Jack D. Keene Explained

Jack Donald Keene
Birth Name:Jack Donald Keene
Birth Date:1947 6, mf=yes
Birth Place:Jacksonville, Florida
Work Institutions:Duke University
Alma Mater:University of California, Riverside, University of Washington

Jack D. Keene (born June 22, 1947, Jacksonville, Florida) is a James B. Duke Professor of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at Duke University.[1]

Keene studies the regulation of RNA and the mechanisms of RNA-protein interactions. He identified RNA recognition motif (RRM) proteins, which are the largest family of RNA-binding proteins. He isolated the first human autoimmune antigen. He formalized the posttranscriptional operon and regulon (PTRO) model to describe global gene regulation, and proposed the RNA regulon hypothesis to better understand post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs encoding proteins. Keene introduced the RIP (ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation) protocol for isolating specific mRNPs, which has become a tool for the mapping of mRNA targets of specific RBPs.

Early life and education

Jack Donald Keene was born in Jacksonville, Florida on June 22, 1947. His father worked for the RAND Corporation.[2] [3] Keene attended Redlands High School in Redlands, California, graduating in 1965.[1]

Initially a student at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA),he transferred to the University of California, Riverside, where he majored in biology, working with Carlton Bovell.[2] He received his A.B. degree in 1969.[3] Next, Keene studied with Helen Riaboff Whiteley at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, graduating in 1975 with a doctorate in microbiology and Immunology.[1] [2]

He did postdoctoral work in molecular virology with Robert A. Lazzarini in the Laboratory for Molecular Genetics at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland from 1974 to 1978.[1] [2] [3]

Career

In 1979, Keene was recruited by Wolfgang Joklik to the department of microbiology and immunology at Duke University Medical Center. At that time the department was ranked one of the top three in the United States by the National Research Council.[4] Keene was the chairman of the department of microbiology from 1992 to 2002,[4] and director of basic sciences for the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center from 1995 to 2003.[3] As of 1997 he became the James B. Duke Professor of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at Duke University.[5] In 1999 Keene founded the Duke Center for RNA Biology.[1]

Research

Keene studies the regulation of RNA and the mechanisms of RNA-protein interactions.[6] [7] [8]

In his work on molecular genetics, he and his coworkers have examined the role of DNA and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity.[4] In the late 1970s and early 1980s he identified genomic sequences for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV), members of the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses,[9] [10] and for Ebola virus and Marburg virus from the broader group of negative-strand RNA viruses (NSRV).[11] [12] He identified the origins of defective interfering particles of negative-strand RNA viruses.[13] Through combinatorial studies of viral and bacterial systems, he has identified targets for novel pharmacological studies.[4]

Later in the 1980s, Keene identified RNA recognition motif (RRM) proteins. RRM proteins are the largest family of RNA-binding proteins and the seventh largest protein family of the human genome. RRM is a prevalent RNA-binding fold involving proteins implicated in RNA biogenesis, processing, transport, and degradation.[4] [14]

In 1987, Query and Keene first identified a B-cell epitope within the U1-70K protein.[15] [16] Keene isolated the first human autoimmune antigen and elucidated its autoimmune epitopes, the parts of an antigen to which antibodies in the immune system can bind.[4] He cloned rheumatological autoimmune protein genes. He developed a diagnostic test for systemic lupus erythematosus using recombinant antigens.[4] [17] [18]

Keene's lab has identified functions of the ELAV/Hu posttranscriptional regulators HuB, HuC and HuD and their roles and that of HuR in processes of growth, proliferation, differentiation, and immune response.[4] [19] [20] [21] The study of RNA-binding proteins such as HuR and the determination of the binding of specific sequences have informed Keene's later post-transcription theory and his coordination theory of RNA operons.[2] [4]

RNA-binding proteins appear to be implicated in the functioning of many posttranscriptional processes. As of 1994, Keene suggested that RNA-binding proteins could be involved in the regulation of messenger RNA that encode cytokines. In 2000, he was able to apply this approach to demonstrate neuronal differentiation.[1] He also introduced the first use of the RIP (ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation) protocol, isolating specific mRNPs using immunoprecipitation, and identifying the mRNA component with microarray or deep sequencing. This method has become a tool for the mapping of mRNA targets of specific RBPs.[22] [23]

