Demographics of Italy explained

Place:Italy
Size Of Population: 58,968,501 (30 April 2024)[1]
Growth: -0.30% (2022)
Birth: 6.7 births/1,000 population (2022)
Death: 12.1 deaths/1,000 population (2022)
Fertility: 1.2 children born/woman (2023)
Infant Mortality: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2015)[2]
Life: 82.0 years (2020)
Life Male: 79.7 years
Life Female: 84.4 years
Net Migration: 1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)
Age 0–14 Years: 12.89%
Age 15–64 Years: 63.57%
Age 65 Years: 23.54%
Nation:noun: Italian(s) adjective: Italian
Major Ethnic:Italians
Official:Italian
Spoken:Languages of Italy

Demographic features of the population of Italy include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

At the beginning of 2024, Italy had an estimated population of 58.9 million. Its population density, at, is higher than that of most Western European countries. However, the distribution of the population is very uneven: the most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (with about a third of the country's population) in northern Italy and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples in central and southern Italy, while large rural areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of Basilicata, the Alps and Apennines highlands, and the island of Sardinia.

The population of the country almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North, due to the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, after centuries of net emigration, since the 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history. Italian government data, in its annual report for 2019, estimated the number of foreign nationals residing within Italy, including immigrants, at about 5.234 million.[3] Due to such large-scale immigration to the country, particularly from the early 2000s to 2014, the population peaked at 60.79 million. Since then, decreasing migration, a continuously falling birth rate, and continuous aging have led to a sharp decrease in the Italian population.

High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the 2000s decade, one in five Italians was over 65 years old.[4] Italy experienced a short-term growth in birth rates.[5] The total fertility rate temporarily rose from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.46 in 2010.[6] Since then, fertility rates have resumed their decline, to reach a low of 1.24 in 2022.[7]

Since the revision of the Lateran Treaty in 1984, Italy has no official religion, although it continues to recognize the role the Catholic Church plays in Italian society. In 2017, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, 15% as non-believers or atheists, 2% as other Christians and 6% adhered to other religions.[8]

Historical overview

1861 to early 20th century

See main article: Italian diaspora.

From its unification in 1861 to the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, Italy has been a country of mass emigration. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of Italian diaspora, approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year.[9] As a consequence, large numbers of people with full or significant Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (32 million Italian Brazilians),[10] [11] Argentina (25 million Italian Argentines),[12] United States (18 million Italian Americans),[13] France (5 million Italian French),[14] Venezuela (5 million Italian Venezuelans),[15] Paraguay (2.5 million Italian Paraguayans),[16] [17] [18] Colombia (2 million Italian Colombians),[19] Uruguay (1.5 million Italian Uruguayans),[20] Peru (1.5 million Italian Peruvians),[21] Canada (1.5 million Italian Canadians),[22] Germany (1.2 million Italian Germans)[23] and Australia (1 million Italian Australians).[24] In addition, Italian communities once thrived in the former African colonies of Eritrea (nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II),[25] Somalia and Libya (150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting about 18% of the total Libyan population).[26]

After World War II

After Tito's annexation of Istria, Kvarner, most of the Julian March as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara following the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, up to 350,000 local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) left communist Yugoslavia (Istrian–Dalmatian exodus).[27] [28] Furthermore, all of Libya's Italians were expelled after Muammar Gaddafi's takeover in 1970.[29]

As a result of the profound economic and social changes brought by rapid postwar economic growth, including low birth rates, an aging population and thus a shrinking workforce, by the 1970s emigration had all but stopped and Italy started to have a positive net migration rate.[30] The nation's immigrant population reached 5 million by 2015, making up some 8% of the total population.[31] However, the long-lasting effects of the Eurozone crisis double-dip recession strongly slowed down immigration rates in Italy in the 2010s.[32]

In calendar years 2020 and 2021, as a direct effect of COVID-19 pandemic and Deltacron hybrid variant, Italy registered at least 178,000 excess deaths, a reduction of about 1.4 years in the average life expectancy, a noticeable decrease in birth rates and a marked decrease in immigration rates. Thus there was a record natural population decline of 342,042 units in that year, the largest ever recorded since 1918 (at the time of World War I and the Spanish flu pandemic). In 2022, Italy's birth rate declined to its lowest level on record since 1861, with fewer then 400,000 births recorded that year.[33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Population

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[38]

[39]

Life expectancy

See also: List of Italian provinces by life expectancy. Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.1871–1950

