| Ingrian | |
| Nativename: | ižoran keeli |
| States: | Russia |
| Region: | Ingria |
| Ethnicity: | 1,143 Izhorians |
| Speakers: | 76 |
| Speakers2: | < 20 (2018, estimated)[1] 111 (2006, verified) |
| Date: | 2020 census |
| Ref: | [2] |
| Familycolor: | Uralic |
| Fam2: | Finnic |
| Fam3: | Northern Finnic |
| Iso3: | izh |
| Glotto: | ingr1248 |
| Glottorefname: | Ingrian |
| Script: | Latin |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Map: | 2.4a-Ingrian-and-Votic traditional.png |
| Mapcaption: | Distribution of Ingrian and Votic at the beginning of the 20th century[3] [4] |
| Map2: | Lang Status 40-SE.svg |
Ingrian (inkeroin keeli pronounced as /ˈiŋɡ̊e̞roi̯ŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi/), also called Izhorian (ižoran keeli pronounced as /ˈiʒ̥o̞rɑŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi/ pronounced as /ˈiʒo̞rəŋ ˈkeːlʲ/), is a Finnic language spoken by the (mainly Orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria. It has approximately 70 native speakers left, most of whom are elderly.
The Ingrian language should be distinguished from the Ingrian dialect of the Finnish language, which became the majority language of Ingria in the 17th century with the influx of Lutheran Finnish immigrants; their descendants, the Ingrian Finns, are often referred to as Ingrians. The immigration of Lutheran Finns was promoted by Swedish authorities, who gained the area in 1617 from Russia, as the local population was (and remained) Orthodox.
Four dialects groups of Ingrian have been attested, two of which are probably extinct by now:[5]
A fifth dialect may have once been spoken on the Karelian Isthmus in northernmost Ingria, and may have been a substrate of local dialects of southeastern Finnish.[5]
Ingrian is classified, together with Finnish, Karelian (including Livvi), Ludic and Veps, in the Northern Finnic branch of the Uralic languages.
The exact origin of Izhorians, and by extension the Ingrian language, is not fully clear.[6] Most scholars agree that Ingrian is most closely related to the Karelian language and the Eastern dialects of Finnish, although the exact nature of this relationship is unclear:
A popular opinion holds that the split of the Karelian and Ingrian languages can be traced back to around the 8th-12th centuries A.D., with the Ingrian language originating from a Pre-Karelian group travelling westward along the Neva river.[7] [8]
In the late 1920s, Ingrian-speaking selsovets started to form across the Ingrian-speaking territory.
In 1932, a total of 19 schools were opened where education was performed in Ingrian. A first primer in the Ingrian language was published, based on a subdialect of Soikkola Ingrian.[9] The primer was the first of a series of schoolbooks written in this dialect. A number of features characteristic of the language in which these books were written included the vowel raising of mid vowels, and a lack of distinction between voiced, semivoiced and voiceless consonants.
By 1935, the number of Ingrian schools increased to 23 (18 primary schools and 5 secondary schools). At the same time, a systematic process of assimilation has begun.
In 1936,, one of the authors of the above mentioned books, wrote a grammar of the Ingrian language, in Ingrian.[10] In the grammar, Junus introduced a literary language for Ingrian, which he based on the then most populous dialects: the Soikkola and Ala-Laukaa dialects. Junus' grammar included rules for spelling and inflection, as well as a general description of the spoken Ingrian language. The grammar introduced a new age of written Ingrian, and was soon followed by another wave of schoolbooks, written in the new literary variety of Ingrian.
The Ingrian schools stayed open until the mass repressions in 1937, during which Väinö Junus and many other teachers were executed, the schoolbooks were confiscated, and by 1938, the Ingrian selsovets were closed. Many Izhorians were sent to concentration camps or executed.[11]
During the world war, many Izhorians fell in battle, and starved due to the famine the war brought. A large number of Izhorians was deported, among with Ingrian Finns and Votians to Finland in 1943-1944, as part of an agreement between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War. Almost all Izhorian families decided to return to the Soviet Union after the war ended. Upon return to the Soviet Union after the war, Izhorians were banned from settling their native lands, and were instead scattered across the nation.
