2018 Italian general election explained

Election Name:2018 Italian general election
Country:Italy
Election Date:4 March 2018
Type:parliamentary
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2013 Italian general election
Previous Year:2013
Outgoing Members:Legislature XVII of Italy
Elected Members:Legislature XVIII of Italy
Next Election:2022 Italian general election
Next Year:2022
Seats For Election:630 seats in the Chamber 315 seats in the Senate 316 seats needed for a majority in the Chamber 160 seats needed for a majority in the Senate
Opinion Polls:Opinion polling for the 2018 Italian general election
Registered:46,505,499 45,210,950
Turnout:33,923,321 72.94% (2.26 pp)
31,231,814 73.01% (2.10 pp)
Leader1:Matteo Salvini[1]
Party1:League
Color1:0A6BE1
Leaders Seat1:Lazio
Seats1:245 115
Seat Change1: 139 17
Popular Vote1:12,152,345
11,327,549
Percentage1:37.0%
37.5%
Swing1: 7.8 pp
6.8 pp
Party2:Five Star Movement
Alliance2:
Leaders Seat2:Acerra
Seats2:227 112
Seat Change2: 119 58
Popular Vote2:10,732,066
9,733,928
Percentage2:32.7%
32.2%
Swing2: 7.1 pp
8.4 pp
Party4:Democratic Party
Alliance4:Centre-left coalition (Italy)
Color4:EF3E3E
Leaders Seat4:Florence
Seats4:122 60
Seat Change4: 227 65
Popular Vote4:7,506,723
6,947,199
Percentage4:22.9% 23.0%
Swing4: 6.7 pp
8.6 pp
Leader5:Pietro Grasso
Party5:Free and Equal (Italy)
Alliance5:
Color5:C72837
Leaders Seat5:Sicily
Seats5:14 4
Seat Change5:New
Popular Vote5:1,114,799
991,159
Percentage5:3.4% 3.3%
Swing5:New
Prime Minister
Before Election:Paolo Gentiloni
Before Party:Democratic Party (Italy)
Posttitle:Prime Minister after the election
After Election:Giuseppe Conte
After Party:Independent (close to M5S)

The 2018 Italian general election was held on 4 March 2018 after the Italian Parliament was dissolved by President Sergio Mattarella on 28 December 2017.[2] Voters were electing the 630 members of the Chamber of Deputies and the 315 elective members of the Senate of the Republic for the 18th legislature of the Italian Republic since 1948. The election took place concurrently with the Lombard and Lazio regional elections.[3] No party or coalition gained an absolute majority in the parliament, even though the centre-right coalition won a plurality of seats as a coalition, and the Five Star Movement (M5S) won a plurality of seats as an individual party.[4]

The centre-right coalition, whose main party was the right-wing League led by Matteo Salvini, emerged with a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment M5S led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. The centre-left coalition, led by former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi of the governing Democratic Party (PD), came third;[5] [6] however, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[4]

The 2018 Italian government formation lasted three months and the first Conte government was formed on 1 June between the M5S and the League, whose leaders both became deputy prime ministers in a populist coalition government led by the M5S-linked independent Giuseppe Conte as Prime Minister of Italy.[7] The 2019 Italian government crisis started when the League withdrew its support of the government and the coalition ended with Conte's resignation on 20 August.[8] A new M5S-led coalition was formed with the centre-left PD and the Free and Equal left-wing parliamentary group, with Conte at its head, on 5 September 2019.[9] [10] Amid the 2021 Italian government crisis, the second Conte government was replaced by a national unity government headed by Mario Draghi.[11]