Life expectancy in Italy!Years!1871!1872!1873!1874!1875!1876!1877!1878!1879!1880[40]
Life expectancy29.829.731.631.831.333.634.934.334.032.8
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890
Life expectancy34.234.335.236.636.935.136.037.039.138.5
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900
Life expectancy38.538.939.840.039.640.743.342.343.741.7
Years1901190219031904190519061907190819091910
Life expectancy43.543.043.144.443.945.145.443.144.646.7
Years1911191219131914191519161917191819191920
Life expectancy44.748.948.449.942.539.638.125.842.345.5
Years1921192219231924192519261927192819291930
Life expectancy49.250.051.451.551.350.952.552.652.355.2
Years1931193219331934193519361937193819391940
Life expectancy54.854.756.356.856.256.755.556.157.657.0
Years1941194219431944194519461947194819491950
Life expectancy54.752.549.452.454.959.061.263.464.165.8

1950–2020

PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195566.51985–199076.4
1955–196068.41990–199577.5
1960–196569.71995–200078.8
1965–197070.92000–200580.3
1970–197572.22005–201081.5
1975–198073.62010–201582.4
1980–198574.92015–202083.3
Source: UN World Population Prospects[41]

Fertility

By 2021, the number of births had fallen to 400,249, a decrease of 25% compared to 2011. If the trend is not reversed, it may adversely affect GDP growth and social security benefits.[42] The reasons that Italian citizens give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their job and lack of services for families, but it is claimed that these problems have ceased to exist in other countries such as Sweden and France but that these countries continue to have birth rates below the population replacement level, which is 2.1.[42]

Historical fertility rates

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. This table is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.

Total fertility rates in Italy! Years !! 1850!!1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859!!1860
Rate5.475.425.385.335.295.245.195.155.105.065.01
Years 1861186218631864186518661867186818691870
Rate4.964.934.904.904.914.914.924.924.914.90
Years 1871187218731874187518761877187818791880
Rate4.904.894.884.894.94.94.914.924.954.98
Years 1881188218831884188518861887188818891890
Rate5.005.035.065.055.045.045.035.024.984.95
Years 189118921893189418951896189718981899
Rate4.914.884.844.794.744.694.644.594.56
In 2021 this was 1.47 children born/woman.

Mother's mean age at first birth; 31.1 years (2017 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 0–14 years: 13.45% (male 4,292,431/female 4,097,732)

15-24 years: 9.61% (male 3,005,402/female 2,989,764)

25-54 years: 40.86% (male 12,577,764/female 12,921,614)

55-64 years: 14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)

65 years and over: 22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 46.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 5th

male: 45.4 years

female: 47.5 years (2020 est.)

Cities

See also: Metropolitan areas in Italy and List of cities in Italy by population.

70.4% of Italian population is classified as urban,[43] a relatively low figure among developed countries. Italy's administrative boundaries have seen significant devolution in recent decades; the metropolitan area was created as a new administrative unit, and major cities and metro areas now have a provincial status.

According to OECD,[44] the largest conurbations are:

Urbanization

urban population: 71% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 0.29% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Metropolitan cities and larger urban zone[45] [46] ! Metropolitan city! Region! Area
(km2)! Population
(1 January 2019)! Functional Urban
Areas (FUA)
Population
(2016)
RomeLazio5,3524,342,2124,414,288
MilanLombardy1,5753,250,3155,111,481
NaplesCampania1,1713,084,8903,418,061
TurinPiedmont6,8292,259,5231,769,475
PalermoSicily5,0091,252,5881,033,226
BariApulia3,8211,251,994749,723
CataniaSicily3,5741,107,702658,805
FlorenceTuscany3,5141,011,349807,896
BolognaEmilia-Romagna3,7021,014,619775,247
GenoaLiguria1,839841,180713,243
VeniceVeneto2,462853,338561,697
MessinaSicily3,266626,876273,680
Reggio CalabriaCalabria3,183548,009221,139
CagliariSardinia1,248431,038488,954

Vital statistics

[47] [48] [49] [50] [51]

