Fourth World (comics) explained

Theme:y
Fourth World
Ongoing:y
Graphicnovel:y
Titles:Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen #133–148
New Gods #1–11
Forever People #1–11
Mister Miracle #1–18
The Hunger Dogs
Superhero:y
Scifi:first
Multigenre:y
Publisher:DC Comics
Startyr:1970
Endyr:1973
Eventonly:y
Issues:59
Main Char Team:Darkseid
Mister Miracle
Orion
Forever People
Highfather
Lightray
Jimmy Olsen
Superman
Morgan Edge
Newsboy Legion
Guardian
Kalibak
Desaad
Intergang
Big Barda
Granny Goodness
Oberon
Metron
Dan Turpin
Writers:Jack Kirby
Artists:Jack Kirby
Creators:Jack Kirby
Tpb:Fourth World by Jack Kirby Omnibus
Isbn:1-4012-7475-7
Tpb1:Omnibus Volume 1
Isbn1:1-4012-1344-8
Tpb2:Omnibus Volume 2
Isbn2:140121357X
Tpb3:Omnibus Volume 3
Isbn3:1401214851
Tpb4:Omnibus Volume 4
Isbn4:1401215831
Sort:Fourth World

"Fourth World" is a metaseries of connected comic book titles written and drawn by Jack Kirby and published by DC Comics from 1970 to 1973. Although they were not marketed under this title until the August–September 1971 issues of New Gods and Forever People, the terms Fourth World and Jack Kirby's Fourth World have gained usage in the years since.Kirby created the Fourth World concept in the 1970s. The series is a science-fiction based mythology that revolves around ancient space deities known as the New Gods. The New Gods are similar to the gods of Earth lore.

Publication history

Initial 1970s comics

As the newsstand distribution system for comics began to break down, Jack Kirby foresaw a day when comics would need to find alternate venues for sale.[1] Toward this end, Kirby envisioned a finite series that would be serialized and collected in one tome after the series had concluded.[1] He began the "Fourth World" in Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen #133 (Oct. 1970).[2] DC Comics had planned to introduce the "Fourth World" titles in the November 1970 issue of their preview omnibus title, Showcase. Kirby reportedly objected to this, and Showcase was cancelled. This delayed the introduction of the "Fourth World" titles until the following year. The three original titles constituting the "Fourth World" were The Forever People,[3] Mister Miracle,[4] and The New Gods.[5] [6]

Unhappy with Marvel Comics at the time, as he had created or co-created a plethora of characters without having copyright or creative custody of them, he turned to rival publisher DC Comics, with his sketches and designs for a new group of heroes and villains.[1] He had first showed them to Stan Lee, who liked them, but wanted to fold them into already existing titles. So Kirby decided to keep them for himself. When DCs Carmine Infantino visited Kirby and his family for a Passover seder, he showed him his designs and ideas. Infantino told him that he wanted to bring them to DC. Worsening conditions at Marvel and promises from DC made Kirby decide to switch company.[7] As author Marc Flores, who writes under the pen name Ronin Ro,[8] described:

"The Fourth World" dealt with the battle between good and evil as represented by the worlds of New Genesis and Apokolips. Darkseid, the evil lord of Apokolips, seeks the Anti-Life Equation which will allow him to control the thoughts of all living beings. Opposing him is Orion, his son raised by Highfather and his enemies on New Genesis.[9] Other characters caught in the deadly battle included the Forever People, an extension of the kid gang concept from the 1940s with a group of adolescents adventuring without an adult supervisor;[10] Mister Miracle, a native of New Genesis raised on Apokolips who triumphed over a torturous childhood to become the world's greatest escape artist; and Lightray, the heroic warrior of New Genesis. Their adventures would take them to Earth where the war continued.