Background

In the 2013 Italian general election held in March, none of the three main alliances (the centre-right coalition led by Silvio Berlusconi, the centre-left coalition led by Pier Luigi Bersani, and the anti-establishment, populist Five Star Movement (M5S) led by Beppe Grillo) won an outright majority in the Italian Parliament. After a failed attempt to form a government by Bersani, then-secretary of the Democratic Party (PD), and Giorgio Napolitano's reluctantly-accepted second term as President of Italy in the 2013 Italian presidential election held in April, Enrico Letta, Bersani's deputy, received the task of forming a grand coalition government. The Letta Cabinet consisted of the PD, Berlusconi's People of Freedom (PdL), Civic Choice (SC), the Union of the Centre (UDC), and the Italian Radicals (RI).[12]

On 16 November 2013, Berlusconi re-launched Forza Italia (FI), named like the previous Forza Italia party (1994–2009).[13] Additionally, Berlusconi announced that FI would be opposed to Letta's government, causing the split from the PdL/FI of a large group of deputies and senators led by Minister of Interior Angelino Alfano, who launched the alternative New Centre-Right (NCD) party and remained loyal to the government,[14] which also came to include the Populars for Italy (PpI).[15] [16] [17]

Following the election of Matteo Renzi as secretary of the PD in December 2013, there were persistent tensions culminating in Letta's resignation as Prime Minister in February 2014.[18] The Renzi Cabinet was based on the same coalition, including the NCD, but in a new fashion.[19] The new Prime Minister had a strong mandate from the PD, which was reinforced in May by the party's strong showing in the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy;[20] the 2015 Italian presidential election resulted in the election of Sergio Mattarella, a former PD member, as the president of Italy in January.[21] While in power, Renzi implemented several reforms, including the Italian electoral law of 2015 (Italicum) that would be declared partially unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Italy in January 2017 and replaced by the Italian electoral law of 2017 (Rosatellum),[22] [23] and a relaxation of labour and employment laws known as the Jobs Act with the intention of boosting economic growth that would also found by the same court to be partially unconstitutional in September 2018,[24] [25] [26] which was upheld in July 2020,[27] [28] plus a thorough reform of the public administration, the simplification of the civil trial, the recognition of same-sex unions (not marriages), and the abolition of several minor taxes.[29] [30] [31]

As a result of the Libyan Civil War, a major problem faced by Renzi was the high level of illegal immigration to Italy. During his tenure, there was an increase in the number of immigrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports, prompting criticism from the M5S, FI, and the Northern League,[32] [33] and causing a loss of popularity for Renzi.[34] Into 2016, opinion polls registered the PD's strength, the growth of the M5S, the Northern League, and Brothers of Italy (FdI), FI's decline, SC's disappearance, and the replacement of Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) with Italian Left (SI).[35]

In the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum, a constitutional reform proposed by Renzi's government and duly approved by Parliament was rejected 59% to 41%.[36] [37] Under the reform, the Senate would have been composed of 100 members, of which 95 are regional representatives and five are presidential appointees.[38] [39] [40] Following defeat in December 2016, Renzi stepped down as Prime Minister and was replaced by Minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni,[41] another PD member and deputy.[42]

In early 2017, in opposition to Renzi's policies, some left-wing PD members led by Bersani, Massimo D'Alema, and Roberto Speranza launched, along with SI splinters, the Democratic and Progressive Movement (MDP).[43] [44] Contextually, the NCD was transformed into Popular Alternative (AP).[45] In April, Renzi was re-elected secretary of the PD and became the party's candidate for Prime Minister,[46] defeating Minister of Justice Andrea Orlando and the governor of Apulia Michele Emiliano.[47] [48]

In May 2017, Matteo Salvini was re-elected federal secretary of the Northern League and launched his own bid.[49] [50] Under Salvini, the party had emphasised Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration, and other right-wing populist policies.[51] His aim had been to re-launch it as a nationalist party, withering any notion of northern separatism. This focus became particularly evident in December 2017, when the party presented its new electoral logo dropping Nord ("Northern").[52] That same month, the League for Salvini Premier was founded as a sister party to promote Salvini's candidature as Prime Minister. Political commentators have since described it as a parallel party of the League, with the aim of politically replacing the latter, which had been burdened by a statutory debt of €49 million.[53] [54] [55]