Average population (January 1)Live birthsDeaths[52] Natural changeCrude birth rate (per 1,000)Crude death rate (per 1,000)Natural change (per 1,000)Crude migration change (per 1,000)Total Fertility Rates
190032,377,0001,067,376768,917298,45933.023.79.2-3.94.53
190132,550,0001,057,763715,036342,72732.522.010.5-3.24.49
190232,787,0001,093,074727,181365,89333.322.211.2-4.64.46
190333,004,0001,042,090736,311305,77931.622.39.3-2.24.43
190433,237,0001,085,431698,604386,82732.721.011.6-4.04.44
190533,489,0001,084,518730,340354,17832.421.810.6-3.84.45
190633,718,0001,070,978696,875374,10331.820.711.1-4.24.45
190733,952,0001,062,333700,333362,00031.320.610.7-3.54.46
190834,198,0001,138,813770,054368,75933.322.510.8-3.34.47
190934,455,0001,115,831738,460377,37132.421.411.0-2.44.43
191034,751,0001,144,410682,459461,95132.919.613.3-5.24.39
191135,033,0001,093,545742,811350,73431.221.210.0-3.94.36
191235,246,0001,133,985635,788498,19732.218.014.1-11.14.32
191335,351,0001,122,482663,966458,51631.818.813.0-3.14.28
191435,701,0001,114,091643,355470,73631.218.013.22.84.04
191536,271,0001,109,183809,703299,48030.622.38.3-2.53.80
191636,481,000881,626854,70326,92324.223.40.7-4.53.56
191736,343,000691,207948,710-257,50319.626.1-7.1-4.53.32
191835,922,000640,2631,268,290-628,02718.235.3-17.511.83.08
191935,717,000770,620676,32994,29121.618.92.64.23.24
192035,960,0001,158,041681,749476,29232.219.013.239.93.41
192137,869,0001,118,344670,234448,11030.717.713.0-4.43.57
192238,196,0001,127,444690,054437,39030.818.112.7-2.93.74
192338,571,0001,107,505654,827452,67829.917.011.7-2.53.90
192438,927,0001,124,470663,077461,39328.917.011.9-3.23.81
192539,265,0001,109,761669,695440,06628.217.111.2-2.93.72
192639,590,0001,094,587680,274414,31327.717.210.5-2.03.64
192739,926,0001,093,772639,843453,92927.416.011.4-2.53.55
192840,281,0001,072,316645,654426,66226.616.010.6-2.53.46
192940,607,0001,037,700667,223370,47725.616.49.1-0.53.42
193040,956,0001,092,678576,751515,92726.714.112.6-3.23.38
193141,339,0001,026,197609,405416,79224.814.710.1-4.23.21
193241,584,000990,995610,646380,34923.814.79.1-0.83.06
193341,928,000995,979574,113421,86623.813.710.1-1.83.04
193442,277,000992,966563,339429,62723.513.310.2-1.83.00
193542,631,000996,708594,722401,98623.414.09.4-1.62.98
193642,965,000962,686593,380369,30622.413.88.6-1.52.87
193743,269,000991,867618,290373,57722.914.38.6-1.02.93
193843,596,0001,037,180614,988422,19223.814.19.703.05
193944,018,0001,040,213591,483448,73023.613.410.203.07
194044,467,0001,046,479606,907439,57223.513.69.9-1.73.07
194144,830,000937,546621,735315,81120.913.97.0-1.02.74
194245,098,000926,063643,607282,45620.514.36.3-16.42.69
194344,641,000882,105679,708202,39719.815.24.5-1.12.61
194444,794,000814,746685,171129,57518.315.32.90.52.39
194544,946,000815,678615,092200,58618.213.74.52.32.37
194645,253,0001,036,098547,952488,14623.012.110.8-2.23.01
194745,641,0001,011,490524,019487,47122.211.510.85.42.89
194846,381,0001,005,851490,450515,40121.810.611.2-3.62.83
194946,733,000937,146485,277451,86920.110.49.7-1.82.62
195047,104,000908,622455,169453,45319.39.79.6-3.02.50
195147,417,000860,998485,208375,79018.210.27.9-2.62.35
195247,666,000 [53] 863,661488,470375,19117.710.07.7-1.62.34
195347,957,000860,345484,527375,81817.59.97.6-0.52.31
195448,299,000881,845445,902435,94318.09.18.9-2.02.35
195548,633,000879,130449,058430,07217.99.28.7-2.82.33
195648,920,000884,043499,504384,53917.910.27.7-2.42.34
195749,181,000885,812483,558402.25417.99.88.0-2.02.33
195849,475,000880,361459,366420,99517.69.38.3-1.12.31
195949,831,000910,628454,547456,08118.19.19.0-1.62.38
196050,198,000923,004480,848442,15618.19.68.6-2.12.41
196150,523,000924,203460,009464,19418.49.39.1-2.12.41
196250,878,000945,842503,106442,73618.410.08.4-1.12.46