Comics historian Les Daniels observed in 1995 that "Kirby's mix of slang and myth, science fiction and the Bible, made for a heady brew, but the scope of his vision has endured".[11] In 2007, comics writer Grant Morrison commented that "Kirby's dramas were staged across Jungian vistas of raw symbol and storm... The Fourth World saga crackles with the voltage of Jack Kirby's boundless imagination let loose onto paper".[12]

The Fourth World characters reappeared in various titles. In 1976, the New Gods were featured in the last issue of 1st Issue Special.[13] The New Gods series relaunched in July 1977, and with 1st Issue Special still a relatively recent publication, it picked up where the storyline of that issue left off. Although the title remained "The New Gods" in the indicia and retained its original numbering, launching with #12, the covers used the title "The Return of the New Gods". Gerry Conway wrote the series and Don Newton drew it.[14] Mister Miracle teamed-up with Batman three times in The Brave and the Bold[15] [16] [17] and the Mister Miracle series was revived in September 1977 by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers.[18] [19] Steve Gerber[20] and Michael Golden produced three issues ending with #25 (Sept. 1978) with several storylines unresolved.[21] Mister Miracle teamed with Superman in DC Comics Presents #12 (Aug. 1979)[22] and the New Gods met the Justice League of America and the Justice Society of America in Justice League of America #183–185 (Oct–Dec 1980).[23] [24] [25] "The Great Darkness Saga" storyline in Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 2 featured that team battling Darkseid a thousand years in the future.[26]

Origin of the name

Mark Evanier, who worked as Kirby's assistant in the 1970s and later wrote an award-winning Kirby biography, has said that there are multiple, mutually-exclusive explanations for why Kirby chose the name "Fourth World", adding that "if you'd asked Jack eight times, you'd have gotten eight more"; ultimately, Evanier concluded that none of the suggested explanations are plausible, and that it is most likely "just a term that popped into [Kirby's] head and he liked the sound of it. Later on, he came up with several different retroactive explanations".[27]

1984 reprint series

In 1984, DC Comics reprinted Jack Kirby's original 11 issues of The New Gods in a six-issue limited series. The first five issues each reprinted two consecutive issues of the original series. The mini-series' final issue was originally intended to include a reprint of New Gods vol. 1 #11 and a new 24-page story which would conclude the series and end with both Darkseid and Orion dead. DC editors prevented Kirby from using his original intended ending.[28] Kirby instead turned in a one-off story called "On the Road to Armagetto" which was rejected as well, due to the fact that it did not contain a definitive ending to the series. A 48-page new story called "Even Gods Must Die" was published instead, which in turn served as a prologue for the upcoming The Hunger Dogs graphic novel, which DC editors greenlit in order to conclude the series.

The Hunger Dogs was designed to give an ending to the story of the New Gods, while fulfilling editorial mandates that the New Gods be kept alive in order to ensure future use of the characters by later writers.[29] It incorporated several pages from the unpublished "On the Road to Armagetto" story and brought Kirby's New Gods series to a close as the final battle between Orion and Darkseid is averted when the "hunger dogs", the tortured citizens of Apokolips, finally overthrow Darkseid and his regime, forcing Darkseid and his allies into exile.[30] [31] [32]

Later revivals

Concurrent with DC's New Gods reprint series in 1984, Kirby worked on two Super Powers comic book limited series for DC Comics in which he continued the Fourth World characters and mythology.

A Forever People miniseries was published in 1988. Mister Miracle was featured in Justice League International by J. M. DeMatteis and Keith Giffen and a series of his own written by DeMatteis. The Fourth World characters were prominently featured in Cosmic Odyssey,[33] which led to a third New Gods series (February 1989 – August 1991), written by Mark Evanier, which fleshed out details about the history of many New Gods, most notably introducing Darkseid's father Yuga Khan. A fourth New Gods series was launched in October 1995, and a third Mister Miracle series in April 1996. Both of these were replaced in March 1997 by the Jack Kirby's Fourth World series, written and drawn by John Byrne. Walt Simonson wrote and drew an Orion solo series from June 2000 to June 2002.[34]

Writer Grant Morrison used some of the Fourth World mythology in various titles they worked on, including their run on JLA, with Orion and Big Barda becoming members, and more recently in the Seven Soldiers metaseries, in which the New Gods, especially Mister Miracle,[35] played a major role. They are seen creating Aurakles, the first superhero.[36]

The Death of the New Gods limited series (October 2007 – April 2008) was written and drawn by Jim Starlin.[37] Final Crisis brought about the end of the Fourth World and the dawn of the Fifth as Darkseid was forevermore destroyed and the heroic New Gods (sans Scott Free and Orion) are reborn and made guardians of Earth-51, home of Kamandi and the Great Disaster.