In 2001–2002, Keene formalized the posttranscriptional operon and regulon (PTRO) model for global gene regulation.[4] [24] [25] By 2007, Keene proposed the RNA regulon hypothesis, "that mRNAs encoded by functionally related genes may be coordinately regulated as posttranscriptional RNA regulons by specific mRNP processing machineries".[26] The purpose of the RNA regulon model was to better understand post-transcriptional regulation, to answer the question "How does the cell coordinate metabolism and regulation of mRNAs encoding proteins in the same biological process so that the proteins can be coordinately produced?"[27] [28] [29]

Awards and honors

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Jack Keene, PhD – Biography . Duke University . 5 November 2019.
  2. Web site: Center for Oral History. Jack D. Keene . .
  3. Book: Arnold . Thackray . Stephanie . Morris . David . Caruso . Jack D. Keene, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Arnold Thackray, Stephanie Morris, and David Caruso at Ixtapa, Mexico, and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland on 5 March 1989 and 23 and 25 April 2008 . 2008 . Philadelphia, PA. .
  4. Book: Hamilton . John D. . The History of Infectious Diseases At Duke University In the Twentieth Century . February 10, 2015 . Lulu Publishing Services . 139–140 . 23 February 2020. 9781483423753 .
  5. Web site: Jack Donald Keene . Scholars @ Duke University . 8 February 2020.
  6. Doyle . Francis . Tenenbaum . Scott A. . Trans-regulation of RNA-binding protein motifs by microRNA . Frontiers in Genetics . 15 April 2014 . 5 . 79 . 10.3389/fgene.2014.00079. 4006066 . 24795744 . free .
  7. Keene . J. D. . Biological Clocks and the Coordination Theory of RNA Operons and Regulons . Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology . January 2007 . 72 . 1 . 157–165 . 10.1101/sqb.2007.72.013 . 18419273 . free .
  8. Keene . Jack D. . Minireview: Global Regulation and Dynamics of Ribonucleic Acid . Endocrinology . April 2010 . 151 . 4 . 1391–1397 . 10.1210/en.2009-1250 . 20332203 . 2850242 .
  9. Book: Wagner . Robert R. . The Rhabdoviruses . June 29, 2013 . Springer Science & Business Media . 139–140 . 9781468470321 .
  10. Keene . J. D. . Schubert . M. . Lazzarini . R. A. . Rosenberg . M. . Nucleotide sequence homology at the 3' termini of RNA from vesicular stomatitis virus and its defective interfering particles. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 1 July 1978 . 75 . 7 . 3225–3229 . 392747. 10.1073/pnas.75.7.3225 . 210454 . 1978PNAS...75.3225K . free .
  11. Deflubé . Laure R. . Cressey . Tessa N. . Hume . Adam J. . Olejnik . Judith . Haddock . Elaine . Feldmann . Friederike . Ebihara . Hideki . Fearns . Rachel . Mühlberger . Elke . Ebolavirus polymerase uses an unconventional genome replication mechanism . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 23 April 2019 . 116 . 17 . 8535–8543 . 10.1073/pnas.1815745116 . 30962389 . 6486738 . free .
  12. Kiley . Michael P. . Wilusz . Jeffrey . Mc Cormick . Joseph B. . Keene . Jack D. . Conservation of the 3′ terminal nucleotide sequences of Ebola and Marburg virus . Virology . March 1986 . 149 . 2 . 251–254 . 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90127-3 . 3946083 .
  13. Lazzarini . Robert A. . Keene . Jack D. . Schubert . Manfred . The origins of defective interfering particles of the negative-strand RNA viruses . Cell . October 1981 . 26 . 2 . 145–154 . 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90298-1 . 7037195 .
  14. Loerch . Sarah . Kielkopf . Clara L. . Dividing and Conquering the Family of RNA Recognition Motifs: A Representative Case Based on hnRNP L . Journal of Molecular Biology . September 2015 . 427 . 19 . 2997–3000 . 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.06.009 . 26101840 . 4820351 .
  15. Kattah . Nicole H. . Kattah . Michael G. . Utz . Paul J. . The U1-snRNP complex: structural properties relating to autoimmune pathogenesis in rheumatic diseases . Immunological Reviews . January 2010 . 233 . 1 . 126–145 . 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00863.x . 20192997 . 3074261 .