196351,251,000978,143514,000464,14318.810.18.7-0.42.56
196451,675,0001,035,207488,601546,60619.79.510.2-1.72.70
196552,112,0001,017,944516,922501,02219.110.09.1-1.32.66
196652,518,000999,316493,562505,75418.79.59.2-1.92.62
196752,900,000962,197507,845454,35218.09.78.3-2.02.53
196853,235,000944,837530,738414,09917.610.17.5-1.82.49
196953,538,000949,155530,348418,80717.510.17.4-2.12.51
197053,821,000917,496528,622388,87416.89.77.1-2.42.42
197154,073,000911,084515,318395,76616.89.77.1-1.42.41
197254,381,000893,061518,020375,04116.39.66.70.12.36
197354,751,000887,953544,461343,49216.010.06.00.62.34
197455,111,000886,310532,753353,55715.89.76.1-0.12.33
197555,441,000841,858556,019285,83914.910.04.90.12.20
197655,718,000806,358556,143250,21514.09.94.10.22.11
197755,955,000757,281547,011210,27013.29.83.50.11.97
197856,155,000720,545539,685180,86012.69.63.0-0.11.87
197956,318,000682,742541,825140,91711.99.62.3-0.21.76
198056,434,000657,278559,37697,90211.39.81.5-0.31.68
198156,502,000628,113540,76487,34911.09.71.4-0.71.60
198256,544,000634,678537,72796,95110.99.51.5-1.11.60
198356,564,000612,936563,80749,12910.610.00.7-0.51.54
198456,577,000597,560535,66161,89910.49.50.9-0.61.48
198556,593,000589,233549,52939,70410.29.70.5-0.41.45
198656,596,000562,512545,18917,3239.89.50.3-0.21.37
198756,602,000560,265534,99325,2729.79.30.501.35
198856,629,000577,856537,54540,31110.19.50.50.31.38
198956,672,000567,268531,55735,7119.99.40.50.31.35
199056,719,000580,761544,39736,36410.09.60.50.21.36
199156,759,000556,175547,1319,0449.99.80.20.51.32
199256,797,000575,216545,03830,17810.09.60.40.21.32
199356,832,000552,587555,043-2,4569.79.7-0.10.31.26
199456,843,000536,665557,513-20,8489.49.8-0.40.41.22
199556,844,000526,064555,203-29.1399.29.8-0.50.81.19
199656,860,000536,740557,756-21,0169.39.8-0.51.01.22
199756,890,000540,048564,679-24,6319.49.9-0.50.81.23
199856,907,000532,843576,911-44,0689.310.1-0.81.01.21
199956,917,000537,242571,356-34.1149.410.0-0.50.91.23
200056,942,000543,039560,241-17,2029.59.8-0.30.91.26
200156,974,000535,282548,254-12.9729.49.8-0.41.91.25
200257,059,000538,198557,393-19,1959.49.8-0.44.91.27
200357,313,000544,063586,468-42,4059.510.3-0.77.21.29
200457,685,000562,599546,65815,9419.89.50.34.61.34
200557,969,000554,022567,304-13.2829.59.8-0.23.21.33
200658,144,000560,010557,8922,1189.69.60.05.11.37
200758,438,000563,933570,801-6.8689.69.8-0.26.91.39
200858,827,000576,659585,126-8,4679.89.9-0.14.71.44
200959,095,000568,857591,663-22.8069.69.8-0.33.41.44
201059,277,000561,944587,488-25.5449.49.7-0.32.01.44
201159,379,000546,585593,402-46,8179.19.9-0.83.51.44
201259,540,000534,186612,883-78,6978.910.2-1.313.01.42
201360,234,000514,308600,744-86,4368.510.0-1.410.61.39
201460,789,000502,596598,364-95,7688.39.9-1.61.71.38
201560,796,000485,780647,571-161,7918.110.7-2.70.61.36
201660,666,000473,438615,261-141,8237.910.2-2.41.01.36
201760,579,000458,151649,061-190,9107.610.8-3.21.61.34
201860,484,000439,747633,133-193,3867.310.6-3.2-7.81.31
201959,816,673420,084634,417-214,3337.010.6-3.60.71.27
202059,641,488404,892740,317-335,4256.812.4-5.6-1.21.24
202159,236,213400,249701,346-301,0976.811.8-5.21.71.25
202259,030,133393,333715,077-321,7446.812.1-5.4 4.81.24
202358,997,201379,339660,600-281,261 6.411.2-4.84.71.22
202458,968,501
In the year 2022 82,216 babies were born to at least one foreign parent which makes up 20.9% of all newborns in that year (20,274 or 5.15% were born to foreign mothers, 8,863 or 2.25% to foreign fathers and 53,079 or 13.49% to two foreign parents). In Southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia) only 8.8 percent of all newborns had 1 or 2 foreign parents, whereas in Central and Northern Italy their share reached 23.0 and 29.6 percent, respectively.[54]