With the reboot of the DC Universe following Flashpoint, the deaths of the New Gods and Darkseid have been removed from canon and the characters are still active. In particular, Darkseid and his uncle Steppenwolf and their attacks on the main DC Universe and Earth 2 play a major role in the rise of the superheroes: the Earth 2 versions of Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman die fighting Steppenwolf[38] while the Earth 1 Justice League forms specifically to fight Darkseid and thwart his invasion of Earth.

A New 52 version of the Forever People debuted in the Infinity Man and the Forever People series.[39] Serifan is now Serafina, Vykin's sister, and Beautiful Dreamer has been renamed Dreamer Beautiful.[40]

Fifth World

In December 2007, DC Executive Editor Dan DiDio was discussing the aftermath of Death of the New Gods and pointed to the creation of Fifth World; he said: "It's the advent of the Fifth World... I think we've telegraphed so much that the New Gods are coming upon a rebirth, and the story that we're telling with them now is a continuation of the story that was established when Kirby first conceived the concept. Talk about death—Kirby blew up worlds at the start of the series. The story started with, 'The Old Gods Died!' which made room for the New Gods—we're picking up that thread and launching the DCU into the future".

That series led into Final Crisis. DiDio clarified things further, saying that "the Fourth World is over. The battle between the forces of Darkseid and those of Highfather is over, and a new direction is in place for the characters in what will be deemed the Fifth World".[41] The series' writer, Grant Morrison, added: "In Jack Kirby's Fourth World books... it's pretty clear that the New Gods have known about Earth for a long time and in JLA ten years ago, I suggested that part of their interest in us was rooted in the fact that Earth was destined to become the cradle of a new race of 'Fifth World' super-divinities—an eventuality Darkseid is eager to prevent from occurring".[42] It was during that run on JLA that Morrison had Metron deliver a speech outlining the general principles:

Later, in the JLA storyline "World War III", Metron's dialog is more specific: "As New Genesis is to the Fourth World, Earth shall be to the Fifth that is to come".[43]

Collected editions

Trade paperbacks

The Kirby-produced "Fourth World" titles were reprinted by DC in trade paperback format in the early 2000s in black-and-white rather than in color, although the Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen preludes were reprinted in color:

Omnibus

DC reprinted the entire Fourth World saga in publishing order in the four volume hardback series Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus from 2007 to 2008. In addition to the remaining issues of Mister Miracle, Forever People, and New Gods, the fourth Omnibus included the Fourth World character entries written for Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe, the 48-page "Even Gods Must Die!" from the last issue of the 1984 Baxter reprint series, and The Hunger Dogs graphic novel. The series was reprinted in paperback starting in late 2011. In 2017, in honor of Kirby's 100th birthday, DC Comics released a new hardcover omnibus collecting the story in its entirety. New contents included essays from Mark Evanier and Walter Simonson, and Kirby pencils, profiles, and pinups.[49] The collection was released on December 12 the same year. The $150 omnibus however had a mistake, omitting the splash page from Jimmy Olsen #148, reprinting a page from an earlier episode instead.[50]

In September 2021, a new edition, correcting the original error, with better quality paper stock at a reduced price was published with 50 additional pages of unpublished material.

