June 2015. New Delhi. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083045/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pmo-officials-icar-chief-among-multitudes-doing-yoga-at-rajpath-yoga-day-sidelights-115062100446_1.html. 22 December 2015.
  82. Nagar 2002, pp. 87–88.
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