Juniperus communis explained

Juniperus communis, the common juniper, is a species of small tree or shrub in the cypress family Cupressaceae. An evergreen conifer, it has the largest geographical range of any woody plant, with a circumpolar distribution throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere.

Description

Juniperus communis is highly variable in form, ranging from 10m (30feet)—rarely 16m (52feet)—tall to a low, often prostrate spreading shrub in exposed locations. It has needle-like leaves in whorls of three; the leaves are green, with a single white stomatal band on the inner surface. It never attains the scale-like adult foliage of other members of the genus.^[1] It is dioecious, with male and female cones on separate plants so requiring wind pollination to transfer pollen from male to female cones. Male trees or shrubs naturally live longer than female trees or shrubs; a male tree or shrub can live more than 2000 years.^{[2] [3] [4] [5]}

The male cones are yellow, 2mm3mm long, and fall soon after shedding their pollen in March–April. The fruit are berry-like cones known as juniper berries. They are initially green, ripening in 18 months to purple-black with a blue waxy coating; they are spherical, 4- diameter, and usually have three (occasionally six) fleshy fused scales, each scale with a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard, unwinged seeds in their droppings.^{[6] [7] [8]}

Chemistry

The juniper berry oil is composed largely of monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α-pinene, myrcene, sabinene, limonene and β-pinene.^[9]

Subspecies

As to be expected from the wide range, J. communis is very variable, with several infraspecific taxa; delimitation between the taxa is still uncertain, with genetic data not matching morphological data well.^{[6] [7] [8] [10] [11] [12] [13]}

• subsp. communis – Common juniper. Usually an erect shrub or small tree; leaves NaNmm long; cones small, 5–8 mm, usually shorter than the leaves; found at low to moderate altitude in temperate climates
  • subsp. communis var. communis – Europe, most of northern Asia
  • subsp. communis var. depressa – North America, Sierra Nevada in California
  • subsp. communis var. hemisphaerica – Mediterranean mountains
  • subsp. communis var. nipponica – Japan (status uncertain, often treated as J. rigida var. nipponica)
• subsp. alpina – alpine juniper (syn. J. c. subsp. nana, J. c. var. saxatilis Pallas, J. sibirica Burgsd.). Usually a prostrate ground-hugging shrub; leaves short, 3–8 mm; cones often larger, 7–12 mm, usually longer than the leaves; found in subarctic areas and high altitude alpine zones in temperate areas
  • subsp. alpina var. alpina – Greenland, Europe and Asia
  • subsp. alpina var. megistocarpa – Eastern Canada (doubtfully distinct from var. alpina)
  • subsp. alpina var. jackii – Western North America (doubtfully distinct from var. alpina)

Some botanists treat subsp. alpina at the lower rank of variety, in which case the correct name is J. communis var. saxatilis Pallas,^[7] though the name J. communis var. montana is also occasionally cited; others, primarily in eastern Europe and Russia, sometimes treat it as a distinct species J. sibirica Burgsd. (syn. J. nana Willd., J. alpina S.F.Gray).^[14]

Distribution and habitat

The species has the largest geographical range of any woody plant, with a circumpolar distribution throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic south in mountains to around 30°N latitude in North America, Europe and Asia.^[15] Relict populations can be found in the Atlas Mountains of Africa.

J. communis is one of Ireland's longest established plants.^[16]

Cultivation

Juniperus communis is cultivated in the horticulture trade and used as an evergreen ornamental shrub in gardens. The following cultivars gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993:^[17]

• Juniperus communis 'Compressa'^[18]
• Juniperus communis 'Green Carpet'^[19] (prostrate shrub)
• Juniperus communis 'Hibernica' (Irish juniper)^[20]
• Juniperus communis 'Repanda'^[21] (prostrate shrub)

Uses

Crafts

It is too small to have any general lumber usage. In Scandinavia, however, juniper wood is used for making containers for storing small quantities of dairy products such as butter and cheese, and also for making wooden butter knives. It was also frequently used for trenails in wooden shipbuilding by shipwrights for its tough properties.

In Estonia juniper wood is valued for its long lasting and pleasant aroma, very decorative natural structure of wood (growth rings) as well as good physical properties of wood due to slow growth rate of juniper and resulting dense and strong wood. Various decorative items (often eating utensils) are common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households.

According to the old tradition, on Easter Monday Kashubian (Northern Poland) boys chase girls whipping their legs gently with juniper twigs. This is to bring good fortune in love to the chased girls.

Juniper wood, especially burl wood, is frequently used to make knife handles for French pocketknives such as the Laguiole.

Culinary

Its astringent blue-black seed cones, commonly known as juniper berries, are too bitter to eat raw and are usually sold dried and used to flavour meats, sauces, and stuffings. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. Since juniper berries have a strong taste, they should be used sparingly. They are generally used to enhance meat with a strong flavour, such as game, including game birds, or tongue.

The cones are used to flavour certain beers and gin (the word "gin" derives from an Old French word meaning "juniper").^[22] In Finland, juniper is used as a key ingredient in making sahti, a traditional Finnish ale. Also the Slovak alcoholic beverage Borovička and Dutch Jenever are flavoured with juniper berry or its extract.