Awards

Jack Kirby received a Shazam Award for the original metaseries in the category "Special Achievement by an Individual" in 1971.[59]

In 1998, Jack Kirby's New Gods by Jack Kirby, edited by Bob Kahan, won both the Harvey Award for "Best Domestic Reprint Project"[60] and the Eisner Award for "Best Archival Collection/Project".[61]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Evanier, Mark . Mark Evanier . Afterword . Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume One . DC Comics . 2007 . New York, New York . 388–396 . 978-1401213442 . https://archive.org/details/jackkirbysfourth0001kirb/page/388.
  2. Book: Levitz, Paul. Paul Levitz. The Bronze Age 1970–1984. 75 Years of DC Comics The Art of Modern Mythmaking. . 2010 . Cologne, Germany . 9783836519816 . 447 . Kirby began introducing new elements to the DC Universe, building toward the introduction of a trio of new titles based on a complex mythology he called the Fourth World..
  3. Web site: The Forever People . Don . Markstein . 2008 . . https://archive.today/20240527020429/https://www.webcitation.org/6QpOv3xjF?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/foreverp.htm . May 27, 2024 . live.
  4. Web site: Mister Miracle . Don . Markstein . 2008 . Don Markstein's Toonopedia . https://archive.today/20140707120149/http://www.toonopedia.com/mmiracle.htm . July 7, 2014 . live.
  5. Web site: New Gods . Don . Markstein . 2008 . Don Markstein's Toonopedia . https://archive.today/20140707053315/http://www.toonopedia.com/newgods.htm . July 7, 2014 . live.
  6. Book: McAvennie. Michael . Dolan . Hannah, ed. . 1970s . DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle . . 2010 . London, United Kingdom . 978-0-7566-6742-9 . 145 . As the writer, artist, and editor of the Fourth World family of interlocking titles, each of which possessed its own distinct tone and theme, Jack Kirby cemented his legacy as a pioneer of grand-scale storytelling..
  7. https://www.vulture.com/article/jack-kirby-fourth-world-steppenwolf-justice-league.html How Jack Kirby's Fourth World Comics Led to Justice League
  8. News: MediaTalk; Who Deserves The Credit (and Cash) For Dreaming Up Those Superheroes? . Nat . Ives . January 31, 2005 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063404/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C01E3DA153BF932A05752C0A9639C8B63 . August 2, 2014 . live.
  9. News: Comics . Jim . Hodgman . June 1, 2008 . The New York Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20140802074618/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/books/review/Hodgman-Comics-t.html?_r=0 . August 2, 2014 . live.
  10. Hatfield. Charles . Kirby's Fourth World: An Appreciation . The Jack Kirby Collector . 6 . . July 1995 . Raleigh, North Carolina. https://web.archive.org/web/20140409011351/http://twomorrows.com/kirby/articles/064thworld.html . April 9, 2014 . live . While innovative in structure, the lineup allowed Kirby to revisit familiar genres: Jimmy Olsen and especially Forever People revived the Simon & Kirby kid gang formula..
  11. Book: Daniels, Les . Les Daniels . The Fourth World: New Gods on Newsprint . DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes . . 1995 . New York, New York . 165 . 0821220764.
  12. Book: Morrison, Grant . Grant Morrison . Introduction . Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume One . DC Comics . 2007 . New York, New York . 7–8 . 978-1401213442 . https://archive.org/details/jackkirbysfourth0001kirb/page/7.
  13. Abramowitz . Jack . 1st Issue Special It Was No Showcase (But It Was Never Meant To Be) . . 71 . 45–47 . TwoMorrows Publishing . April 2014 . Raleigh, North Carolina.
  14. McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 173: "The New Gods series and its original numbering were revived after a five-year break, with a story written by Gerry Conway and drawn by Don Newton".
  15. . . Aparo, Jim . The Impossible Escape . . 112 . April–May 1974.
  16. Haney, Bob . Aparo, Jim . Aparo, Jim . Death by the Ounce. The Brave and the Bold . 128 . July 1976.
  17. Haney, Bob . Aparo, Jim . Aparo, Jim . Mile High Tombstone . The Brave and the Bold . 138 . November 1977.
  18. McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 175: "Writer Steve Englehart and artist Marshall Rogers, having garnered acclaim for Detective Comics, picked up Mister Miracle where the series had ended three years before".