In September 2017, Luigi Di Maio was selected as candidate for Prime Minister and political head of the M5S, replacing Grillo;[56] [57] in the following months, Grillo was accused by critics of continuing to play his role as de facto leader of the party, while an increasingly important, albeit unofficial, role was assumed by Davide Casaleggio, son of Gianroberto, a web strategist who founded the M5S along with Grillo in 2009 and died in 2016.[58] [59] [60] In January 2018, Grillo separated his own blog from the movement; his blog was used in the previous years as an online newspaper of the M5S and the main propaganda tool.[61] This event was seen by many as the proof that Grillo was slowly leaving politics.[62]

The autumn registered some major developments to the left of the political spectrum. In November, the RI, Forza Europa, and individual liberals launched a joint list named More Europe (+E), led by the long-time RI leader Emma Bonino.[63] In December, the MDP, SI, and Possible launched a joint list named Free and Equal (LeU) under the leadership of Pietro Grasso, the president of the Senate and former anti-mafia prosecutor.[64] That same month, the Italian Socialist Party, the Federation of the Greens, Civic Area, and Progressive Area formed a list named Together in support of the PD,[65] and the Communist Refoundation Party, the Italian Communist Party, social centres, minor parties, local committees, associations, and groups launched a far-left joint list named Power to the People (PaP) under the leadership of Viola Carofalo.[66] [67]

In late December 2017, the centrist post-NCD Popular Alternative (AP), which had been a key coalition partner for the PD, divided itself among those who wanted to return into the centre-right's fold and those who supported Renzi's coalition. Two groups of AP splinters (one led by Maurizio Lupi and the other by Enrico Costa) formed, along with Direction Italy, Civic Choice, Act!, Cantiere Popolare, and the Movement for Autonomies, a joint list within the centre-right named Us with Italy (NcI).[68] The list was later enlarged to the Union of the Centre and other minor parties.[69] The remaining members of the AP, Italy of Values, Centrists for Europe, Solidary Democracy, and minor groups joined forces in the pro-PD Popular Civic List (CP) led by Minister of Health Beatrice Lorenzin.[70]

On 28 December 2017, President Mattarella dissolved the parliament and a new general election was called for 4 March 2018.[71]

On 21 February 2018, Marco Minniti, the Italian Minister of the Interior, warned: "There is a concrete risk of the mafias conditioning electors' free vote."[72] The Sicilian Mafia have been active in Italian election meddling; the Camorra and 'Ndrangheta organisations have also taken an interest.[73]

In late February 2018, Berlusconi indicated Antonio Tajani, the president of the European Parliament, as his candidate for the premiership if the centre-right coalition won the general election,[74] and if FI achieved a plurality of the votes inside the coalition, condition that did not occur, resulting in a victory of the League, the party led by Salvini.[75]

Campaign

The first phase of the electoral campaign was marked by the statement of President Mattarella to parties for the presentation of "realistic and concrete" proposals during the traditional end of the year's message, in which he also expressed the wish for a high participation in the ballot.[76]

Electoral programmes

The electoral programme of the PD included, among the main points, the introduction of a minimum hourly wage of €10, a measure that would affect 15% of workers, that is those workers who do not adhere to the national collective agreements, plus a cut of the contributory wedge for permanent contracts, a relocation allowance and an increase in subsidies for the unemployed, a monthly allowance of €80 for parents for each minor child, fiscal detraction of €240 for parents with children, and the progressive reduction of the rates of IRPEF and IRES, respectively the income tax and the corporate tax.[77] [78] [79] Regarding immigration, which had been a major problem in Italy for the previous years, the PD advocated a reduction in migrant flows through bilateral agreements with the countries of origin and pretended to a halt to European Union funding for countries like Hungary and Poland that have refused to take in any of the 600,000 migrants who have reached Italy through the Mediterranean over the past four years.[80] Among the PD's allies, the CP proposed free nursery schools, a tax exemption for corporate welfare, and other measures regarding public health, including the contrast to the long waiting list in hospitals, the abolition of the so-called "supertickets", and an extension of home care for the elderly.[81] +E advocated the re-launch of the process of European integration and federalisation of the European Union towards the formation of the United States of Europe.[82] This was also supported by the PD, with the PD's leader Renzi saying the United States of Europe is the future.[83] In opposition to the PD's policies implemented by Minister of Interior Marco Minniti, +E advocated the social integration of migrants.[84]

