| Jerez de la Frontera | |
| Settlement Type: | Municipality |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | Spain |
| Subdivision Type1: | Autonomous community |
| Subdivision Name1: | Andalusia |
| Subdivision Type2: | Province |
| Subdivision Name2: | Cádiz |
| Subdivision Name5: | Municipios de la Bahía de Cádiz |
| Coordinates: | 36.6817°N -6.1378°W |
| Elevation M: | 56 |
| Area Total Km2: | 1188.23 |
| Population Rank: | 25th, Spain |
| Population Demonym: | Jerezanos |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Timezone: | CET |
| Utc Offset: | +1 |
| Timezone Dst: | CEST |
| Utc Offset Dst: | +2 |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code |
| Postal Code: | 11401 – 11409 |
| Area Code Type: | Area code |
| Leader Title: | Mayor |
| Leader Name: | María José García-Pelayo |
| Leader Party: | PP |
Jerez de la Frontera (pronounced as /es/) or simply Jerez, also cited in old English-language sources as English: '''Xeres''', is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Located in southwestern Iberia, it lies on the Campiña de Jerez, an inland low-land plain crossed by the Guadalete river, midway the Atlantic Ocean, the Guadalquivir river and the western reaches of the Subbaetic System.
, with 213,105 inhabitants, Jerez is the most-populated municipality in the province of Cádiz. Its municipality covers an area of 1188.14km2 and includes Los Alcornocales Natural Park.
Winegrowing has long been, particularly upon the transition to modern agro-extractivism in the mid 18th century, the main drive of the economy of Jerez.[1] During the 19th century, the local wine Sherry was overwhelmingly produced for foreign export, catering to the British market in the first place.[2] Throughout this century the city earned a reputation as a paradigm for large landowners, high social inequality, and the winery-related identity.[3]
Since 1987, Grand Prix motorcycle racing has been held at the Circuito de Jerez in early May. The circuit has also hosted several Formula One Grands Prix, including the 1997 European Grand Prix, which decided the 1997 Formula One World Championship. Other festivals in the city include the Feria de Jerez and the Holy Week.
The classical Latin name of Asta Regia, unrelated to the present name, referred to an ancient city now found within Mesas de Asta, a rural district approximately 11km (07miles) from the center of Jerez.
The current Spanish-language name came by way of the Arabic-language name Arabic: شريش Sharīsh,[4] used during the Muslim period in Iberia. The placename was rendered as Xerez or Xerés (pronounced as /osp/) in old Romance sources; hence the name of the famous fortified wine, sherry. Spanish; Castilian: Frontera is the Spanish-language cognate of 'frontier', owing to being located on the border between the Moorish and Christian regions on the Iberian Peninsula during the 13th century. Upon the Modern-era readjustment and simplification of Spanish-language sibilant phonemes (including pronounced as /link/ changed into pronounced as /link/) the spelling of the placename ended up being changed accordingly.
The old spelling Xerez as the name given to the city survived in several foreign languages until very recently, and today continues to influence the name given to sherry: Portuguese Portuguese: Xerez pronounced as /pt-PT/, Catalan Catalan; Valencian: Xerès pronounced as /ca/, English sherry, French French: xérès pronounced as /fr/. The city's main football team continues to use the old spelling, Xerez.
Traces of human presence in the area date from the upper Neolithic, and humans have inhabited Jerez de la Frontera since at least the Copper or Neolithic Age, but the identity of the first natives remains unclear. The first major protohistoric settlement in the area (around the third millennium BC) is attributed to the Tartessians.[5] Jerez later became a Roman city under the name of Asta Regia (located 8 km further north at Cortijo el Rosario).
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Vandals and the Visigoths ruled the area until the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early 8th century. In the 11th century it briefly became the seat of an independent taifa. Some years later 'Abdun ibn Muhammad united it with Arcos de la Frontera and ruled both (ca. 1040–1053). In 1053 it was annexed to Seville. From 1145 to 1147 the region of Arcos and Jerez briefly operated as an emirate under the dependency of Granada, led by Abu'l-Qasim Ahyal. Later the Almohads conquered the city. In the 12th and 13th centuries Jerez underwent a period of great development, building its defense system and setting the current street layout of the old town.