  19. Web site: Mister Miracle #19–22 . Steve. Englehart . Steve Englehart . n.d.. SteveEnglehart.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20130408053755/http://www.steveenglehart.com/Comics/Mister%20Miracle%2019-22.html . April 8, 2013 . live.
  20. Kingman . Jim . The Miracle Messiah: Steve Gerber's Short-Lived Take on Mister Miracle. Back Issue!. 31 . 57–59. TwoMorrows Publishing . December 2008 . Raleigh, North Carolina.
  21. Book: Nolen-Weathington, Eric . Modern Masters Volume 12: Michael Golden . TwoMorrows Publishing . 2007 . Raleigh, North Carolina . 13–16 pm . 978-1893905740.
  22. Englehart, Steve. . . Winner Take Metropolis . .
    1. 12
    . August 1979.
  23. . . . Crisis on New Genesis or "Where Have All the New Gods Gone?" . .
    1. 183
    . October 1980.
  24. Conway, Gerry. . McLaughlin, Frank . "Crisis Between Two Earths" or Apokolips Now! . Justice League of America .
    1. 184
    . November 1980.
  25. Conway, Gerry. Pérez, George . McLaughlin, Frank . Crisis on Apokolips or Darkseid Rising! . Justice League of America .
    1. 185
    . December 1980.
  26. Manning, Matthew K. "1980s" in Dolan p. 198: "When [Paul Levitz] wrote 'The Great Darkness Saga', a five-issue epic that pitted the Legion against one of the most notorious villains of DC's long history, he and artist Keith Giffen crafted the most famous Legion story of all time and became fast fan favorites".
  27. https://www.newsfromme.com/articles-such/the-jack-faq/2/ The Jack FAQ, page 2
  28. Book: Evanier, Mark . Afterword . Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 4 . DC Comics. 2008 . New York, New York . 373–380. 978-1401215835.
  29. Book: Evanier, Mark . Kirby: King of Comics . . 2008 . New York, New York . 200 . 978-0810994478.
  30. Web site: Miracle Man . Mark . Evanier . February 23, 2001 . News From ME . https://web.archive.org/web/20140702025026/http://www.newsfromme.com/2001/02/23/jmomwoe/ . July 2, 2014 . live.
  31. Web site: Ever the Source . Mark . Evanier . September 16, 2006 . News From ME . https://web.archive.org/web/20140702025307/http://www.newsfromme.com/2006/09/16/ever-the-source/ . July 2, 2014 . live.
  32. Web site: Cartoonisiada August 20th-October 2nd, 2004 . Joseph . Fumetti . AAI-NYC.org . October 2, 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081121132442/http://www.aai-nyc.org/cuchifritos/Exhibits/Cartoonisiada/index.html . November 21, 2008 . dead . October 1, 2010.
  33. Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 235: "Writer Jim Starlin and artist Mike Mignola teamed up for a sci-fi miniseries that spanned the [DC Universe]".
  34. Cowsill, Alan "2000s" in Dolan, p. 296: "Comic book legend Walt Simonson brought his unique vision to one of Jack Kirby's greatest heroes on Orion, the first ongoing series to feature the most prominent of the New Gods".
  35. Morrison, Grant . . Ferry, Pasqual . New Godz . Seven Soldiers: Mr. Miracle.
    1. 1
    . November 2005.
  36. Morrison, Grant . . Williams III, J. H. . The Miser's Coat . .
    1. 1
    . December 2006.
  37. Cowsill "2000s" in Dolan, p. 331: "Writer and artist Jim Starlin helmed this eight-part series as a mysterious force brought destruction to the inhabitants of the Fourth World".
  38. . . Scott, Trevor . The Price of Victory . Earth 2 .
    1. 1
    . July 2012.
  39. Web site: O.M.A.C. Team Of Keith Giffen & Dan DiDio Reunite For Infinity Man And The Forever People . Andy . Khouri . March 11, 2014 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140312043258/http://comicsalliance.com/infinity-man-forever-people-giffen-didio-new-gods-fourth-world-video-jack-kirby/ . March 12, 2014 . dead.
  40. News: Keith Giffen Talks Forever People, DiDio Reunion, Tries to Break the Internet . April 2, 2014 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140629033934/http://www.newsarama.com/20745-keith-giffen-talks-forever-people-didio-reunion-tries-to-break-the-internet.html . June 29, 2014 . live.
  41. News: Dan DiDio: 20 Answers, 1 Question – Batman and More . Matt . Brady . Newsarama . December 10, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130626050203/http://www.newsarama.com/1721-dan-didio-20-answers-1-question-batman-and-more.html . June 26, 2013 . live.
  42. News: Grant Morrison on Final Crisis #1 . Matt . Brady . Newsarama . June 9, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130604165455/http://www.newsarama.com/123-grant-morrison-on-final-crisis-1.html . June 4, 2013 . live.
  43. Morrison, Grant . Porter, Howard . Geraci, Drew . World War Three Part Five . JLA .