The main proposal of the centre-right coalition was a tax reform based on the introduction of a flat tax; for Berlusconi, it was initially based on the lowest current rate (23%) with the threshold raised to €12,000, then proceeding to a gradual reduction of the rate, while according to Salvini the tax rate should be only 15%. The economic newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore estimated the cost of this measure at around €25 billion per year calculated with a 20% rate, or €40 billion with 15%.[85] Berlusconi also proposed the cancellation of IRAP, a tax on productivity, plus increase of minimum pensions to €1,000, the introduction of a "dignity income" to fight poverty, the end of contribution on youth recruitment, changes to the Fornero Law, which regulated pensions, and the launch of a Marshall Plan for Africa to reduce illegal immigration to Italy.[86] Within FI, there were some representatives of the Animalist Movement led by Michela Vittoria Brambilla, whose main focus was the banning of fur clothing and stricter controls in circuses, free veterinary care, and the establishment of an ombudsman for animal rights.[87] The League proposed the complete replacement of the Fornero Law and the possibility of retirement with 41 years of contributions, the "scrapping" of tax records for taxpayers in difficulty, an operation that should yield up to €35 billion to the state, and the disbandment of Equitalia, the company that deals with the collection of taxes, plus the abolition of the limit on the use of cash and the regularization of prostitution;[88] moreover, Salvini's main aim was a drastic reduction of illegal immigration by reintroducing border controls, blocking arrivals, and repatriating all migrants who have no right to stay in Italy.[89] The FdI proposed free nurseries, a check for €400 per month for newborns up to the six years old to increase population growth, parental leave paid to 80% up to the sixth year of birth, increase in salaries and equipment to law enforcement, the increased use of the Italian Army as a measure to fight crime, and a new law on self-defense.[90]

The M5S presented a programme whose main points are the introduction of a basic income, known as "income of citizenship", to fight poverty, a measure that would cost between €15 and €20 billion annually, plus the cut of the public debt by 40 points in relation to GDP in ten years, the adoption of measures to revitalise youth employment, a cut in pensions of over €5,000 net not entirely based on the contribution method, the reduction of IRPEF rates and the extension of the income tax threshold, the increase in spending on family welfare measures from 1.5 to 2.5% of GDP, and a constitutional law that obliges members of parliament to resign if they intend to change party.[91] Di Maio also proposed a legislative simplification, starting with the elimination of almost 400 laws with a single legislative provision.[92]

LeU focused on the so-called right to study, proposing in particular the abolition of tuition fees for students who take the exams regularly, with the estimated cost for the state budget of €1.6 billion. LeU also proposed the reintroducing the Workers' Statute, which offered protections that were eliminated by the Renzi government's Jobs Act, plus fighting tax evasion, corruption, and organised crime.[93]

Macerata murder and subsequent attack

See also: Macerata shooting and Murder of Pamela Mastropietro. On 3 February 2018, a drive-by shooting event occurred in the city of Macerata, Marche, in Central Italy, where six African migrants were seriously wounded.[94] Luca Traini, a 28-year-old local man, was arrested and charged with attempted murder, and was also charged for the attack against the local headquarters of the ruling PD party.[95] After the attack, Traini reportedly had an Italian flag draped on his shoulders and raised his arm in the fascist salute.[96] Traini stated that the attack was "revenge" for Pamela Mastropietro, an 18-year-old Roman woman whose dismembered body had been found few days earlier, stuffed into two suitcases and dumped in the countryside; for this, three Nigerian drug dealers were arrested, the main suspect being Innocent Oseghale, a 29-year-old failed asylum seeker.[97] [98] [99] Missing body parts had sparked allegations of the murder having been a muti killing also involving cannibalism.[100] [101] [102]