Due to the many repressions, deportations and war, the number of Izhorians, as well as Ingrian speakers, decreased dramatically. The 1926 census counted over 16.000 Izhorians. In 1939 this number decreased to just over 7.000, and by 1959 just 369 people claimed to be native Ingrian speakers.
| A a | Ä ä | E e | F f | H h | I i | J j | K k | |
| L l | M m | N n | O o | Ö ö | P p | R r | S s | |
| T t | U u | V v | Y y | B b | G g | D d | Z z |
The order of the 1936 alphabet is similar to the Russian Cyrillic alphabet.
| A a | Ä ä | B b | V v | G g | D d | E e | Ƶ ƶ | |
| Z z | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | |
| Ö ö | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | Y y | F f | |
| H h | C c | Ç ç | Ş ş | ь |
The order of the current alphabet matches the Finnish alphabet.
| A a | B b | C c | D d | E e | F f | G g | H h | |
| I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | P p | |
| R r | S s | Š š | T t | U u | V v | Y y | Z z | |
| Ž ž | Ä ä | Ö ö |
See main article: Ingrian grammar. Like other Uralic languages, Ingrian is a highly agglutinative language. Ingrian inflection is exclusively performed using inflectional suffixes, with prefixes being only used in derivation.
Ingrian nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (singular and plural) and case. Ingrian nominals distinguish between twelve cases, with a thirteenth (the comitative) only being present in nouns. Like Finnish, Ingrian has two cases used for the direct object: the nominative-genitive (used in telic constructions) and the partitive (used in atelic constructions). Ingrian adjectives often have a separate comparative form, but lack a morphologically distinct superlative.
Ingrian distinguishes between three persons. There is no distinction in gender, but there is an animacy distinction in interrogative pronouns.
Ingrian verbs feature four moods: indicative, conditional, imperative and the now rare potential. Verbs are inflected for three persons, two numbers and a special impersonal form for each of the moods, although the imperative lacks a first person form. The indicative has both present and past forms. Negation in Ingrian is expressed by means of a negative verb that inflects by person and has separate imperative forms.
See main article: Ingrian phonology.
The Ingrian language has 9 vowels:
| Front | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | i pronounced as /link/ | y pronounced as /link/ | ь pronounced as /link/ | u pronounced as /link/ | |
| Mid | e pronounced as /link/ | ö pronounced as /link/ | o pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Open | ä pronounced as /link/ | a pronounced as /link/ | |||
The Ingrian language has 22 consonant sounds:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p pronounced as /link/ | t pronounced as /link/ | k pronounced as /link/ | |||
| voiced | b pronounced as /link/ | d pronounced as /link/ | g pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Affricate | ts pronounced as /link/ | c pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f pronounced as /link/ | s pronounced as /link/ | š pronounced as /link/ | h pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | ||
| voiced | z pronounced as /link/ | ž pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Nasal | m pronounced as /link/ | n pronounced as /link/ | (n pronounced as /link/) | ||||
| Approximant | v pronounced as /link/ | l pronounced as /link/ | j pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Rhotic | r pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
The Soikkola dialect has a three-way distinction of consonant length (pronounced as //t//, pronounced as //tˑ//, pronounced as //tː//). Both the long and halflong geminates are shown double in writing (⟨tt⟩). Other dialects only differentiate between long (pronounced as //tː//) and short (pronounced as //t//) consonants.
Primary stress in Ingrian by rule comes on the first syllable, while the secondary stresses come on every further uneven syllable, with the exception of a final syllable.
puu ("wood") is realized as /ˈpuː/
kana ("chicken") is realized as /ˈkɑnɑ/
orava ("squirrel") is realized as /ˈorɑʋɑ/
cirkkulaiset ("sparrows") is realised as /ˈt͡ʃirkːuˌlɑi̯set/
The Ingrian language has several morphophonological processes.
Vowel harmony is the process that the affixes attached to a lemma may change depending on the stressed vowel of the word. This means that if the word is stressed on a back vowel, the affix would contain a back vowel as well, while if the word's stress lies on a front vowel, the affix would naturally contain a front vowel. Thus, if the stress of a word lies on an "a", "o" or "u", the possible affix vowels would be "a", "o" or "u", while if the stress of a word lies on an "ä", "ö" or "y", the possible affix vowels to this word would then be "ä", "ö" or "y":
nappi (button, nominativa); nappia (button, partitiva)
näppi (pinch, nominativa); näppiä (pinch, partitiva)The vowels "e" and "i" are neutral, that is to say that they can be used together with both types of vowels.