Current vital statistics

[55]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January - May 2023148,967286,577-137,610
January - May 2024147,907270,696-122,789
Difference -1,060 (-0.71%) -15,881 (-5.54%) +14,821

Structure of the population

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total28 866 22630 369 987 59 236 213100
0–41 138 8451 077 6652 216 5103.74
5–91 326 061 1 252 2792 578 3404.35
10–141 463 8731 377 8222 841 6954.80
15–191 476 8151 380 1982 857 0134.82
20–241 549 5001 407 8402 957 3404.99
25–291 566 265 1 479 3143 045 5795.14
30–341 633 8871 592 2593 226 1465.45
35–391 747 5291 735 7233 483 2525.88
40–442 001 5022 007 0684 008 5706.77
45–492 329 4572 363 0444 692 5017.92
50–542 377 0412 440 6344 817 6758.13
55–592 261 1082 362 8574 623 9657.81
60–641 901 2092 044 8873 946 0966.66
65-691 652 9481 821 3853 474 3335.87
70-741 609 5101 831 6613 441 1715.81
75-791 140 6341 406 5762 547 2104.30
80-84953 1181 324 8452 277 9633.85
85-89513 213882 8891 396 1022.36
90-94186 194443 464629 6581.06
95-9934 670123 247157 9170.27
100-1042 72813 40416 1320.03
105-1091179071 024<0.01
110+21921<0.01
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–143 928 7793 707 7667 636 54512.89
15–6418 844 31318 813 82437 658 13763.57
65+6 093 1347 848 39713 941 53123.54

Health

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

19.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 108

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24:

total: 32.2%. Country comparison to the world: 26th

male: 30.4%

female: 34.8% (2018 est.)

Immigration

See main article: Immigration to Italy. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, Italy received growing flows of migrants from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine and Poland).[56] The second most important area of immigration to Italy has always been the neighboring North Africa (especially Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria).[57] Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from the Far East (notably, China[58] and the Philippines) and Latin America (Ecuador, Peru) have been recorded.

Italy does not collect data on ethnicity or race of the country, but does collect data on nationality of its residents.[59]

In 2021, Istat estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.7% of the total population. These figures do not include naturalized foreign-born residents (121,457 foreigners acquired Italian citizenship in 2021)[60] as well as illegal immigrants, the so-called clandestini, whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.[61] Romanians made up the largest community in the country (1,145,718; around 10% of them being ethnic Romani people[62]), followed by Albanians (441,027) and Moroccans (422,980).[63] [64]

The fourth largest community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the Chinese.[65] The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of Wenzhou in the province of Zhejiang.[66] Breaking down the foreign-born population by continent, in 2020 the figures were as follows: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 83% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 17% live in the southern half of the peninsula.[67]

Net migration rate
  • 3.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 34th
    Nationality groupsYear
    2002[68] 2005201020152019[69] 2021[70] 2023[71]
    Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
    Italians55,651,85697.64%55,775,35096.09%55,853,96793.57%55,460,25291.98%54,820,51591.65%54,064,31991.27%53,855,86091.29%
    Foreigners1,341,4142.36%2,269,0183.91%3,836,3496.43%4,835,2458.02%4,996,1588.35%5,171,8948.73%5,141,3418.71%
    EU-271,472,847 2.46%1,406,6232.47%1,393,7822.36%
    Other European1,036,7611.73%1,053,7651.78%1,024,0291.74%
    Northern Africa639,994 1.07%689,6491.16%689,0831.17%
    Central and South Asia528,182 0.88%605,0001.02%619,6711.05%
    Eastern Asia464,557 0.78%521,6860.88%489,8040.83%
    Western Africa389,6020.65%400,112 0.68%401,2180.68%
    Central and South America345,466 0.58%366,0620.62%370,4150.63%
    Western Asia36,914 44,27271,761
    Eastern Africa37,13135,48635,833
    Central and South Africa24,91925,34325,299
    Northern America17,08221,21617,812
    Oceania2,1202,2481,991
    Stateless583432643
    Total56,993,270100%58,044,368100%59,690,316100%60,295,497100%59,816,673100%59,236,213100%58,997,201100%
    Population
    20021,341,209[72]
    20031,464,663
    20041,854,748
    20052,210,478
    20062,419,483
    20072,592,950
    20083,023,317
    20093,402,435
    20103,648,128
    20113,879,224
    20124,052,081[73]
    20134,387,721[74]
    20144,922,085[75]
    20155,014,437[76]
    20165,026,153[77]
    20175,047,028[78]
    20185,144,440[79]
    20195,255,503[80]
    20205,013,215[81]
    20215,171,894 (8.7%)[82]

    There are, as of 2022, 5,030,716 Foreign-born residents, accounting for 8.5% of the total population.