In 1231 the Battle of Jerez took place within Jerez. Christian troops under the command of Álvaro Pérez de Castro, lord of the House of Castro and grandson of Alfonso VII, king of Castile and León, defeated the troops of the Emir Ibn Hud, despite the numerical superiority of the latter. After a month-long siege in 1261, the city surrendered to Castile, but its Muslim population remained. It rebelled and was finally defeated in 1264.
Due to its agriculture-based economy and demographics, Jerez was already a major city of the Lower Andalusia towards the end of the Middle Ages.Historically, a Jewish community existed in Jerez until the 1492 expulsion of the Jews. Today the street "Juderia", meaning Jewish quarter in Spanish, in Jerez marks where the old Jewish quarter once existed.[6]
The discovery of the Americas and the conquest of Granada, in 1492, made Jerez one of the most prosperous cities of Andalusia through trade and through its proximity to the ports of Seville and Cádiz. Attracted by the economic possibilities offered by the winemaking business, a substantial foreign European population (English, Flemish, Portuguese and, most notably, Genoese) installed in the city. Together with the local wealthy class, they participated in slave ownership.
Despite the social, economic and political decadence that occurred in the seventeenth century, towards the end of the Habsburg rule, the city managed to maintain a reasonable pace of development, becoming world-famous for its wine industry.
In January 1892, a peasant uprising took place in Jerez and its violent repression lead to a series of protests and revenge bombings in the next decade.[7]
See also: List of mayors of Jerez de la Frontera. The city of Jerez is governed by the ayuntamiento (municipality) of Jerez, whose representatives, as in other towns in Spain, are elected every four years by universal suffrage for all citizens older than 18 years of age. The body is chaired by the mayor of Jerez.
The economy of Jerez has traditionally been centred on the wine industry, with exports of sherry worldwide. Because it lacks the civil service that other cities enjoy, Jerez has based its economy on industry. The cultivation of fruits, grains, and vegetables and horse and cattle husbandry has also been important to the local economy. It is the home base for the Spanish Military Stud farm, the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera.
After the wine crisis in the 1990s, the city is now seeking to expand its industrial base. Tourism has been successfully promoted. The city's strong identity as a center for wine, flamenco, and horses, its popular festivals, MotoGP hosting and its historical heritage have contributed to this success.
The city is the home of Jerez Airport and has also been positioning itself as a logistics hub for western Andalusia, through the integration between the airport, the rail system and nearby ports.
Jerez de la Frontera is located in the region of Campiña de Jerez, which includes the municipalities of Jerez de la Frontera and San José del Valle. The territory of the region corresponds to the previous municipality of the city of Jerez, before the disintegration of San José del Valle in 1995. The municipality of Jerez is the largest in the province of Cadiz and the sixth in Spain with 1188 square kilometers.
The region of the Campiña de Jerez is crossed by the Guadalete River. There are several wetlands in its territory, such as the lagoons of Medina and Torrox. There are also the Montes de Propio de Jerez, included in the Natural Park of Los Alcornocales. Its agriculture is known for the designation of origin of its wine, sherry, grown in the triangle formed between Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda and El Puerto de Santa María.
Jerez de la Frontera is located from El Puerto de Santa Maria, from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Strait of Gibraltar. The city is one of the six municipalities that make up the Metropolitan Area of the Bay of Cadiz-Jerez, a polynuclear urban agglomeration formed by the municipalities of Cadiz, Chiclana de la Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Puerto Real, El Puerto de Santa Maria and San Fernando located in the Bay of Cadiz.