    1. 40
    . April 2000.
  44. Web site: Jack Kirby's New Gods. February 7, 2001. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182750/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-new-gods. July 14, 2014. live.
  45. Web site: Jack Kirby's Mr. Miracle. June 27, 2001. https://web.archive.org/web/20121003091056/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-mr-miracle. October 3, 2012. DC Comics. live.
  46. Web site: Jack Kirby's The Forever People. September 1, 1999. https://web.archive.org/web/20121003091222/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-forever-people. October 3, 2012. DC Comics. live.
  47. Web site: Jimmy Olsen: Adventures by Jack Kirby. July 23, 2003. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20121003091245/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jimmy-olsen-adventures-by-jack-kirby. October 3, 2012. live.
  48. Web site: Jimmy Olsen: Adventures by Jack Kirby Volume 2. October 20, 2004. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20121003091316/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jimmy-olsen-adventures-by-jack-kirby-vol-2. October 3, 2012. live.
  49. Web site: Jackson. Matthew. Jack Kirby's legendary Fourth World Saga will finally get a glorious new omnibus edition. March 18, 2017. Syfy. https://web.archive.org/web/20180531201720/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/jack-kirbys-legendary-fourth-world-saga-will-finally-get-glorious-new-omnibus-edition. May 31, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  50. Web site: Fourth World Problems – Omnibus Has A Major Printing Error . December 21, 2017.
  51. Web site: Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 1. June 13, 2007. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20140724104951/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-fourth-world-omnibus-vol-1. July 24, 2014. live.
  52. Web site: Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 1 tpb. December 7, 2011. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204457/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-fourth-world-omnibus-vol-1-0. July 14, 2014. live.
  53. Web site: Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 2. September 5, 2007. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20140720181949/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-fourth-world-omnibus-vol-2. July 20, 2014. live.
  54. Web site: Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 2 tpb. April 4, 2012. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20120524072601/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-fourth-world-omnibus-vol-2-0. May 24, 2012. live.
  55. Web site: Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 3. November 21, 2007. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134208/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-fourth-world-omnibus-vol-3. July 14, 2014. live.
  56. Web site: Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 3 tpb. August 22, 2012. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223229/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-fourth-world-omnibus-vol-3-0. July 14, 2014. live.
  57. Web site: Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 4. March 26, 2008. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152041/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirbys-fourth-world-omnibus-vol-4. July 14, 2014. live.
  58. Web site: Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Volume 4 tpb. December 4, 2012. DC Comics. https://web.archive.org/web/20121207083959/http://www.dccomics.com/graphic-novels/jack-kirby%E2%80%99s-fourth-world-omnibus-vol-4. December 7, 2012. live.
  59. Web site: 1971 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004533/http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/shazam71.php . December 3, 2013 . live.
  60. Web site: 1998 Harvey Award Nominees and Winners . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . https://web.archive.org/web/20140428232154/http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/harvey98.php . April 28, 2014 . live.
  61. Web site: 1998 Will Eisner Comic Industry Award Nominees . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054838/http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner98.php . September 21, 2013 . live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Fourth World (comics)".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.