The words in the Ingrian language are mostly of native Finnic origin, and show great similarity with the surrounding Finnish and Estonian languages. Below is given a Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Ingrian language:
| Leipzig-Jakarta list of Ingrian | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Ingrian | Finnish | Estonian | Etymological notes | |||
| Literary Ingrian | Ala-Laukaa | Soikkola | |||||
| fire | tuli | pronounced as /[ˈtulʲi]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtuli]/ | tuli | tuli | < *tuli | |
| nose | nenä | pronounced as /[ˈnenæ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈnenæ]/ | nenä | nina | < *nenä | |
| to go | männä | pronounced as /[ˈmænː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈmænːæ]/ | mennä | minna | < *mendäk | |
| water | vesi | pronounced as /[ˈʋesi]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʋeʒ̥i]/ | vesi | vesi | < *veci | |
| mouth | suu | pronounced as /[ˈsuː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃuː]/ | suu | suu | < *suu | |
| tongue | keeli, keel | pronounced as /[ˈkeːlʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkeːlʲ(i)]/ | kieli | keel | < *keeli | |
| blood | veri | pronounced as /[ˈʋeri]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʋeri]/ | veri | veri | < *veri | |
| bone | luu | pronounced as /[ˈɫuː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈɫuː]/ | luu | luu | < *luu | |
| you; thou | siä | pronounced as /[ˈsiæ̯]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃiæ̯]/ | sinä | sina, sa | < *sinä | |
| root | juuri, juur | pronounced as /[ˈjuːrʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈjuːr(i)]/ | juuri | juur | < *juuri | |
| to come | tulla | pronounced as /[ˈtuɫː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtuɫːɑ]/ | tulla | tulla | < *tuldak | |
| breast | nännä | pronounced as /[ˈnænː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈnænːæ]/ | (rinta) | (rind) | < *nännä The Finnish and Estonian terms are reflected in Ingrian rinta ("chest") | |
| rain | vihma | pronounced as /[ˈʋihm]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʋihmɑ]/ | vihma | vihm | < *vihma | |
| I | miä | pronounced as /[ˈmiæ̯]/ | pronounced as /[ˈmiæ̯]/ | minä | mina, ma | < *minä | |
| name | nimi | pronounced as /[ˈnimi]/ | pronounced as /[ˈnimi]/ | nimi | nimi | < *nimi | |
| louse | täi | pronounced as /[ˈtæi̯]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtæi̯]/ | täi | täi | < *täi | |
| wing | siipi | pronounced as /[ˈsiːpʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃiːb̥i]/ | siipi | tiib | < *siipi ~ *tiipa | |
| meat; flesh | liha | pronounced as /[ˈlʲihɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈlʲihɑ]/ | liha | liha | < *liha | |
| arm; hand | käsi | pronounced as /[ˈkæsi]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkæʒ̥i]/ | käsi | käsi | < *käci | |
| fly | kärpäin | pronounced as /[ˈkærpəi̯n]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkærpæi̯n]/ | kärpänen | kärbes | < *kärpähinen | |
| night | öö | pronounced as /[ˈøː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈøː]/ | yö | öö | < *öö | |
| ear | korva | pronounced as /[ˈkorʋ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkorʋɑ]/ | korva | kõrv | < *korva | |
| neck | kagla | pronounced as /[ˈkɑɡɫ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkɑɡɫɑ]/ | kaula | kael | < *kakla | |
| far | etähääl | pronounced as /[ˈetːælʲː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈed̥æhæːl]/ | etäällä | (kaugel) | < *etähällä | |
| to do; to make | tehä | pronounced as /[ˈtehæ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtehæ]/ | tehdä | teha | < *tektäk | |
