| Jack Phillips | |
| Birth Date: | 11 April 1887 |
| Birth Place: | Farncombe, Surrey, England |
| Death Place: | North Atlantic Ocean |
| Occupation: | Wireless telegraphist |
| Employer: | Marconi Company |
| Known For: | Senior wireless operator aboard the RMS Titanic |
John George "Jack" Phillips (11 April 1887 – 15 April 1912) was a British sailor and the senior wireless operator aboard the Titanic during her ill-fated maiden voyage in April 1912.
Before the collision with the iceberg, Phillips and his assistant, Harold Bride, had acknowledged and passed along several ice warnings to the bridge. As the ship sank, Phillips did his utmost to contact other ships for assistance and coordinated a successful rescue effort with the . He did not survive the sinking and his body, if recovered, was not identified.
Phillips was born on 11 April 1887 in Farncombe, Surrey.[1] The son of George Alfred Phillips, a draper and Ann Phillips (née Sanders), Phillips' family originally came from Trowbridge, Wiltshire, from a lineage of weavers, but moved to Farncombe around 1883.[1] Phillips lived with his five siblings, of whom only two twin sisters survived to adulthood, above a draper's shop – Gammons – which his father managed in Farncombe Street.[1] Educated at a private school on Hare Lane, then St John Street School, Phillips sang as a choirboy at St John the Evangelist – Farncombe's church.[1]
He finished school in 1902 and began working at the Godalming post office, where he learned telegraphy. He started training to work in wireless for the Marconi Company in March 1906, in Seaforth, and graduated five months later in August. Phillips's first assignment was on the White Star Line ship . He later worked on board Cunard's ; the Allan Line's Corsican, Pretorian and ; and then Cunard's and . In May 1908, he was assigned to the Marconi station outside Clifden, Ireland, where he worked until 1911, when he was assigned to the and later, in early 1912, to the .
In March 1912, Phillips was sent to Belfast, Ireland, to be the senior wireless operator on board Titanic for her maiden voyage. He was joined by junior wireless operator Harold Bride.[2] Stories have appeared that Phillips knew Bride before Titanic, but Bride insisted they had never met before Belfast.[3] Titanic sailed for New York City, United States, from Southampton, England, on 10 April 1912, and during the voyage Phillips and Bride transmitted passengers' personal messages and received iceberg warnings and other navigational information from other ships. Phillips celebrated his 25th birthday the day after the voyage began.
On the evening of 14 April, in the wireless room on the boat deck, Phillips was sending messages to Cape Race, Newfoundland, working to clear a backlog of passengers' personal messages that had accumulated when the wireless had broken down the day before. Bride was asleep in the adjoining cabin, intending to relieve Phillips at midnight, two hours early. Shortly after 21:30, Phillips received an ice warning from the steamship Mesaba reporting drifting ice, a large number of icebergs, and an ice field directly in Titanics path in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Phillips acknowledged Mesabas warning and continued to transmit messages to Cape Race. The wireless operator on the, waited for Phillips to report that he had given the report to the bridge, but Phillips continued working Cape Race.
At 22:55, Phillips was again interrupted by another ship, this time the . Cyril Evans, the only wireless operator on board the Californian, was reporting that they were stopped and surrounded by ice. Californians relative proximity, and the fact that both Evans and Phillips were using spark-gap wireless sets whose signals bled across the spectrum and were impossible to tune out, meant that Evans's signal was strong and loud in Phillips's ears, while the signals from Cape Race were faint to Phillips and inaudible to Evans. Phillips quickly sent back, "Keep out; shut up, I'm working Cape Race", and continued communicating with Cape Race, while Evans listened a while longer before going to bed for the night.
Though some have argued that that these two communications led to the failure of the iceberg being spotted, several ice warnings from other ships had already been received and communicated to Captain Edward Smith on the bridge – including an earlier one from the Californian – so he was aware that there was ice in the area before the warnings of Mesaba and Californian came in, and two lookouts were posted for that night. Additionally, Phillips' supposedly dismissive language was part of the straight jargon used by wireless operators and Evans did not ask Phillips to forward the Californians position to the bridge as it was not an official ice warning; at the British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry, Evans told the Viscount Mersey that the comment was not meant as and nor perceived as an insult:[4]
Phillips, along with Bride, had also spent most of the night before repairing the wireless machine, which had broken down the day before, against Marconi Company guidelines which stated that operators should not repair the machine lest they get further damaged. Phillips' repairs made it possible to coordinate a rescue effort for survivors after the ship sank.
