Jaffna Municipal Council Explained

Jaffna Municipal Council
Native Name:யாழ்ப்பாணம் மாநகர சபை
Native Name Lang:ta
Coa Pic:Jaffna Municipal Council logo.jpg
House Type:Local authority
Jurisdiction:Jaffna
Preceded By:Jaffna Urban Council
Leader1 Type:Mayor
Leader1:V. Manivannan
Party1:TNPF
Election1:30 December 2020
Leader2 Type:Deputy Mayor
Leader2:Thurairajah Eesan
Party2:TNA
Election2:26 March 2018
Leader3 Type:Municipal Commissioner
Leader3:R. T. Jeyaseelan
Seats:45
Structure1:File:Sri Lanka Jaffna Municipal Council 2018.svg
Structure1 Res:200px
Political Groups1:Government (16)

Opposition (29)

Term Length:4 years + 1 year
Voting System1:Mixed
Last Election1:10 February 2018
Next Election1:9 March 2023

Jaffna Municipal Council (Tamil: யாழ்ப்பாணம் மாநகர சபை|translit=Yāḻppāṇam Mānakara Capai; JMC) is the local authority for the city of Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka. JMC is responsible for providing a variety of local public services including roads, sanitation, drains, housing, libraries, public parks and recreational facilities. Established in January 1949 as a successor to Jaffna Urban Council, it currently has 45 members elected using the mixed electoral system.

History

The first organised local government for the city of Jaffna was the sanitary board established under the Sanitary Boards Ordinance No. 18 of 1892.[1] The board consisted of the local Government Agent (chair) and other local officials from the British administration.[1] A local board was established in July 1906 under the Local Boards Ordinance No. 13 of 1898.[1] The board consisted of six members, three official (including the Government Agent who was chair) and three unofficial representing three wards - central, eastern and western.[1] The local board was responsible for establishing the grand bazaar, small bazaar in Gurunagar and the rest house.[1]

A ten member urban district council (UDC) was established in January 1923 under the Local Government Ordinance No. 11 of 1920.[1] Two of its members were nominated and eight were elected, representing eight wards.[1] The UDC had an area of 8½ square miles and a population of 42,346.[1] The UDC, which was based in a small office at Jaffna Kachcheri, required new premises and the Ridgeway Memorial Hall on the esplanade was identified as a suitable location.[1] Ridgeway Memorial Hall was demolished and new premises, whose foundations were laid by chairman R. R. Nalliah, constructed.[1] The building was formally opened by Governor Reginald Edward Stubbs on 9 June 1936.[1] Subsequently a town hall was built on the site and officially opened by Waithilingam Duraiswamy, Speaker of the State Council.[1]

A twelve member Jaffna Urban Council was established in January 1940 under the Urban Councils Ordinance No. 61 of 1939.[1] Two of its members were nominated and ten were elected.[1] The urban council had the same powers and functions as the UDC but franchise was extended to include women.[1] A fifteen member Jaffna Municipal Council was established in January 1949 under the Municipal Council Ordinance No. 29 of 1947.[1] The fifteen members were elected from fifteen wards.[1] A lack of storage space resulted in the municipal council purchasing premises east of Front Street in 1955.[1] The number of members and wards was increased to 23 in 1968.[1] Mayor of Jaffna Alfred Duraiappah was assassinated by the militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) on 27 July 1975.[2] [3] [4]

On 10 April 1985 the LTTE attacked Jaffna police station, located next to the town hall, causing serious damage to the town hall.[5] [6] Numerous other municipal council facilities including the library, rest house, open air theatre and grand bazaar were damaged beyond repair during the civil war.[1] As a result of the damage caused to the town hall the municipal council was forced to re-locate to premises on Point Pedro Road on land leased from Nallur Kandaswamy temple.[7]

The Local Authorities (Amendment) Act Nos. 20 and 24 of 1987 changed the method of electing all local authority members from the first past the post using wards to proportional representation using open lists.[8] [9] Mayors Sarojini Yogeswaran and Pon Sivapalan were assassinated by the LTTE on 17 May 1998 and 11 September 1998 respectively.[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