The case sparked anger and anti-immigrant sentiment in Macerata. Traini's lawyer reported "alarming solidarity" for Traini expressed by the populace,[103] while Mastropietro's mother publicly thanked Traini for "lighting a candle" for her daughter.[104] A second autopsy of the girl's remains, published after the attack against the African migrants, revealed that Mastropietro had been strangled, stabbed, and then flayed while still alive.[105] [106] The murder of Mastropietro and the attack by Traini, and their appraisal by Italian media and the public were "set to become a decisive factor" in the national elections.[107]

Traini was a member and former local candidate of the League, and many political commentators, intellectuals, and politicians criticized Salvini in connection with the attack, accusing him of having "spread hate and racism" in the country. Roberto Saviano, the notable anti-mafia writer, labeled Salvini as the "moral instigator" of Traini's attack.[108] Salvini responded to critics by accusing the centre-left government of responsibility for Mastropietro's death through allowing migrants to stay in the country and having "blood on their hands", asserting that the blame lies with those who "fill [Italy] with illegal immigrants".[109]

Prime Minister Gentiloni stated that he "trusts in the sense of responsibility of all political forces. Criminals are criminals and the state will be particularly harsh with anyone that wants to fuel a spiral of violence." Gentiloni added that "hate and violence will not divide Italy".[110] Minister Minniti condemned the attack against the Africans, saying that any political party must "ride the hate".[111] Renzi, whose party was also accused about its position on immigration, stated that "calm and responsibility" from all political forces would now be necessary.[112] In the constituency of Macerata, the centre-right coalition, led by the League, won a plurality of the votes in the ballot, electing candidate Tullio Patassini, and showed an increase from 0.4% of the vote in 2013 to 21% in 2018, five years later.[113]

Main parties' slogans

PartyOriginal sloganEnglish translationRefs
Democratic PartyAvanti, insieme"Forward, Together"[114] [115]
Five Star MovementPartecipa, Scegli, Cambia"Participate, Choose, Change"[116] [117]
Forza ItaliaOnestà, Esperienza, Saggezza"Honesty, Experience, Wisdom"[118] [119]
LeaguePrima gli Italiani"Italians First"[120] [121]
Free and EqualPer i molti, non per i pochi"For the Many, Not the Few"[122] [123]
Brothers of ItalyIl voto che unisce l'Italia"The Vote that Unites Italy"[124] [125]
More EuropePiù Europa, serve all'Italia"More Europe, Italy Needs It"[126] [127]
TogetherInsieme è meglio"Together Is Better"[128] [129]
Popular Civic ListIl vaccino contro gli incompetenti"The Vaccine Against the Incompetents"[130] [131]
Power to the PeoplePotere al Popolo"Power to the People"[132] [133]
CasaPoundVota più forte che puoi"Vote As Strong As You Can"[134] [135]

Electoral debates

Differently from many other Western world countries, electoral debates between parties' leaders are not so common before general elections in Italy;[136] [137] the last debate between the two main candidates to premiership dated back to the 2006 Italian general election between Silvio Berlusconi and Romano Prodi.[138] With few exceptions, almost every main political leader had denied his participation to an electoral debate with other candidates,[139] preferring interviews with TV hosts and journalists;[140] [141] [142] however, many debates took places between other leading members of the main parties.[143]