Jerez de la Frontera and the rest of the Cádiz metropolitan area have a Subtropical–Mediterranean climate. For its situation being inland (specially the airport which is further inland than the city), the Atlantic influences are small. Jerez is characterized by mild, short winters with occasional cool nights and hot, long summers with occasional very hot temperatures; unlike the surrounding coastal areas which are characterized by very mild winters and long warm summers. Most of the rain falls from October to January, while the summers are very dry but not rainless. For its situation being inland, the daytime temperatures are higher than in the coast and the lows are cooler, with a difference of at least 10 °C between the highs and the low temperatures of each month. The average annual temperature is 24.4°C during the day and 11.9°C at night. The average annual precipitation is 570mm per year, concentrated in the months of October through April. December is the wettest month with 109mm. The city averages 53 rainy days, 137 clear days and 2,965 hours of sunshine a year. Snow is extremely rare, and it is even more infrequent than in most of the southern European islands. The last snowfall recorded in the city happened on February 2, 1954. Since then, no snowfall has been recorded.[8]
Jerez is the world capital of sherry, a fortified wine made from white grapes grown near the city of Jerez. Jerez has been a centre of viniculture since the Phoenicians introduced winemaking to Spain in 1100 BC. The Romans continued the practice after they took control of Iberia around 200 BC. The Moors conquered the region in AD 711 and introduced distillation, which led to the development of brandy and fortified wine. Because sherry was a major wine export to the United Kingdom, British families founded many of the Jerez cellars. The city has many bodegas (wineries), many of which are of British origin. The most important include:
Brandy de Jerez is a brandy exclusively produced within the "Sherry Triangle" (which is bounded by Jerez de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa María and Sanlúcar de Barrameda, all in the province of Cádiz). Brandy de Jerez is used in Spanish cuisine, especially with meats.
See also: Carthusian horse.
Jerez is the original home of the Carthusian sub-strain of the Andalusian horse breed, known as the Caballo cartujano in Spain. In the latter 1400s, the Carthusian monks began breeding horses on lands donated by Álvaro Obertos de Valeto for construction of the Charterhouse of Jerez de la Frontera (la Cartuja de Jerez de la Frontera). When the Spanish Crown decreed that Spanish horse breeders should breed their Andalusian stock with Neapolitan and central European stock, the monks refused to comply,[9] and continued to select their best specimens to develop their own jealously guarded bloodline for almost four hundred years.
Jerez is the home of the Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art, a riding school comparable to the famous Spanish Riding School of Vienna.
Another famous equine institution headquartered in Jerez is the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera (known outside Spain as the Yeguada Militar), the Spanish military stud farm dedicated to the breeding of purebred Andalusian and Arabian horses. Founded in 1847, it became the official stud farm of the Spanish military in 1893.
The 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games were held in Jerez at the Estadio Municipal de Chapín, which was remodeled for the event, from September 10 to September 22, 2002. This was the 4th edition of the games, which are held every four years and run by the FEI.
Jerez is proud of its Andalusian Centre of Flamenco, which was founded in 1993 to safeguard and promote the values and standards of flamenco. It is devoted to the investigation, recovery, and collection of flamenco-related historical documents, whether they are in audio, visual, or journalistic form. It also has a collection of flamenco artifacts, including musical instruments, costumes, promotional posters, sheet music, and postcards. The centre operates a museum and library to help educate the public and serve as a resource for scholars. Many of the most famous personalities of the city are or were involved in the performance of flamenco, including La Paquera de Jerez, Lola Flores and José Mercé.
Since 1987 the Grand Prix motorcycle racing has been held at the Circuito de Jerez in early May. Thousands of motorbikers from around the world come to the city this week to watch the MotoGP race held in Jerez annually. The race is one of the most watched races in Europe.
Another popular festival is the Feria del Caballo (declared a festival of international tourist interest), one of the most famous Spanish fairs, and the most important fair in the province of Cádiz. It is celebrated annually in the Parque González Hontoria for one week in May, occurring always after the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix. The a fair dedicated mainly to the horse. All booths (casetas) at the fair are open to the public, so that attendees may walk into any one of them and enjoy the food, drinks, and dancing. This is one of the main features that differentiates the Feria de Jerez from the rest of the Andalusian Fairs, such as the Seville Fair, where most of the casetas are private and only card-holding members are allowed in.