On 10 October 2012 Parliament passed the Local Authorities (Special Provisions) Act, No. 21 of 2012 and Local Authorities Elections (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2012, changing the electoral system for electing local authority members from open list proportional representation to a mixed electoral system whereby 70% of members would be elected using first past the post voting and the remaining 30% through closed list proportional representation.[15] [16] [17] [18] On 25 August 2017 Parliament passed Local Authorities Elections (Amendment) Act, No. 16 of 2017 which, amongst things, changed the ratio between first past the post and proportional representation from 70:30 to 60:40.[19] [20] [21]

Wards

JMC currently has 27 single member wards.[22] [23]

Ward
no.
Ward name		VOD
no.
Village officer division name
align=right valign=top rowspan=21 valign=top rowspan=2Vannarpannai North J098 Vannarpannai North
J099 Vannarpannai North West (part)
align=right valign=top rowspan=32 valign=top rowspan=3Kantharmadam North West J100 Vannarpannai North East
J102 Kantharmadam North West
J123 Kokuvil South East (part)
3 Kantharmadam North East J103 Kantharmadam North East
align=right valign=top rowspan=34 valign=top rowspan=3Nallur Irajathani J106 Nallur North
J107 Nallur Irajathani
J108 Nallur South
5 Sangiliyan Thoppu J109 Sangiliyan Thoppu
align=right valign=top rowspan=36 valign=top rowspan=3Ariyalai J094 Ariyalai Central North (part)
J095 Ariyalai Central
J096 Ariyalai Central South
7 Kalaigakal J091 Ariyalai North West
align=right valign=top rowspan=28 valign=top rowspan=2Kantharmadam South J104 Kantharmadam South West
J105 Kantharmadam South East
align=right valign=top rowspan=29 valign=top rowspan=2Iyanar Kovilady J097 Iyanar Kovilady
J101 Neeraviyady
10 New Moor Street J088 New Moor Street
11 Navanthurai North J085 Navanthurai North
12 Navanthurai South J084 Navanthurai South
align=right valign=top rowspan=213 valign=top rowspan=2Old Moor Street J086 Moor Street South
J087 Moor Street North
align=right valign=top rowspan=214 valign=top rowspan=2Grand Bazaar J080 Grand Bazaar (Mega Bazaar)
J082 Vannarpannai
align=right valign=top rowspan=215 valign=top rowspan=2Attiaddy J078 Attiaddy
J079 Sirambiady
align=right valign=top rowspan=216 valign=top rowspan=2Chundikuli Maruthady J076 Chundikuli North
J077 Maruthady
align=right valign=top rowspan=217 valign=top rowspan=2Ariyalai West J092 Ariyalai West (Central)
J093 Ariyalai South West
align=right valign=top rowspan=318 valign=top rowspan=3Columbuthurai J061 Nedunkulam
J062 Columbuthurai East
J063 Columbuthurai West
align=right valign=top rowspan=219 valign=top rowspan=2Passaiyoor J064 Passaiyoor East
J065 Passaiyoor West
20 Eachchamoddai J066 Eachchamoddai
21 Cathedral J075 Chundikuli South
22 Thirunagar J067 Thirunagar
align=right valign=top rowspan=223 valign=top rowspan=2Gurunagar J070 Gurunagar East
J071 Gurunagar West
align=right valign=top rowspan=224 valign=top rowspan=2Jaffna Town J073 Jaffna Town West
J074 Jaffna Town East
align=right valign=top rowspan=225 valign=top rowspan=2Koddady Fort J081 Fort
J083 Koddady
align=right valign=top rowspan=226 valign=top rowspan=2Reclamation West J069 Reclamation West
J072 Small Bazaar
27 Reclamation East J068 Reclamation East

Mayors

See main article: List of Mayors of Jaffna. The current Mayor of Jaffna is V. Manivannan of the Tamil National People's Front.