    Their distribution by country of origin was as follows:

    CountryPopulation[83]
    Romania1,081,836
    Albania416,829
    Morocco415,088
    China307,038
    Ukraine249,613
    Bangladesh174,058
    India167,333
    Philippines158,926
    Egypt147,797
    Pakistan144,129
    Nigeria123,646
    Senegal112,598
    Sri Lanka109,828
    109,804
    Tunisia102,422
    Peru98,733
    Poland74,387
    Ecuador63,211
    Brazil51,125
    51,090
    Bulgaria49,518
    Ghana47,335
    39,705
    36,372
    Germany34,003
    Serbia30,835
    France29,942
    Dominican Republic29,571
    Georgia29,222
    28,559
    Spain27,854
    United Kingdom27,758
    Cuba23,351
    El Salvador22,693
    Gambia22,637
    Mali21,032
    Colombia20,856
    Bosnia and Herzegovina20,454

    Italy migration data

    Italy Migration Data of Italian nationals (1971-2014)
    Year Emigration Immigration Net Migration
    1971 167,721 128,572 -39,149
    1972 141,852 138,246 -3,606
    1973 123,802 125,168 1,366
    1974 112,020 116,708 4,688
    1975 92,666 122,774 30,108
    1976 97,247 115,997 18,750
    1977 87,655 101,985 14,330
    1978 85,550 89,897 4,347
    1979 88,950 91,693 2,743
    1980 84,877 90,463 5,586
    1981 89,221 88,886 -335
    1982 98,241 92,423 -5,818
    1983 85,138 87,804 2,666
    1984 77,318 77,002 -316
    1985 66,737 67,277 540
    1986 57,862 56,006 -1,856
    1987 38,305 57,665 19,360
    1988 36,660 52,562 15,902
    1989 59,894 53,893 -6,001
    1990 48,916 70,035 21,119
    1991 51,478 56,004 4,526
    1992 50,226 54,849 4,623
    1993 54,980 49,261 -5,719
    1994 59,402 46,761 -12,641
    1995 34,886 28,472 -6,414
    1996 39,017 28,816 -10,201
    1997 38,984 30,352 -8,632
    1998 38,148 29,946 -8,202
    1999 56,283 32,152 -24,131
    2000 47,480 34,411 -13,069
    2001 46,901 35,416 -11,485
    2002 34,056 44,476 10,420
    2003 39,866 47,530 7,664
    2004 39,155 41,794 2,639
    2005 41,991 37,326 -4,665
    2006 46,308 37,666 -8,642
    2007 36,299 36,693 394
    2008 39,536 32,118 -7,418
    2009 39,024 29,330 -9,694
    2010 39,545 28,192 -11,353
    2011 50,057 31,466 -18,591
    2012 67,998 29,467 -38,531
    2013 82,095 28,433 -53,662
    2014 88,859 29,271 -59,588
    Italy Immigration and Emigration Data! Year !! Immigration !! Emigration !! Net Migration
    2002 316,278 51,494 264,784
    2003 356,452 54,512 301,940
    2004 358,415 59,885 298,530
    2005 413,531 56,688 356,843
    2006 466,718 60,471 406,247
    2007 527,070 66,125 460,945
    2008 535,349 80,894 454,455
    2009 459,483 82,884 376,599
    2010 458,856 92,585 366,271
    2011 386,638 79,894 306,744
    2012 321,324 106,177 215,147
    2013 307,454 114,000 193,454
    2014 277,631 136,328 141,303
    2015 280,078 147,649 132,429
    2016 300,823 157,627 143,196
    2017 343,440 155,135 188,305
    2018 332,324 157,417 174,907
    2019 307,382 161,075 146,307
    2020 248,070 160,579 87,491
    2021 247,516 137,458 110,058
    2022 345,716 141,028 204,688
    2023 362,649 146,231 216,418

    [84]

    Languages

    See main article: Regional Italian and Languages of Italy.

    Italy's official language is Italian; Ethnologue has estimated that there are about 55 million speakers of Italian in the country and a further 6.7 million outside of it, primarily in the neighboring countries and in the Italian diaspora worldwide.[85] Italian, adopted by the central state after the unification of Italy, is a language based on the Florentine variety of Tuscan and is somewhat intermediate between the Italo-Dalmatian languages and the Gallo-Romance languages. Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the post-Roman invaders. When Italy unified in 1861, only 3% of the population spoke Italian,[86] even though an estimated 90% of Italians speak Italian as their L1 nowadays.[87]

    Italy is in fact one of the most linguistically diverse countries in Europe,[88] as there are not only varieties of Italian specific to each cultural region, but also distinct regional and minority languages. The establishment of the national education system has led to the emergence of the former and a decrease in the use of the latter. The spread of Italian was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, because of the economic growth and the rise of mass media and television, with the state broadcaster (RAI) setting a colloquial variety of Italian to which the population would be exposed.