2018 Italian general election debates
DateOrganiserModerator
Centre-leftCentre-rightM5SLeU
7 NovemberLa7
(Di Martedì)
Giovanni FlorisP
NIA
NI
12 DecemberRai 3
(#cartabianca)
Bianca BerlinguerP
P
NINI
16 JanuaryRai 3
(#cartabianca)
Bianca BerlinguerP
P
NINI
30 JanuaryRai 3
(#cartabianca)
Bianca BerlinguerP
P
NINI
13 FebruaryLa7
(Otto e mezzo)
Lilli GruberNIP
NIP
13 FebruaryRai 3
(#cartabianca)
Bianca BerlinguerP
NIP
NI
27 FebruaryRai 3
(#cartabianca)
Bianca BerlinguerNIP
NIP

New electoral system

See also: Italian electoral law of 2017. As a consequence of the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum and of two different sentences of the Constitutional Court of Italy, the electoral laws for the two houses of the Italian Parliament lacked uniformity. In October 2017, the PD, AP, FI, the League, and minor parties agreed on a new electoral law,[144] which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies with 375 votes in favour and 215 against[145] and by the Senate with 214 votes against 61; the reform was opposed by the M5S, the MDP, SI, FdI and minor parties.[146]

The so-called Rosatellum bis,[147] named after Ettore Rosato (PD leader in the Chamber of Deputies), is a mixed electoral system, with 37% of seats allocated using a first-past-the-post (FPTP) voting and 63% using the proportional largest remainder method, with one round of voting.[148] [149] The 630 deputies were to be elected as follows:[150]

The 315 elective senators were to be elected as follows:[150]

A small, variable number of senators for life were to be members of the Senate.

For Italian residents, each house members were to be elected in single ballots, including the constituency candidate and his/her supporting party lists. In each single-member constituency, the deputy or senator is elected on a plurality basis, while the seats in multi-member constituencies are allocated nationally. In order to be calculated in single-member constituency results, parties need to obtain at least 1% of the national vote. In order to receive seats in multi-member constituencies, parties need to obtain at least 3% of the national vote. Elects from multi-member constituencies would come from closed lists.[151]

The voting paper, which is a single one for the first-past-the-post and the proportional systems, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and in close conjunction with them the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates.[152] The voter was able to cast their vote in three different ways:[153]

Coalitions and parties

Lists with parliamentary representation

Below are the main electoral lists that are running in the election.[154]

CoalitionListMain ideologyLeaderContested
constituencies
Seats in 2013Seats in 2018
Centre-left coalitionDemocratic Party (PD)Social democracyMatteo Renzi
Popular Civic List (CP)Christian democracyBeatrice Lorenzin
Together (IEI)ProgressivismGiulio Santagata
More Europe (+E)LiberalismEmma Bonino
Forza Italia (FI)Liberal conservatismSilvio Berlusconi
Us with ItalyUDC (NcI–UDC)Christian democracyRaffaele Fitto
League (Lega)Right-wing populismMatteo Salvini
Brothers of Italy (FdI)National conservatismGiorgia Meloni
Five Star Movement (M5S)PopulismLuigi Di Maio
Free and Equal (LeU)Social democracyPietro Grasso
Italian Republican PartyALA (PRI–ALA)LiberalismDenis Verdini
South Tyrolean People's PartyPATT (SVP–PATT)RegionalismPhilipp Achammer

Lists without parliamentary representation

ListMain ideologyLeaderContested
constituencies
Power to the People (PaP)CommunismViola Carofalo
CasaPound (CPI)Neo-fascismSimone Di Stefano
The People of Family (PdF)Christian rightMario Adinolfi
Italy for the Italians (IAI)Neo-fascismRoberto Fiore
Human Value Party (PVU)HumanismPasquale Ruga
Communist Party (PC)CommunismMarco Rizzo
For a Revolutionary Left (PSR) TrotskyismClaudio Bellotti
10 Times Better (10VM)LiberalismAndrea Dusi
People's List for the Constitution (LdP)Left-wing populismAntonio Ingroia
National Bloc for Freedoms (BNL)MonarchismMassimo Mallucci
Great North (GN)RegionalismMarco Reguzzoni
AutodeterminatzioneAutonomismAnthony Muroni
Pact for Autonomy (PpA)AutonomismMassimo Moretuzzo

Opinion polling

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2018 Italian general election.