| house | talo | pronounced as /[ˈtɑɫo]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtɑɫoi̯]/ | talo | (maja) | < *taloi | |
| stone | kivi | pronounced as /[ˈkiʋi]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkiʋi]/ | kivi | kivi | < *kivi | |
| bitter | karkia | pronounced as /[ˈkɑrke]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkɑrkiɑ]/ | (kitkerä) | (mõru) | < *karkeda | |
| to say | sannoa | pronounced as /[ˈsɑnːo]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃɑnˑoɑ]/ | sanoa | (ütlema) | < *sanodak | |
| tooth | hammas | pronounced as /[ˈhɑmːəz]/ | pronounced as /[ˈhɑmːɑʒ̥]/ | hammas | hammas | < *hambas | |
| (strand of) hair | hius | pronounced as /[ˈhiu̯z]/ | pronounced as /[ˈhiu̯ʒ̥]/ | hius | juus | < *hibus | |
| big | suur, suuri | pronounced as /[ˈsuːrʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃuːr(i)]/ | suuri | suur | < *suuri | |
| one | yks | pronounced as /[ˈyksʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈykʃ]/ | yksi | üks | < *ükci | |
| who? | 'ken? | pronounced as /[ˈken]/ | pronounced as /[ˈken]/ | (kuka?) | kes? | < *ken | |
| he; she | hää | pronounced as /[ˈhæn]/ | pronounced as /[ˈhæː]/ | hän | (tema, ta) | < *hän | |
| to hit | löövvä | pronounced as /[ˈlʲøːʋː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈløːʋːæ]/ | lyödä | lüüa | < *löödäk | |
| leg; foot | jalka | pronounced as /[ˈjɑɫk]/ | pronounced as /[ˈjɑɫɡ̊ɑ]/ | jalka | jalg | < *jalka | |
| horn | sarvi | pronounced as /[ˈsɑrʋʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃɑrʋi]/ | sarvi | sarv | < *sarvi | |
| this | tämä | pronounced as /[ˈtæmæ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtæmæ]/ | tämä | (see) | < *tämä | |
| fish | kala | pronounced as /[ˈkɑɫɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkɑɫɑ]/ | kala | kala | < *kala | |
| yesterday | egle | pronounced as /[ˈeɡlʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈeɡle]/ | eilen | eile | < *eklen | |
| to drink | joovva | pronounced as /[ˈjuʋː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈjoːʋːɑ]/ | juoda | juua | < *joodak | |
| black | musta | pronounced as /[ˈmust]/ | pronounced as /[ˈmuʃtɑ]/ | musta | must | < *musta | |
| navel | napa | pronounced as /[ˈnɑpɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈnɑb̥ɑ]/ | napa | naba | < *napa | |
| to stand | seissa | pronounced as /[ˈsei̯sː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃei̯ʃːɑ]/ | seistä | seista | < *saictak | |
| to bite | purra | pronounced as /[ˈpurː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpurːɑ]/ | purra | pureda | < *purdak | |
| back | takas | pronounced as /[ˈtɑkɑz]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtɑɡ̊ɑʒ̥]/ | takaisin | tagasi | < *takaicin | |
| wind | tuuli, tuul | pronounced as /[ˈtuːlʲ]/ | pronounced as /ˈtuːl(i)]/ | tuuli | tuul | < *tuuli | |
| smoke | savvu | pronounced as /[ˈsɑʋːŭ̥]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃɑʋːu]/ | savu | (suits) | < *savu | |
| what? | mikä? | pronounced as /[ˈmikæ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈmiɡ̊æ]/ | mikä? | mis? | < *mi(kä) | |
| child | laps, lapsi | pronounced as /[ˈɫɑpsʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈɫɑpʃ(i)]/ | lapsi | laps | < *lapci | |
| egg | muna | pronounced as /[ˈmunɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈmunɑ]/ | muna | muna | < *muna | |
| to give | antaa | pronounced as /[ˈɑntɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈɑntɑː]/ | antaa | anda | < *antadak | |
| new | uus, uusi | pronounced as /[ˈuːsʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈuːʒ̥(i)]/ | uusi | uus | < *uuci | |