Holy Week in Jerez, as in other cities in Andalusia, commemorates the Passion of Jesus Christ. It is celebrated by Catholic religious brotherhoods and fraternities that perform penance processions on the streets during the last week of Lent, the week immediately before Easter. The Holy Week of Jerez de la Frontera stands out for being one of the most important in Andalusia in terms of number of brotherhoods, quality in its carvings and iconographic sets. Holy Week in Jerez was declared of National Tourist Interest in 1993.
During the Christmas season, from the end of November to the end of December, many peñas (religious and cultural clubs) celebrate the holidays with public festivals where anyone can go to drink, eat, dance and sing Christmas carols, accompanied by friction drums called zambombas.
There are also:
The old quarter of Jerez, dating from medieval times, has been named an "Artistic Historic Complex". The Easter week celebrations in Jerez are of "National Touristic Interest", and its remarkable Feria del Caballo in May is an event of "International Touristic Interest".
The Andalusian Flamenco Centre is located in the Pemartín Palace (Palacio de Pemartín) and offers a library, displays, video films and live demonstrations of the art of flamenco dancing.
See also: Circuito de Jerez. The city of Jerez is the first motorcycling world capital.[10] It is the site of Circuito de Jerez, formerly called the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, where the annual MotoGP Motorcycle Grand Prix is contested.
The race course is also a prime destination for Formula One teams wishing to perform off-season testing. In the past it has hosted the F1 race itself, namely the Spanish Grand Prix between 1986 and 1990, before the race moved permanently to the Catalunya Circuit near Barcelona. Since then Jerez has hosted Formula One races a few times, with the designation of the European Grand Prix in 1994 and the race in 1997 which decided the 1997 Formula One World Championship.
The Complejo Municipal de Chapín is a complex of sports facilities that includes a football stadium and field, a baseball field, equestrian facilities and a Sports Hall, as well as a futsal field and basketball and volleyball courts.
The Estadio Municipal de Chapín, a multi-purpose stadium, was built in 1988 and seats 20,523 spectators. In 2002 the stadium was remodeled to hold the 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games. The whole grandstand was covered with a roof, and a hotel and spa-gym were added. It was historically the home of Xerez CD, the city's club founded in 1947 and known simply as Xerez, which played in the top division in the 2009–2010 season. Currently, the stadium is the home of Xerez Deportivo FC, founded in 2013 to replace the old Xerez club.
The stadium, which has a running track, was designated as an Olympic Stadium. The most important track team training there is the Club Atletismo Xerez Deportivo FC, which won the Spanish championships in 2001–2007.
Canasta Unibasket Jerez and DKV Jerez are the city's basketball teams; they play in Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín.
Venenciadores de Jerez, the city's baseball team, is currently without a home field and awaits completion of one in the Complejo Municipal de Chapín.
The main futsal team in Jerez is Xerez Deportivo FC (also known as Xerez Toyota Nimauto for sponsorship reasons). It was founded in 2014 and currently plays in the Ruiz Mateos Sports Center and the Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín in Segunda Andaluza.
The most important rugby club is Club Rugby Xerez, which trains at the Pradera Hípica in Chapín.
The Domecq Stadium was the first football stadium in Jerez de la Frontera. It was the home of Xerez CD and Jerez Industrial CF before its demolition. The Stadium del Parque (Park Stadium) was built in 1923 and remodeled (with the name of Domecq Stadium) in 1932 by the architect Francisco Hernández Rubio. It held 20,523 and it was demolished in 1988.
Currently, the Juventud Stadium is the oldest stadium in the city. It holds 5,000 and is the home of Jerez Industrial CF, founded in 1951, the main rival of Xerez.
Formerly, the football field belonged to the youth hostel which is located in the vicinity thereof, hence its name.
It is the CD Guadalcacín stadium, which plays in the Tercera Division. It is placed in Guadalcacín, a neighborhood northern Jerez.