Election results

1983 local government election

Results of the local government election held on 18 May 1983:[24]

valign=bottom align=left colspan=2Alliances and parties !valign=bottom align=centerVotes !valign=bottom align=center% !valign=bottom align=centerSeats
  Tamil United Liberation Front8,594 88.63% 23
  8308.56% 0
  All Ceylon Tamil Congress272 2.81% 0
Valid Votes 9,696 100.00% 23
Rejected Votes 74
Total Polled 9,770
Registered Electors 66,921
Turnout 14.60%

The Sri Lankan government suspended all local government in the north and east of the country in 1983 using emergency regulations.[25] The civil war prevented elections from being held for JMC until 1998.[26]

In March 1994 elections were held in the east and in Vavuniya in the north. However, elections weren't held in other areas of the north, including the Jaffna peninsula, because most of these areas were at that time controlled by the rebel LTTE. In August 1995 the Sri Lankan military launched an offensive to recapture the Jaffna peninsula. By December 1995 the military had captured most of the Valikamam region of the peninsula, including the city of Jaffna. By 16 May 1996 the military had recaptured the entire peninsula.[27] In late 1996 the government announced elections would be held for 23 local authorities in Jaffna District, Kilinochchi District, Mannar District and Vavuniya District but following opposition from Tamil political parties postponed them.[28] On 3 December 1997 the government announced that elections would be held for the 17 local authorities on the Jaffna peninsula.[29] The Tamil political parties were still opposed to holding elections as "normalcy" hadn't returned to the peninsula. The peninsula was under the firm grip of the Sri Lankan military and civil government had little, if any, role in the administration of the peninsula. The Tamil Tigers were also firmly against the elections being held. Despite these objections the elections were held on 29 January 1998.

1998 local government election

Results of the local government election held on 29 January 1998:[30] [31]

valign=bottom align=left colspan=2Alliances and parties !valign=bottom align=centerVotes !valign=bottom align=center% !valign=bottom align=centerSeats
  Tamil United Liberation Front3,540 33.31% 9
  Democratic People's Liberation Front (PLOTE)3,182 29.94% 6
  Eelam People's Democratic Party2,963 27.88% 6
  Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front943 8.87% 2
Valid Votes 10,628 100.00% 23
Rejected Votes 907
Total Polled 11,535
Registered Electors 82,667
Turnout 13.95%

On 1 January 2002 local authority elections were called for the entire country.[32] [33] It was later announced that elections would be held on 25 March 2002 in the north and east, and on 20 March 2002 in the rest of the country.[34] [35] The normal life term of Sri Lankan local government bodies is four years. The life term of JMC expired in February 2002 but the central government extended this by another year, as the law allows. On 21 March 2002 the Election Commissioner announced that the elections in the north and east, except for eight local authorities in Ampara District, had been postponed until 25 September 2002.[36] [37] On 17 September 2002 elections in the north and east were postponed, for a second time, until 25 June 2003.[38] Elections should have been held when the extension expired in February 2003 but in January 2003, following a request from the Tamil National Alliance, the central government instead dissolved JMC using emergency powers and instead put in place special commissioners to administer the local area.[39] In June 2003 elections in the north and east were postponed, for a third time, until 24 January 2004.[40] In January 2004 elections in the north and east, except for local authorities in Ampara District, were postponed, for a fourth time, until 23 October 2004.[41]

On 27 January 2006 local authority elections were called for the entire country.[42] [43] It was later announced that elections would be held on 30 March 2006 across the entire country.[44] The Election Commissioner subsequently postponed the elections in the north and Batticaloa District until 30 September 2006.[45] On 23 September 2006 elections in the north and Batticaloa District were postponed until 30 June 2007.[46] [47]

JMC continued to be administered by special commissioners until the 2009 elections.

2009 local government election

Results of the local government election held on 8 August 2009:[48]

valign=bottom align=left colspan=2Alliances and parties !valign=bottom align=centerVotes !valign=bottom align=center% !valign=bottom align=centerSeats
  United People's Freedom Alliance (EPDP, SLFP, ACMC et al.)10,602 50.67% 13
  Tamil National Alliance (ITAK, EPRLF (S), TELO)8,008 38.28% 8
  Independent 11,175 5.62% 1
  Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF, PLOTE, EPRLF (V))1,007 4.81% 1
  United National Party83 0.40% 0
  Independent 2470.22% 0
Valid Votes 20,922 100.00% 23
Rejected Votes 1,358
Total Polled 22,280
Registered Electors 100,417
Turnout 22.19%