| to burn | pallaa | pronounced as /[ˈpɑɫːɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpɑɫˑɑː]/ | palaa | põleda | < *paladak | |
| not | ei | pronounced as /[ˈei̯]/ | pronounced as /[ˈei̯]/ | ei | ei | < *ei | |
| good | hyvä | pronounced as /[ˈhyʋæ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈhyʋæ]/ | hyvä | hea | < *hüvä | |
| to know | tiitää | pronounced as /[ˈtiːtæ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtiːtæː]/ | tietää | teada | < *teetädäk | |
| knee | polvi | pronounced as /[ˈpoɫʋʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpoɫʋi]/ | polvi | põlv | < *polvi | |
| sand | liiva | pronounced as /[ˈlʲiːʋ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈlʲiːʋɑ]/ | (hiekka) | liiv | < *liiva | |
| to laugh | nagraa | pronounced as /[ˈnɑɡrɑ]/ | pronounced as /ˈnɑɡrɑː]/ | nauraa | naerda | < *nakradak | |
| to hear | kuulla | pronounced as /[ˈkuːɫː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkuːɫːɑ]/ | kuulla | kuulda | < *kuuldak | |
| soil | maa | pronounced as /[ˈmɑː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈmɑː]/ | maa | maa | < *maa | |
| leaf | lehti | pronounced as /[ˈlʲehtʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈlehti]/ | lehti | leht | < *lehti | |
| red | punain | pronounced as /[ˈpunɑi̯n]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpunˑɑi̯n]/ | punainen | punane | < *punainën | |
| liver | leipäliha | pronounced as /[ˈlʲei̯pəˌlʲihɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈlei̯b̥æˌlʲihɑ]/ | (maksa) | (maks) | < leipä ("bread") + liha ("meat") | |
| to hide | peittää | pronounced as /[ˈpei̯tːæ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpei̯tːæː]/ | peittää | peita | < *peittädäk | |
| skin; leather | nahka | pronounced as /[ˈnɑxk]/ | pronounced as /[ˈnɑxkɑ]/ | nahka | nahk | < *nahka | |
| to suck | immiä | pronounced as /[ˈimːe]/ | pronounced as /[ˈimˑiæ]/ | imeä | imeda | < *imedäk | |
| to carry | kantaa | pronounced as /[ˈkɑntɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkɑntɑː]/ | kantaa | kanda | < *kantadak | |
| ant | muurahain | pronounced as /[ˈmuːrəhəi̯n]/ | pronounced as /[ˈmuːrɑhɑi̯n]/ | muurahainen | (sipelgas) | < *muurahainën | |
| heavy | raskas | pronounced as /[ˈrɑskəz]/ | pronounced as /[ˈrɑʃkɑʒ̥]/ | raskas | raske | < *raskas ~ *raskëda | |
| to take | ottaa | pronounced as /[ˈotːɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈotːɑː]/ | ottaa | võtta | < *vottadak | |
| old | vanha | pronounced as /[ˈʋɑnɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʋɑnhɑ]/ | vanha | vana | < *vanha | |
| to eat | söövvä | pronounced as /[ˈsyʋː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃøːʋːæ]/ | syödä | süüa | < *söödäk | |
| thigh | reis | pronounced as /[rei̯sʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈrei̯ʒ̥]/ | reisi | reis | < *raici | |
| long | pitkä | pronounced as /[pitk]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpitkæ]/ | pitkä | pikk | < *pitkä | |
| to blow | puhhua | pronounced as /[ˈpuxːo]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpuxˑuɑ]/ | (puhaltaa) | puhuda | < *puhudak | |
| wood | puu | pronounced as /[ˈpuː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpuː]/ | puu | puu | < *puu | |
| to run | joossa | pronounced as /[ˈjoːsː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈjoːʃːɑ]/ | juosta | joosta | < *joostak | |
| to fall | langeta | pronounced as /[ˈɫɑŋɡet]/ | pronounced as /[ˈɫɑŋɡ̊ed̥ɑ]/ | (pudota) | langeda | < *langët'ak | |
| eye | silmä | pronounced as /[ˈsilʲm]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃilʲmæ]/ | silmä | silm | < *silmä | |
