Ixia monadelpha explained

Ixia monadelpha, also known as the pied kalossie or bontkalossie, is an endangered species of geophyte found in wet sandy flats in the southwestern Cape of South Africa.

Description

Growth form

This cormous geophyte grows NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) tall.[1] It has a simple stem with one or two short, spreading branches. They emerge at right angles to the stem and curve upwards.[2]

Corm

The corm is more or less spherical and has a diameter of NaNmm. They are covered in soft, papery layers.

Leaves

The leaves are sword-shaped and are often loosely twisted. There are between four and seven leaves per plant, each of which is about half as long as the stem and NaNmm wide. The margins are slightly thickened and become transparent when dry.

Flowers

Unscented flowers are present in September and October. Each plant produces between four and twelve salver-shaped flowers that grow close to each other in a flexuose spike inflorescence. Flowers are typically grey-blue to turquoise to purple or pink in colour. Although rare, some plants produce white or grey-yellow flowers. The center is darker, ranging from dark green to brown, red, purple and almost black in colour. The darker center has a light brown or green edge.

The flowers have dark stamens with blue or grey pollen. The filaments are joined for at least half o their length and the purple anthers are erect. The style divides between the base and the middle of the anthers, forming branches that are NaNmm long.

The pale, dry floral bracts are speckled with brown or red and have distinctive thickened and twisted dark brown cusps. The outer bract with the central cusp in the most prominent.

Taxonomy

Ixia monadelpha is the first species that was put into the eurydice subgenus. Initially proposed as being its own genus, species in this subgenus have fused stamen filaments. This feature is not seen in the rest of the genus. The species epithet monadelpha means one-brothered and refers to the joined filaments.[3]

Distribution and habitat

This species is endemic to a narrow region along the Atlantic Coast in the Western Cape of South Africa. It is currently found growing between Darling in the West Coast region and Hout Bay on the Cape Peninsula, although it was historically found as far as Hopefield and Tulbagh.[4] [5] It is now restricted to between four and six fragmented subpopulations, most of which are around Darling. The largest population in found on Rondebosch Common in Cape Town. Plants are found growing on seasonally wet sandy flats and lower slopes.

Ecology

I. monadelpha is insect pollinated. The dark center of the flower is typical of species that are pollinated by monkey beetles.[6] It is known to be visited by Peritrichia cinerea. and Lepithrix fulvipes, two monkey beetle species.[7]

This species is often found growing alongside Ixia curta, an orange Ixia species that also has fused filaments but differs in other morphological features.

Conservation

This species is considered to be endangered by the South African National Biodiversity Institute. Only a few scattered subpopulations remain in isolated remnants. These populations are declining due to alien vegetation and habitat degradation.

Notes and References

  1. Book: Manning . John . Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region : 1: the core Cape flora . Goldblatt . Peter . 2012 . South African National Biodiversity Institute, SANBI . 978-1-919976-74-7 . Pretoria . 852384288.
  2. e-Flora of South Africa. v1.42. 2023. South African National Biodiversity Institute. http://ipt.sanbi.org.za/iptsanbi/resource?r=flora_descriptions&v=1.42
  3. Lewis . G.J. . 1931 . Ixia . Veld & Flora . 17 . 1 . 13–16.
  4. Web site: Goldblatt . P. . von Staden . L. . 2015 . Ixia monadelpha D.Delaroche. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1 . 27 September 2023 . SANBI Red List of South African Plants.
  5. Goldblatt . P. . Manning . J. C. . 2016-05-01 . Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia L. (Iridaceae): 5. Synopsis of section Ixia, including five new species . South African Journal of Botany . 104 . 175–198 . 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.11.011 . 0254-6299. free .
  6. Picker . M.J. . Midgley . J.J. . 1996 . Pollination by monkey beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Hopliini): flower and colour preferences . African Entomology . 4 . 1 . 7–14.
  7. Goldblatt . Peter . Bernhardt . Peter . Manning . John C. . 2000 . Adaptive Radiation of Pollination Mechanisms in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . 87 . 4 . 564–577 . 10.2307/2666146 . 0026-6493.