The 2014 Vuelta a España cycle race began in Jerez de la Frontera on 23 August, with a 12.6km (07.8miles) team time trial. The race followed a 21-stage route, finishing in Santiago de Compostela on 14 September.
Club Natación Jerez, is the main Swimming Club in Jerez. It has won the "Campeonato de España Master" ("Championship of Spain Master") many times.
There are 76 elementary schools, 41 secondary schools, 12 adult education centres and 10 public libraries in the city of Jerez.
The University of Cádiz, the provincial university, has a campus in Jerez. It specializes in socio-political studies.
The city is also home to a member of the Official School of Languages (Escuela Oficial de Idiomas) and a centre of the National Distance Education University (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED).
Jerez Airport, also known as Aeropuerto de La Parra, is the main airport in the province of Cádiz. It is located 8km (05miles) north of the city centre and is connected to the city by train and bus.
It was built in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War by the Nationalists in order to transport soldiers from Africa to Spain. The airport was open to civil traffic in 1992. It is the third most important airport in Andalucia after Malaga and Seville.
Jerez has had a railway line since 1854, which was one of the first in Spain, the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway. The line went between Jerez and El Puerto de Santa María and transported wine barrels for export. Jerez de la Frontera railway station is used by more passengers than Cádiz and is the fourth busiest in Andalucia.
Next to the Aeropuerto de Jerez, there is a new train station which connects the airport through the Cercanías Cádiz line C-1 to nearby Jerez, and also to Cádiz, Sevilla, Lebrija, Utrera, El Puerto de Santa María, and San Fernando.
The city of Jerez has 16 bus lines:
From Jerez are made regular trips to the following towns:
| Identifier | Itinerary | Observations | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A-4 E-5 | Madrid - Córdoba - Seville - Dos Hermanas - Jerez - El Puerto de Santa María - Puerto Real - Cádiz | Connects Jerez and the Province of Cádiz to Province of Seville | |
| AP-4 E-5 | Seville - Jerez - Cádiz | Connects Jerez and the Province of Cádiz to Province of Seville | |
| A-381 | Jerez - Medina Sidonia - Alcalá de los Gazules - Los Barrios | Connects Jerez to the Janda and the Campo de Gibraltar | |
| A-382 | Jerez - Jédula - Arcos de la Frontera | Connects Jerez to the Sierra de Cádiz | |
| A-480 | Chipiona - Sanlúcar de Barrameda - Jerez | Connects Bajo Guadalquivir to Jerez |
Jerez has 41km (25miles) of bike lanes that follow the main avenues of the city.
According to official population data from INE, the municipality of Jerez had 213,105[11] inhabitants as of January 1, 2020. This makes Jerez the most populous city in the province, fifth in Andalusia, and 25th in Spain.
Growth of the population of Jerez de la Frontera from 1842
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BarData=
bar:1842 text:1842 bar:1857 text:1857 bar:1877 text:1877 bar:1887 text:1887 bar:1900 text:1900 bar:1910 text:1910 bar:1920 text:1920 bar:1930 text:1930 bar:1940 text:1940 bar:1950 text:1950 bar:1960 text:1960 bar:1970 text:1970 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:2001 text:2001 bar:2011 text:2011 bar:2020 text:2020