The following candidates were elected:[49] Mudiyappu Remediyas (TNA), 4,223 preference votes (pv); Thurairajah Illango alias Regan (UPFA-EPDP), 3,387 pv; Mohamed Sultan Moulavi Sufian (Ind 1), 1,779 pv; Anthonypillai Mariamma (TNA), 1,678 pv; Murugiah Komahan (UPFA-EPDP), 1,573 pv; Vinthan Kanagaratnam (TNA), 1,442 pv; Manuel Mangaleswaran alias Nesapriyan (UPFA-EPDP), 1,394 pv; Meerasahib Mohamed Rameez (UPFA-ACMC), 1,338 pv; Yogeswari Patkunarajah (UPFA-EPDP), 1,250 pv; Pilevian Expedith Cracian (UPFA-EPDP), 1,166 pv; Nadarajah Rajathevan (TNA), 1,118 pv; Benjamin Jacob (TNA), 1,039 pv; Mohamed Merasahib Mustafa (UPFA-ACMC), 1,029 pv; Manikkam Kanagaraththinam (UPFA-EPDP), 1,025 pv; A. Paranjothy (TNA), 1,007 pv; Sutharsingh Vijiyakanth (UPFA-EPDP), 989 pv; Asker Roomi Badurtheen (UPFA-ACMC), 979 pv; Ajmaeen Asfar (UPFA-ACMC), 960 pv; Suvikaran Nishanthan (UPFA-EPDP), 896 pv; Anthonipillai Cilapotasious (UPFA-EPDP), 889 pv; Mariyakorattry Anton (TNA), 881 pv; Arulappu Korneliyas (TNA), 826 pv; and V. Anandasangaree (TULF) 424 pv. Yogeswari Patkunarajah (UPFA-EPDP) and Thurairajah Illango (UPFA-EPDP) were appointed Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.[50] Mudiyappu Remediyas of the TNA was appointed as the Opposition Leader of the Council but he crossed over to the UPFA in June 2011.[51]

Suvikaran Nishanthan (UPFA-EPDP) ceased to be member of JMC in January 2012 after ceasing to be a member of the UPFA.[52] He was replaced by Selvarasah Iramanan (UPFA). Thurairajah Illango (UPFA-EPDP) resigned from being Deputy Mayor and was replaced by Meerasahib Mohamed Rameez (UPFA-ACMC).[52]

2018 local government election

Results of the local government election held on 8 February 2018:[53]

valign=bottom align=left colspan=2 rowspan=2Alliances and parties !valign=bottom align=center rowspan=2Votes !valign=bottom align=center rowspan=2% !valign=bottom align=center colspan=3Seats
Ward PR Total
  Tamil National Alliance (ITAK, PLOTE, TELO)14,424 35.76% 14 2 16
  Tamil National People's Front (ACTC)12,020 29.80% 9 4 13
  Eelam People's Democratic Party8,671 21.50% 2 8 10
  United National Front (UNP, SLMC, ACMC et al.)2,423 6.01% 1 2 3
  Sri Lanka Freedom Party1,479 3.67% 0 2 2
  Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF, EPRLF)1,071 2.66% 1 0 1
  Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna242 0.60% 0 0 0
Valid Votes 40,330 100.00% 27 18 45
Rejected Votes 586
Total Polled 40,916
Registered Electors 56,245
Turnout 72.75%

Results by ward:[54]

Ward
no. 		Ward name Valid
Votes 		Rejected
Votes 		Total
Polled
1 Vannarpannai North 602 607 188 21 23 15 3 1,459 18 1,477
2 Kantharmadam North West 787 664 264 40 40 40 4 1,839 32 1,871
3 Kantharmadam North East 401 345 81 283 49 8 2 1,169 20 1,189
4 Nallur Irajathani 834 742 273 42 106 41 6 2,044 29 2,073
5 Sangiliyan Thoppu 705 622 215 162 51 41 4 1,800 20 1,820
6 Ariyalai 561 588 215 42 252 15 20 1,693 26 1,719
7 Kalaigakal 144 351 156 266 124 8 71 1,120 12 1,132
8 Kantharmadam South 401 535 72 111 25 10 10 1,164 15 1,179
9 Iyanar Kovilady 488 666 144 269 35 20 2 1,624 17 1,641
10 New Moor Street 246 40 182 42 34 9 0 553 7 560
11 Navanthurai North 524 369 324 32 2 10 0 1,261 74 1,335
12 Navanthurai South 320 315 429 43 5 2 3 1,117 19 1,136
13 Old Moor Street 568 109 315 598 120 9 6 1,725 23 1,748
14 Grand Bazaar 504 388 352 45 20 28 11 1,348 9 1,357
15 Attiaddy 478 479 432 25 42 12 2 1,470 16 1,486
16 Chundikuli Maruthady 595 529 249 10 88 12 2 1,485 19 1,504
17 Ariyalai West 519 562 121 16 76 14 6 1,314 21 1,335
18 Columbuthurai 830 820 724 27 49 191 30 2,671 38 2,709
19 Passaiyoor 642 231 563 45 1 8 0 1,490 12 1,502
20 Eachchamoddai 389 615 225 65 20 24 3 1,341 14 1,355
21 Cathedral 289 318 141 72 15 145 8 988 6 994
22 Thirunagar 55 22 175 1 23 311 2 589 9 598
23 Gurunagar 631 353 464 10 37 22 16 1,533 23 1,556
24 Jaffna Town 596 513 387 15 30 21 11 1,573 19 1,592
25 Koddady Fort 607 314 591 102 167 14 9 1,804 37 1,841
26 Reclamation West 1,123 521 576 31 29 11 4 2,295 23 2,318
27 Reclamation East 585 402 813 8 16 30 7 1,861 28 1,889
Total 14,424 12,020 8,671 2,423 1,479 1,071 242 40,330 586 40,916