  16. Query . C . A human autoimmune protein associated with U1 RNA contains a region of homology that is cross-reactive with retroviral p30gag antigen . Cell . October 1987 . 51 . 2 . 211–220 . 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90148-6 . 2959371 . 3074261 .
  17. Habets . WJ . Hoet . MH . Sillekens . PT . De Rooij . DJ . Van de Putte . LB . Van Venrooij . WJ . Detection of autoantibodies in a quantitative immunoassay using recombinant ribonucleoprotein antigens. . Clinical and Experimental Immunology . May 1989 . 76 . 2 . 172–7 . 2527098 . 1541836 .
  18. Chambers . J. C. . Keene . J. D. . Isolation and analysis of cDNA clones expressing human lupus La antigen. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 1 April 1985 . 82 . 7 . 2115–2119 . 10.1073/pnas.82.7.2115 . 3856888 . 397503 . 1985PNAS...82.2115C . free .
  19. Simone . Laura E . Keene . Jack D . Mechanisms coordinating ELAV/Hu mRNA regulons . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . February 2013 . 23 . 1 . 35–43 . 10.1016/j.gde.2012.12.006 . 23312841 . 3617084 .
  20. Bevilacqua . Annamaria . Ceriani . Maria Cristina . Capaccioli . Sergio . Nicolin . Angelo . Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by degradation of messenger RNAs . Journal of Cellular Physiology . June 2003 . 195 . 3 . 356–372 . 10.1002/jcp.10272 . 12704645 .
  21. Mansfield . Kyle D. . Keene . Jack D. . Neuron-specific ELAV/Hu proteins suppress HuR mRNA during neuronal differentiation by alternative polyadenylation . Nucleic Acids Research . March 2012 . 40 . 6 . 2734–2746 . 10.1093/nar/gkr1114 . 22139917 . 3315332 .
  22. Sanford . Jeremy R. . Penalva . Luiz O. F. . The 3′ end of the story: deciphering combinatorial interactions that control mRNA fate . Genome Biology . 29 November 2017 . 18 . 1 . 227 . 10.1186/s13059-017-1360-6 . 29187223 . 5707901 . free .
  23. Keene . J. D. . Ribonucleoprotein infrastructure regulating the flow of genetic information between the genome and the proteome . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 19 June 2001 . 98 . 13 . 7018–7024 . 10.1073/pnas.111145598 . 11416181 . 34616 . 2001PNAS...98.7018K . free .
  24. Aparicio . Luis A. . Abella . Vanessa . Valladares . Manuel . Figueroa . Angélica . Posttranscriptional regulation by RNA-binding proteins during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 29 May 2013 . 70 . 23 . 4463–4477 . 10.1007/s00018-013-1379-0. 3827902 . 23715860 . free .
  25. Keene . Jack D. . RNA regulons: coordination of post-transcriptional events . Nature Reviews Genetics . July 2007 . 8 . 7 . 533–543 . 10.1038/nrg2111 . 17572691 . 8 February 2020.
  26. Wang . Li . Miao . Yi-Liang . Zheng . Xiaofeng . Lackford . Brad . Zhou . Bingying . Han . Leng . Yao . Chengguo . Ward . James M. . Burkholder . Adam . Lipchina . Inna . Fargo . David C. . Hochedlinger . Konrad . Shi . Yongsheng . Williams . Carmen J. . Hu . Guang . The THO Complex Regulates Pluripotency Gene mRNA Export and Controls Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Somatic Cell Reprogramming . Cell Stem Cell . December 2013 . 13 . 6 . 676–690 . 10.1016/j.stem.2013.10.008 . 24315442 . 3962795 .
  27. Culjkovic-Kraljacic . Biljana . Borden . Katherine L. B. . The Impact of Post-transcriptional Control: Better Living Through RNA Regulons . Frontiers in Genetics . 5 November 2018 . 9 . 512 . 10.3389/fgene.2018.00512 . 30455716 . 6230556 . free .
  28. Book: Pulendran . Bali . Katsikis . Peter D. . Schoenberger . Stephen P. . Crossroads between Innate and Adaptive Immunity III . August 19, 2011 . Springer Science & Business Media . 1–3 . 24 February 2020. 9781441956323 .
  29. Book: Harding . Stephen . Larsson . Ola . Nadon . Robert . Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Reviews. 25. Gene Expression - Time to change point of view? . April 1, 2009 . Nottingham University Press . 86–87 . 9781904761662 . https://books.google.com/books?id=lLexAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86.
  30. Web site: Jack D. Keene, Ph.D. . The Pew Charitable Trusts. . 23 February 2020.

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