    As a way to distance itself from the Italianization policies promoted because of nationalism, Italy recognized twelve languages as the Country's "historical linguistic minorities", which are promoted alongside Italian in their respective territories. French is co-official in the Aosta Valley as the province's prestige variety, under which the more commonly spoken Franco-Provencal dialects have been historically roofed.[89] German has the same status in the province of South Tyrol as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring Trentino, does Ladin.[90] Slovene[91] and Friulian are officially recognised in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine in Venezia Giulia. In Sardinia, the Sardinian language has been the language traditionally spoken and is often regarded by linguists as constituting its own branch of Romance;[92] in the 1990s, Sardinian has been recognized as "having equal dignity" with Italian,[93] the introduction of which to the island officially started under the rule of the House of Savoy in the 18th century.

    In these regions, official documents are either bilingual (trilingual in Ladin communities) in the co-official language(s) by default, or available as such upon request. Traffic signs are also multilingual, except in the Valle d'Aosta where French toponyms are generally used, with the exception of Aosta itself, which has retained its Latin form in Italian as well as English. Attempts to Italianize them, especially during the Fascist period, have been formally abandoned. Education is possible in minority languages where such schools are operating.

    UNESCO and other authorities recognize a number of other languages which are not legally protected by Italian government: Piedmontese, Venetian, Ligurian, Lombard, Emilian-Romagnolo, Neapolitan and Sicilian.

    Religion

    See main article: Religion in Italy. Roman Catholicism is by far the largest religion in the country, although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion. In 2006, 87.8% of Italy's population self-identified as Roman Catholic,[94] although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%). In 2016, 71.1% of Italian citizens self-identified as Roman Catholic.[95] This increased again to 78% in 2018.[8]

    Most Italians believe in God, or a form of a spiritual life force. According to a Eurobarometer Poll in 2005:[96] 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe there is a God', 16% answered that 'they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force' and 6% answered that 'they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force'. There are no data collected through census.

    Christianity

    The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of the Pope, curia in Rome, and the Conference of Italian Bishops. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses, San Marino and Vatican City. There are 225 dioceses in the Italian Catholic Church, see further in this article and in the article List of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy. Even though by law Vatican City is not part of Italy, it is in Rome, and along with Latin, Italian is the most spoken and second language of the Roman Curia.[97]

    Italy has a rich Catholic culture, especially as numerous Catholic saints, martyrs and popes were Italian themselves. Roman Catholic art in Italy especially flourished during the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque periods, with numerous Italian artists, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Caravaggio, Fra Angelico, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Sandro Botticelli, Tintoretto, Titian and Giotto. Roman Catholic architecture in Italy is equally as rich and impressive, with churches, basilicas and cathedrals such as St Peter's Basilica, Florence Cathedral and St Mark's Basilica. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion and denomination in Italy, with around 71.1% of Italians considering themselves Catholic. Italy is also home to the greatest number of cardinals in the world,[98] and is the country with the greatest number of Roman Catholic churches per capita.[99]

    Even though the main Christian denomination in Italy is Roman Catholicism, there are some minorities of Protestant, Waldensian, Eastern Orthodox and other Christian churches.

    Immigration from Western, Central, and Eastern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century has increased the size of Baptist, Anglican, Pentecostal and Evangelical communities in Italy, while immigration from Eastern Europe has produced large Eastern Orthodox communities.

    In 2006, Protestants made up 2.1% of Italy's population, and members of Eastern Orthodox churches comprised 1.2% or more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians including 180,000 Greek Orthodox,[100] 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelists (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the Assemblies of God, about 250,000 are Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%),[101] 30,000 Waldensians,[102] 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).[103]

    Other religions

    The longest-established religious faith in Italy is Judaism, Jews having been present in Ancient Rome before the birth of Christ. Italy has seen many influential Italian-Jews, such as prime minister Luigi Luzzatti, who took office in 1910, Ernesto Nathan served as mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913 and Shabbethai Donnolo (died 982). During the Holocaust, Italy took in many Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. However, with the creation of the Nazi-backed puppet Italian Social Republic, about 15% of 48,000 Italian Jews were killed. This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed the Second World War, has left only a small community of around 45,000 Jews in Italy today.