The following candidates were elected:[55] Jesurajah Mary Anjala (TNA-Gurunagar), Paramalingam Anushiya (EPDP-PR), E. Arnold (TNA-ITAK-Passaiyoor), Mahalingam Arulkumaran (TNA-Grand Bazaar), Necolas Mariyathas Balachandran (TNA-Navanthurai North), Flavian Expedith Crasian (TNA-Reclamation West), Solomon Cyril (TNA-Chundikuli Maruthady), Crasian Damian (EPDP-PR), Thurairajah Eesan (TNA-TELO-Columbuthurai), Thurairasa Ilango (EPDP-PR), Likori Clement Jeyaseelan (TNPF-Cathedral), Rajaratnam Kanesarajah (TNPF-Vannarpannai North), Vaithilingam Kirubakaran (TNPF-Ariyalai West), Karthikesu Velum Mayilum Kugenthiran (EPDP-PR), Sinnathurai Kulenthirarajah (UNF-PR), Nadarajah Logathayalan (TNA-PR), Vishvalingam Manivannan (TNPF-PR), Mahenthiran Mayooran (TNPF-Attiaddy), Jeyanthini Nageswaran (EPDP-PR), Muththu Muhammathu Muhammathu Nibahir (TNA-New Moor Street), Kathiravel Niththiyananthan (TNA-Jaffna Town), Kachcha Mohamed Mahamed Niyas (UNF-Old Moor Street), Subajini Antony Panadsha (TNPF-PR), Varatharajan Partheepan (TNPF-Kantharmadam South), Balasubramaniam Pathmamurali (TNPF-Ariyalai), Yogeswari Patkunarajah (EPDP-PR), Neekilapillai Philiph (EPDP-Navanthurai South), Nalina Premlal (TNA-PR), Jeyakkumar Rajeevkanth (TNPF-Kalaigakal), Ramalingam Rakini (TNA-Nallur Irajathani), Mudiyappu Remidius (EPDP-PR), Sebamalaimuththu Sathiyasekaran (EPDP-Reclamation East), Ramasamy Chettiyar Selvavadivel (EPDP-PR), Balasingam Shantharuban (SLFP-PR), Nagarasa Srikaran (SLFP-PR), Suganthini Srikaran (TNPF-PR), Subramaniyam Subatheesh (TNA-Kantharmadam North East), Ajantha Thanbalasingam (TNPF-PR), Nagalingam Thanenthiran (TNA-Koddady Fort), Sivakanthan Thanujan (TNPF-Iyanar Kovilady), Paramalingam Tharshananth (TNA-Kantharmadam North West), Mathivathani Vivekanantharasa (TNA-Sangiliyan Thoppu), Sutharsing Vijayakanth (TULF/EPRLF-Thirunagar), Vicneswaralingam Vijayathadshani (UNF-PR) and Ratnasingam Yenan (TNPF-Eachchamoddai).