| ash | tuhka | pronounced as /[ˈtuxk]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtuxkɑ]/ | tuhka | tuhk | < *tuhka | |
| tail | häntä | pronounced as /[ˈhænt]/ | pronounced as /[ˈhænd̥æ]/ | häntä | händ | < *häntä | |
| dog | koira | pronounced as /[ˈkoi̯r]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkoi̯rɑ]/ | koira | koer | < *koira | |
| to cry | itkiä | pronounced as /[ˈitke]/ | pronounced as /[ˈitkiæ]/ | itkeä | (nutma) | < *itkedäk | |
| to tie | sittoa | pronounced as /[ˈsitːo]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃitˑoɑ]/ | sitoa | siduta | < *sitodak | |
| to see | nähä | pronounced as /[ˈnæhæ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈnæhæ]/ | nähdä | näha | < *näktäk | |
| sweet | makkia | pronounced as /[ˈmɑkːe]/ | pronounced as /[ˈmɑkˑiɑ]/ | makea | (magus) | < *makëda | |
| rope | köys, köysi | pronounced as /[ˈkøy̯sʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkøy̯ʒ̥(i)]/ | köysi | köis | < *keüci | |
| shadow | kupahain | pronounced as /[ˈkupɑhəi̯n]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkub̥ɑhɑi̯n]/ | (varjo) | (vari) | ||
| bird | lintu | pronounced as /[ˈlʲintŭ̥]/ | pronounced as /[ˈlʲind̥u]/ | lintu | lind | < *lintu | |
| salt | soola | pronounced as /[ˈsoːɫ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃoːɫɑ]/ | suola | sool | < *soola | |
| small | peeni, peen | pronounced as /[ˈpeːnʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈpeːn(i)]/ | pieni | peen | < *peeni | |
| wide | levviä | pronounced as /[ˈlʲeʋːe]/ | pronounced as /[ˈleʋˑiæ]/ | leveä | (lai) | < *levedä | |
| star | tähti | pronounced as /[ˈtæhtʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtæhti]/ | tähti | täht | < *tähti | |
| inside | sises | pronounced as /[ˈsisesː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʃiʒ̥eʒ̥]/ | sisässä | sees | < *sicässä | |
| hard | kova | pronounced as /[ˈkoʋɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkoʋɑ]/ | kova | kõva | < *kova | |
| to grind | jauhaa | pronounced as /[ˈjɑu̯hɑ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈjɑu̯hɑː]/ | jauhaa | (jahvatama) | < *jauhadak | |
Nevertheless, borrowings from Russian, both old and new, are very common. Some borrowings from Finnish, Estonian and Votic are also present:[12]
| A selection of common borrowed terms in Ingrian | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ingrian | English | Source | ||||
| Literary Ingrian | Ala-Laukaa | Soikkola | ||||
| risti | pronounced as /[ˈristʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈriʃti]/ | "cross" | < Old East Slavic крьстъ (krĭstŭ) "cross" | ||
| lässiä | pronounced as /[ˈlʲæsːe]/ | pronounced as /[ˈlæʃˑiæ]/ | "to be ill" | < Old East Slavic лежати (ležati) "to lie" | ||
| ležžiä | pronounced as /[ˈlʲeʒːe]/ | pronounced as /[ˈleʃˑiæ]/ | "to lie" | < Russian лежать (ležatʹ) "to lie" | ||
| kapusta | pronounced as /[ˈkɑpust]/ | pronounced as /[ˈkɑb̥uʃtɑ]/ | "cabbage" | < Russian капуста (kapusta) "cabbage" | ||
| trappu | pronounced as /[ˈtrɑpːŭ̥]/ | pronounced as /[ˈtrɑpːu]/ | "stair" | < Finnish (t)rappu "stair" | ||
| vahti | pronounced as /[ˈʋɑhtʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈʋɑhti]/ | "guard" | < Finnish vahti "guard" | ||
| riikki | pronounced as /[ˈriːkʲː]/ | pronounced as /[ˈriːkːi]/ | "country" | < Estonian riik "country" | ||
| lusti | pronounced as /[ˈɫustʲ]/ | pronounced as /[ˈɫuʃti]/ | "pretty" | < Estonian lust "pleasure" | ||
| api | pronounced as /[ˈɑpi]/ | pronounced as /[ˈɑb̥i]/ | "help" | < Votic api "help" | ||
| roho | pronounced as /[ˈroho]/ | pronounced as /[ˈroho]/ | "grass" | < Votic roho "grass" | ||