    Due to immigration from around the world, there has been an increase in non-Christian religions. As of 2009, there were 1.0 million Muslims in Italy[104] forming 1.6 percent of population; independent estimates put the Islamic population in Italy anywhere from 0.8 million[105] to 1.5 million.[106] 50,000 Italian Muslims hold Italian citizenship.

    There are more than 200,000 followers of faiths originating in the Indian subcontinent, including some 70,000 Sikhs with 22 gurdwaras across the country,[107] 70,000 Hindus, and 50,000 Buddhists.[108] There were an estimated 4,900 Bahá'ís in Italy in 2005.[109]

    Education

    Literacy

    definition: age 15 and over can read and write

    total population: 99.2%

    male: 99.4%

    female: 99% (2018 est.)School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

    total: 16 years

    male: 16 years

    female: 17 years (2018)

    Genetics and ethnic groups

    See main article: Genetic history of Italy.

    The genetic history of Italy is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly Indo-European speakers (Italic peoples such as Latins, Umbrians, Samnites, Oscans, Sicels and Adriatic Veneti, as well as Celts, Iapygians and Greeks) and pre-Indo-European speakers (Etruscans, Ligures, Rhaetians and Camunni in mainland Italy, Sicani and Elymians in Sicily and the Nuragic people in Sardinia). During the imperial period of Ancient Rome, the city of Rome was also home to people from various regions throughout the Mediterranean basin, including Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.[110] Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of ancient regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating to the pre-Roman and Roman periods.[111] [112] [113] [114]

    Within the Italian population, there is enough cultural, linguistic, genetic and historical diversity for them to constitute several distinct groups throughout the peninsula.[115] In this regard, peoples like the Friulians, the Ladins, the Sardinians and the South Tyroleans, who also happen to constitute recognized linguistic minorities, or even the Sicilians who are not, are cases in point, attesting to such internal diversity.

    Linguistic minorities in Italy include Sardu-speakers 1 million, Tyrolese German-speakers 350,000, Albanians 70,000 – 100,000, Slovenes 60,000, Franco-Provençal-speakers 50,000 – 70,000, Occitans 20,000 – 40,000, Ladins 30,000, Catalans 15,000, Greek-speakers 12,000, Croatians 3,000 and Friulians 600,000. The Roma community is one of the largest ethnic minorities in Italy. Due to the lack of disaggregated data the size of the Italian Roma community remains unknown. The Council of Europe estimates that between 120,000 and 180,000 Roma live in Italy. A significant proportion of Roma in Italy do not have Italian citizenship.[116]

    See also

    External links

    Notes and References

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    3. Web site: Tendenze demografiche. istat.it. 11 November 2023. it.
    4. Web site: Ageing characterises the demographic perspectives of the European societies – Issue number 72/2008 . . 28 April 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090102184227/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF . 2 January 2009.
    5. Web site: Crude birth rates, mortality rates and marriage rates 2005–2008. ISTAT. 10 May 2009. it. 10 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171721/http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf. dead.
    6. Web site: Average number of children born per woman 2005–2008. ISTAT. 3 May 2009. it. 10 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171708/http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf. dead.
    7. Web site: Births in Italy heading for new record low in 2023 - stats office. reuters. 3 January 2024. en.
    8. Web site: Being Christian in Western Europe. 2018. Pew Research Center. 5 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20190802131920/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf. 2 August 2019. dead. 22.
    9. Web site: Causes of the Italian mass emigration . ThinkQuest Library . 15 August 1999 . 30 October 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101010015938/http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= . 10 October 2010.
    10. Web site: Dati dell'ambasciata italiana in Brasile. 10 February 2018. it. 15 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150715015426/http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/. dead.
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    12. Web site: Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina . 14 November 2011 . . infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar . https://web.archive.org/web/20150715055112/http://argentinainvestiga.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.VaX01KR9VPw . 15 July 2015 . es . dead . Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia..
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    15. Web site: "Noi veneti del Venezuela, siamo i nuovi profughi fantasma". 14 November 2021. www.ilgazzettino.it. 3 February 2020. it.
    16. Web site: Los italianos y su aporte a la nación - Articulos - ABC Color.
    17. Web site: Ya se puede sacar la nacionalidad italiana. 29 May 2020. es.
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    19. Web site: Convenzioni Inps estere, Fedi sollecita Nuova Zelanda ma anche Cile e Filippine. 10 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002829/http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html. 9 February 2018. dead. it.
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    25. Web site: Essay on Italian emigration to Eritrea (in Italian). 30 October 2010.
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    39. Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
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