E. Arnold (TNA) and Thurairajah Eesan (TNA) were elected Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively when the council met for the first time in 26 March 2018.[56] [57] [58]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Rajeswaran. S. T. B.. UNDP / UN-Habitat Sponsored Sustainable Cities Programme - Urban Governance Support Project City Profile: Jaffna. United Nations Development Programme / United Nations Human Settlements Programme / Ministry of Urban Development and Water Supply. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 2–4. 1 March 2018.
  2. Book: Arumugam, S.. S. Arumugam

    . Dictionary of Biography of the Tamils of Ceylon. 1997. S. Arumugam. 50–51.

  3. News: Pethiyagoda. A. C. B.. Train Travel to Jaffna in the mid-1950s. 27 March 2018. The Island. 19 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  4. News: Masked gunmen kill Jaffna Mayor Shot dead outside temple. 27 March 2018. Daily News. 26 May 2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  5. News: 24 Die in Sri Lanka Clash. 2 March 2018. Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 12 April 1985. Los Angeles, U.S.A..
  6. News: Jaffna police station blasted by LTTE opens at the original location after 30 years. 2 March 2018. Tamil Diplomat. 9 September 2016.
  7. Web site: The Re-Construction of Jaffna Town Hall. Jaffna Municipal Council. 2 March 2018. Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
  8. Book: Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Local Government Reforms. 1999. http://www.localgovforum.lk/policydocs/chapter-1-historical-background-relating-to-local-government-in-sri-lanka/. Chapter 1 – Historical Background Relating to Local Government in Sri Lanka. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722145540/http://www.localgovforum.lk/policydocs/chapter-1-historical-background-relating-to-local-government-in-sri-lanka/. 22 July 2011.
  9. News: Gnanadass. Wilson. Local poll law under the microscope. 20 December 2017. The Nation. 6 February 2011. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  10. News: Suryanarayana. P. S.. Pacification efforts in peril. 27 March 2018. Frontline. 6 June 1998. 15. 12. Chennai, India.
  11. News: Jaffna Mayor Killed in Ambush at Home. 27 March 2018. Los Angeles Times. 18 May 1998. Los Angeles, U.S.A..
  12. News: Jaffna Mayor's killing claimed. 27 March 2018. TamilNet. 18 May 1998.
  13. News: Sri Lanka bomb kills Jaffna mayor. 27 March 2018. BBC News. 11 September 1998. London, U.K..
  14. News: Jaffna Mayor succumbs to injuries. 27 March 2018. TamilNet. 11 September 1998.
  15. News: New election system for LG bodies passed. 23 December 2017. The Daily Mirror. 10 October 2012. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  16. News: LG elections amendment draft bills passed. 23 December 2017. Ada Derana. 10 October 2012. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  17. Web site: Local Authorities (Special Provisions) Act, No. 21 of 2012. Parliament of Sri Lanka. 23 December 2017. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  18. Web site: Local Authorities Elections (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2012. Parliament of Sri Lanka. 23 December 2017. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  19. News: Gunasekara. Skandha. LG Elections (amendment) Bill passed. 24 December 2017. Ceylon Today. 26 August 2017. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 25 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171225035009/http://www.ceylontoday.lk/print20170401CT20170630.php?id=28527. dead.
  20. News: Marasinghe. Sandasen. Mudalige. Disna. LG elections bill passed. 24 December 2017. Daily News. 26 August 2017. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  21. Web site: Local Authorities Elections (Amendment) Act, No. 16 of 2017. Parliament of Sri Lanka. 24 December 2017. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  22. PART I : SECTION (I) — GENERAL Government Notifications LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTIONS ORDINANCE (CHAPTER 262) Order under Section 3C. 21 August 2015. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. 1928/26. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  23. PART I : SECTION (I) — GENERAL Government Notifications LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTIONS ORDINANCE (CHAPTER 262) Order under Section 3D. 17 February 2017. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. 2006/44. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  24. Book: Sarveswaran. K.. K. Sarveswaran. The Tamil United Liberation Front: Rise and Decline of a Moderate Ethnic Party in Sri Lanka (1976-2000). 2005. Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi, India. 212.
  25. News: TNA urges PM to put off NE local polls. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 11 September 2002.
  26. News: Tight security for poll in Sri Lanka's Jaffna peninsula. 26 March 2018. BBC News. 29 January 1998. London, U.K..
  27. News: Baruha. Amit. The Army Takes Jaffna. Frontline. 14 June 1996. Chennai, India.
  28. News: Local Elections Postponed. 3 September 2011. Tamil Times. 15 December 1996. XV. 12. Sutton, U.K.. 5–6. 0266-4488.