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bar:1842 from:0 till: 33104 bar:1857 from:0 till: 51339 bar:1877 from:0 till: 64535 bar:1887 from:0 till: 61708 bar:1900 from:0 till: 63473 bar:1910 from:0 till: 62628 bar:1920 from:0 till: 65012 bar:1930 from:0 till: 72055 bar:1940 from:0 till: 89525 bar:1950 from:0 till: 107770 bar:1960 from:0 till: 130900 bar:1970 from:0 till: 149867 bar:1981 from:0 till: 176238 bar:1991 from:0 till: 184364 bar:2001 from:0 till: 183273 bar:2011 from:0 till: 212629 bar:2020 from:0 till: 213105
PlotData= bar:1842 at: 33104 fontsize:s text: 33,104 shift:(-10,5) bar:1857 at: 51339 fontsize:s text: 51,339 shift:(-10,5) bar:1877 at: 64535 fontsize:s text: 64,535 shift:(-10,5) bar:1887 at: 61708 fontsize:s text: 61,708 shift:(-10,5) bar:1900 at: 63473 fontsize:s text: 63,473 shift:(-15,5) bar:1910 at: 62628 fontsize:s text: 62,628 shift:(-15,5) bar:1920 at: 65012 fontsize:s text: 65,012 shift:(-15,5) bar:1930 at: 72055 fontsize:s text: 72,055 shift:(-15,5) bar:1940 at: 89525 fontsize:s text: 89,525 shift:(-15,5) bar:1950 at: 107770 fontsize:s text: 107,770 shift:(-15,5) bar:1960 at: 130900 fontsize:s text: 130,900 shift:(-15,5) bar:1970 at: 149867 fontsize:s text: 149,867 shift:(-15,5) bar:1981 at: 176238 fontsize:s text: 176,238 shift:(-15,5) bar:1991 at: 184364 fontsize:s text: 184,364 shift:(-15,5) bar:2001 at: 183273 fontsize:s text: 183,273 shift:(-15,5) bar:2011 at: 212629 fontsize:S text: 212,629 shift:(-15,5) bar:2020 at: 213105 fontsize:s text: 213,105 shift:(-15,5)
| Population centre names | Kind | Population 2012 | Distance from city centre | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuartillos | Rural neighbourhood | 1,300 inhabitants | east | |
| El Mojo-Baldío de Gallardo | Rural neighbourhood | 400 inhabitants | southeast | |
| El Portal | Rural neighbourhood | 700 inhabitants | south | |
| Estella del Marqués | Village | 1,650 inhabitants | east | |
| El Torno | Village | 1,300 inhabitants | east | |
| Gibalbín | Rural neighbourhood | 550 inhabitants | northeast | |
| Guadalcacín | Village | 5,500 inhabitants | northeast | |
| Jerez de la Frontera (city) | City | 190,000 inhabitants | ||
| La Barca de la Florida | Village | 4,353 inhabitants | east | |
| La Corta | Rural neighbourhood | 550 inhabitants | south | |
| La Ina | Rural neighbourhood | 800 inhabitants | southeast | |
| Las Pachecas | Rural neighbourhood | 430 inhabitants | southeast | |
| Las Tablas, Polila y Añina | Rural neighbourhood | 400 inhabitants | west | |
| Lomopardo | Rural neighbourhood | 283 inhabitants | southeast | |
| Los Albarizones | Rural neighbourhood | 420 inhabitants | southeast | |
| Majarromaque | Rural neighbourhood | 500 inhabitants | east | |
| Mesas de Asta | Rural neighbourhood | 600 inhabitants | east | |
| Mesas de Santa Rosa | Rural neighbourhood | 300 inhabitants | north | |
| Nueva Jarilla | Village | 1,600 inhabitants | northeast | |
| Puente de la Guareña | Rural neighbourhood | 500 inhabitants | east | |
| Rajamancera | Rural neighbourhood | 485 inhabitants | southeast | |
| San Isidro del Guadalete | Village | 650 inhabitants | southeast | |
| Torrecera | Village | 1,280 inhabitants | southeast | |
| Torremelgarejo | Rural neighbourhood | 730 inhabitants | east |
| Non-EU Countries | ||||||
| AFRICA | ||||||
| AMERICAS | ||||||
| ASIA | ||||||
| OTHERS | ||||||
| TOTAL | ||||||
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain.
Jerez de la Frontera is twinned with:
Arles, France (29 July 1980)[13]
Tequila, Mexico (27 April 1982) Cognac, France (16 September 1989)
Kiyosu, Japan (19 January 1994) Biarritz, France (21 March 1997)[14] Ciudad Juárez, Mexico (30 January 1998)
Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil (30 January 1998) Zacatecas, Mexico (28 June 2005)
Pisco, Peru (29 November 2005) Moquegua, Peru (29 November 2005)
El Paso, United States[15]