Juniper is used in the traditional farmhouse ales of Norway,^[23] Sweden,^[24] Finland,^[25] Estonia, and Latvia. In Norway, the beer is brewed with juniper infusion instead of water, while in the other countries the juniper twigs are mainly used as filters to prevent the crushed malts from clogging the outlet of the lauter tun. The use of juniper in farmhouse brewing has been common in much of northern Europe, seemingly for a very long time.^[26]

Traditional medicine

Juniper berries have long been used as medicine by many cultures including the Navajo people.^[27] Western American tribes combined the berries of J. communis with Berberis root bark in a herbal tea. Native Americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive.^[28]

Medicine

Juniper leaves were found to harbor fungi with potent anti-fungal compounds,^[29] including ibrexafungerp, which is now FDA approved to treat fungal infections.

Further reading

• Farjon, A. . 2013 . Juniperus communis . 2013 . e.T42229A2963096 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.

External links

• USDA: Juniperus communis
• Jepson Manual Treatment - Juniperus communis
• Juniperus communis - Photo Gallery
• Juniperus communis - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

Notes and References

1. Book: Stace, C. A.. Stace, C. A.. 2010. New Flora of the British Isles. Third. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K.. 9780521707725.
2. Lena K. Ward,The Conservation of Juniper: Longevity and Old Age,Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Dec., 1982), pp. 917-928
3. Lloyd, D.G. and C.J. Webb. 1977. Secondary sex characters in plants. The Botanical Review, 43: 177-216
4. Forsberg, G.E. 1888. Ueber die Geschlechterverteilung bei Juniperus communis. Bot. Zentralbl. 33, 91-92.
5. Molisch H, ed. (1929).Die Lebensdauer der Pflanzen.Verlag Gustav Fischer, Jena.
6. Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm .
7. Adams, R. P. (2004). Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus. Victoria: Trafford. .
8. Arboretum de Villardebelle: Juniperus
9. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Juniper Berry (Juniperus communis L.) Essential Oil. Action of the Essential Oil on the Antioxidant Protection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Model Organism . 2014 . Antioxidants . 81–98 . 3 . 1 . 10.3390/antiox3010081 . 26784665 . 4665443 . Höferl . Martina . Stoilova . Ivanka . Schmidt . Erich . Wanner . Jürgen . Jirovetz . Leopold . Trifonova . Dora . Krastev . Lutsian . Krastanov . Albert. free .
10. Flora Europaea: Juniperus communis
11. Adams, R. P., Pandey, R. N., Leverenz, J. W., Dignard, N., Hoegh, K., & Thorfinnsson, T. (2003). Pan-Arctic variation in Juniperus communis: Historical Biogeography based on DNA fingerprinting. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31: 181–192 pdf file .
12. Adams, R. P., & Pandey, R. N. (2003). Analysis of Juniperus communis and its varieties based on DNA fingerprinting. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31: 1271-1278. pdf file
13. Adams, R. P., & Nguyen, S. (2007). Post-Pleistocene geographic variation in Juniperus communis in North America. Phytologia 89 (1): 43–57. pdf file
14. Association Ecosystem (Russia): Juniperus sibirica
15. Book: Nordens flora . 2020 . Gyldendal . Bo Mossberg . Lennart Stenberg . 978-87-02-28916-9 . Nye, udvidede og omarbejdede udgave . Copenhagen . 1158895781 . da.
16. Preston . S. J. . Wilson . C. . Jennings . S. . Provan . J. . McDonald . R. A. . 2007 . The status of Juniperus communis L. in Northern Ireland in 2005 . Ir. Nat. J. . 28 . 372–378 .
17. Web site: AGM ornamentals . Royal Horticultural Society . London . 2015 .
18. Web site: Juniperus communis Compressa . Royal Horticultural Society . London . 2015 .
19. Web site: Juniperus communis Green Carpet . Royal Horticultural Society . London . 2015 .
20. Web site: Juniperus communis Hibernica . Royal Horticultural Society . London . 2015 .
21. Web site: Juniperus communis Repanda . Royal Horticultural Society . London . 2015 .
22. Book: Shorter Oxford English dictionary. 6th. 2007. Oxford University Press. United Kingdom. 978-0199206872. 3804.
23. Brewing and beer traditions in Norway: The socialanthropological background of the brewing industry, Odd Nordland, Universitetsforlaget, 1969.
24. Gotlandsdricka: Traditionell kultur som regional identitetssymbol, Anders Salomonsson, Skrifter utg. av Etnologiska sallskapet i Lund, 1979, .
25. Vom Halm zum Fass: Die volkstumlichen Alkoholarmen : Getreidegetranke in Finnland, Matti Räsänen, Kansatieteellinen arkisto, 1975.
26. Web site: The juniper mystery.
27. Herbal Therapies and Diabetes Among Navajo Indians . 2005 . . 1534–1535 . 28 . 6 . 10.2337/diacare.28.6.1534-a . 15920089 . McCabe . Melvina . Gohdes . Dorothy . Morgan . Frank . Eakin . Joanne . Sanders . Margaret . Schmitt . Cheryl . free .
28. Book: Tilford, Gregory L. . Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West . 978-0-87842-359-0 . Mountain Press Publishing Company . 1997.
29. The discovery of enfumafungin, a novel antifungal compound produced by an endophytic Hormonema species biological activity and taxonomy of the producing organisms . 2010 . . 333–343 . 23 . 3 . 10.1016/s0723-2020(00)80062-4 . 11108011 . Peláez F, Cabello A, Platas G, Díez MT, González del Val A, Basilio A, Martán I, Vicente F, Bills GE, Giacobbe RA, Schwartz RE, Onish JC, Meinz MS, Abruzzo GK, Flattery AM, Kong L, Kurtz MB.