Titanic struck an iceberg at 23:40 that night and began sinking. Bride had woken up and begun getting ready to relieve Phillips when Captain Edward Smith entered the wireless room and told Phillips to prepare to send out a distress signal. Shortly after midnight, Captain Smith came in again and told them to send out the call for assistance and gave them Titanics estimated position. Phillips began sending out the distress signal, code CQD, while Bride took messages to Captain Smith about which ships were coming to Titanics assistance. At one point, Bride half-jokingly told Phillips that the new call was SOS and said, "Send S.O.S., it's the new call, and it may be your last chance to send it."[2] [5] Phillips was able to contact the which headed for the scene.
After taking a quick break, Phillips returned to the wireless room and reported to Bride that the forward part of the ship was flooded, and they should put on more clothes and lifebelts. Bride began to get ready, while Phillips went back to work on the wireless machine.
The wireless power was almost completely out shortly after 02:00, when Captain Smith arrived and told the men they had done their duty and were relieved. Bride later remembered being moved by the way Phillips continued working. While their backs were turned, a crew member (either a stoker or trimmer) sneaked in and attempted to steal Phillips's lifebelt. Bride, outraged at the man's behaviour, attacked the man and might have hit him with an object. The water was beginning to flood the wireless room as they both ran out of the wireless room, leaving the motionless crewman where he fell. The men then split up, Bride heading forward and Phillips heading aft.[5] This was the last time Bride saw Phillips.[6]
Conflicting and contradictory information led to popular belief that Phillips possibly managed to make it to the overturned Collapsible B, which was in the charge of Second Officer Charles Lightoller, along with Harold Bride but did not last the night. In his The New York Times interview, Bride said that a man from boat B was dead, and that as he boarded the Carpathia, he saw that the dead man was Phillips.[5] However, when testifying in the Senate Inquiry, Bride changed his story, saying that he had only been told that Phillips died on Collapsible B, and was later buried at sea from Carpathia and had not witnessed this for himself.
In his book, Colonel Archibald Gracie said a body was transferred from the collapsible onto boat #12 but said that the body was definitely not that of Phillips. He reported that when speaking with Charles Lightoller, the Second Officer agreed with him that the body was not Phillips. In Lightoller's testimony at the United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the Titanic, he says that Bride told him that Phillips had been aboard and died on the boat, but it is clear that Lightoller never saw this for himself. In Lightoller's 1935 autobiography, Titanic and Other Ships, he writes that Phillips was aboard Collapsible B and told everyone the position of the various ships they had contacted by wireless, and when they could expect a rescue, before succumbing to the cold and dying. He also claims that Phillips' body was taken aboard Boat No. 12 at his insistence.[7]
It is clear from Gracie and other 1912 evidence that the man on the upturned collapsible who called out the names of approaching ships was Harold Bride, not Jack Phillips, as Lightoller thought in 1935. Lightoller's 1912 testimony contradicts his 1935 statements that he saw Phillips aboard B and that the body taken off the boat was Phillips. Salon Steward Thomas Whiteley may have been Bride's source for the story; in a press interview, Whiteley claimed that Phillips had been aboard the collapsible, died and was taken aboard Carpathia; as no other witness in 1912 claimed Phillips' body was recovered, and his name was never mentioned by any source aboard Carpathia as being one of the four bodies buried at sea, it is possible that Whiteley was simply mistaken in his identification, or that if Phillips had been aboard Collapsible B, his body was not recovered.[8] [9]
There are memorials to Phillips in Nightingale Cemetery, Farncombe and in the Phillips Memorial Cloister, part of the Phillips Memorial Ground, which lies to the north of the Church of St Peter & St Paul, Godalming. The cloister was designed by architect Hugh Thackeray Turner while the gardens inside and around it was designed by horticulturist Gertrude Jekyll. In 2012, marking the 100th anniversary of the sinking, the Cloister and grounds were renovated.[10]
On 11 April 2017, on what would have been his 130th birthday, the Godalming Town Council unveiled a blue plaque at Phillips' birthplace.[11] [12]