  29. News: Local Elections in Jaffna. 3 September 2011. Tamil Times. 15 December 1997. XVI. 12. Sutton, U.K.. 5–6. 0266-4488.
  30. News: Election commissioner releases results. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 30 January 1998.
  31. News: Jeyaraj. D. B. S.. The Jaffna Elections. 3 September 2011. Tamil Times. 15 February 1998. XVII. 2. Sutton, U.K.. 12–15. 0266-4488.
  32. News: Local elections on March 1. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 1 January 2002.
  33. News: Local polls on March 1. 26 March 2018. The Island. 2 January 2002. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  34. News: Local Govt. Ordinance amendment bill before SC. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 12 February 2002.
  35. News: Weerawarne. Sumadhu. Local polls on March 20, 25. 26 March 2018. The Island. 11 February 2002. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  36. News: Northeast local elections postponed for Sept. 25. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 21 March 2002.
  37. News: Weerawarne. Sumadhu. Elections chief has authority to put off local polls. 26 March 2018. The Island. 22 March 2002. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  38. News: NE local government polls postponed. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 17 September 2002.
  39. News: Jaffna local bodies to be administered by special commissioners. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 14 January 2003.
  40. News: Northeast elections postponed till January 24. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 20 June 2003.
  41. News: NorthEast local government elections postponed. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 20 January 2004.
  42. News: Nominations called for Local government elections. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 27 January 2006.
  43. News: Satyapalan. Franklin R.. Polls chief sets LG polls nomination dates. 26 March 2018. The Island. 28 January 2006. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  44. News: Local Government polls on 30 March. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 16 February 2006.
  45. News: Polling commences for 266 local councils in Sri Lanka. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 30 March 2006.
  46. News: Elections to 42 local bodies in NE postponed. 26 March 2018. TamilNet. 23 September 2006.
  47. News: Satyapalan. Franklin R.. LG polls in North and East postponed again. 26 March 2018. The Island. 21 September 2006. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  48. Web site: Local Authorities Election Results 2009 - Jaffna District Vavuniya District. Department of Elections (Sri Lanka). 27 March 2018. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  49. Web site: Local Authorities Election 2009 Final Results Jaffna Municipal Council - Preferences. https://web.archive.org/web/20091210031151/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/PrefBadulla2009.pdf. dead. 10 December 2009. Department of Elections (Sri Lanka). 19 August 2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  50. News: No signs of resettlement of IDPs in KKS. 27 March 2018. TamilNet. 13 October 2009.
  51. News: Remidias crosses over to UPFA. 27 March 2018. The Daily Mirror. 5 June 2011. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  52. PART IV (B) - LOCAL GOVERNMENT Notices under the Local Authorities Elections Ordinance NOTICE UNDER SECTION 10A(1)(a) OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTIONS ORDINANCE Jaffna Municipal Council. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. 1 February 2012. 1743/14. 2 February 2012. Colombo, Sri Lanka. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019144725/http://www.documents.gov.lk/Extgzt/2012/PDF/Feb/1743_14/1743_14%20(E).pdf. 19 October 2013. dead.
  53. Web site: Local Authorities Elections - 10.02.2018: Final Results of the Council. Election Commission of Sri Lanka / news.lk. 16 February 2018. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 28 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180328040923/https://election.news.lk/images/la2018/n3/1001.pdf. dead.
  54. Web site: Results Of Local Authorities Elections - 2018 (Ward by Result) - Jaffna District: Jaffna Municipal Council. Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 20 March 2018. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Tamil.
  55. PART I : SECTION (I) — GENERAL Government Notifications LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTIONS ORDINANCE (CHAPTER 262) Notice under Section 66(2). The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. 9 March 2018. 2061/42-10. 2A–3A. 17 March 2018. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  56. News: TNA captures Jaffna Municipal Council - Arnold takes over as Mayor of Jaffna. 27 March 2018. Tamil Diplomat. 27 March 2018.
  57. News: TNA's Emmanuel Arnold elected as Jaffna Mayor. 26 March 2018. Tamil Guardian. 26 March 2018.
  58. News: Eemmanuel Arnold swears in as new mayor of Jaffna. 26 March 2018. Hiru News. 26 March 2018. Colombo, Sri Lanka.

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