Voter turnout

RegionTime
12:0019:0023:00
Abruzzo19.38%61.29%75.25%
Aosta Valley21.24%59.01%72.27%
Apulia17.97%53.68%68.94%
Basilicata16.27%53.12%71.11%
Calabria15.11%49.55%63.78%
Campania16.96%52.59%68.20%
Emilia-Romagna22.72%65.99%78.26%
Friuli-Venezia Giulia22.56%62.45%75.11%
Lazio18.88%55.47%72.58%
Liguria21.78%61.04%71.96%
Lombardy20.92%62.29%76.81%
Marche19.81%62.22%77.28%
Molise17.88%56.46%71.76%
Piedmont20.44%61.88%75.17%
Sardinia18.34%52.49%65.39%
Sicily14.27%47.06%62.72%
Tuscany21.17%63.87%77.34%
Trentino-Alto Adige20.85%60.57%74.34%
Umbria20.55%64.86%78.22%
Veneto22.24%64.61%78.72%
Total19.43%58.42%72.94%
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Results

The centre-right coalition emerged with a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement became the party with the largest number of votes. The centre-left coalition came third. As no political group or party won an outright majority, the election resulted in a hung parliament.[4]

Chamber of Deputies

Overall results

CoalitionPartyProportionalFirst-past-the-postOverseasTotal
seats
+/−
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Centre-right coalition5,698,687 17.35 73 12,152,345 37.00 49 240,072 21.432 125
4,596,956 14.00 59 46 1 104
1,429,550 4.35 19 12 0 32
427,152 1.30 0 4 11,8451.09 0 4 New
Total seats151 111 3 265
10,732,066 32.68 133 10,732,066 32.68 93 197,346 17.57 1 227
Centre-left coalition6,161,896 18.76 86 7,506,72322.85 21 297,153 26.455 112
841,468 2.56 0 2 64,350 5.731 3 New
190,601 0.58 0 1 0 1 New
178,107 0.54 0 2 32.0712.85 0 2 New
134,651 0.41 2 2 0 4
Total seats88 28 6 122
1,114,799 3.38 14 1,114,799 3.39 0 64,523 5.74 0 14 New
0 0 107,236 9.55 1 1
0 0 68,291 6.08 1 1
Total 630

First-past-the-post results

Party or coalitionVotes%Seats
Centre-right coalition (CDX)12,152,34537.00111
Five Star Movement (M5S)10,727,56732.6893
Centre-left coalition (CSX)7,506,72322.8528
Free and Equal (LeU)1,114,7993.390
Power to the People (PaP)372,1791.130
CasaPound (CPI)312,4320.950
The People of Family (PdF)219,6330.670
Italy for the Italians (IAI)126,5430.390
Communist Party (PC)106,8160.330
Human Value Party (PVU)47,9530.150
10 Times Better (10VM)37,3540.110
For a Revolutionary Left (PSR)29,3640.090
Italian Republican PartyALA (PRI–ALA)20,9430.060
Great North (GN)19,8460.060
Autodeterminatzione19,3070.060
People's List for the Constitution (LdP)9,9210.030
Pact for Autonomy (PpA)7,0790.020
National Bloc for Freedoms (BNL)3,6280.010
SìAmo1,4280.000
RenaissanceMIR6860.000
Italy in the Heart5740.000
Total32,841,025100.00231
Invalid / blank / unassigned votes 1,471,727 4.33
Total turnout 33,923,321 72.94
Registered voters 46,505,499
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Proportional results

PartyVotes%Seats
Five Star Movement (M5S)10,732,06632.68133
Democratic Party (PD)6,161,89618.7686
League (Lega)5,698,68717.3573
Forza Italia (FI)4,596,95614.0059
Brothers of Italy (FdI)1,429,5504.3519
Free and Equal (LeU)1,114,7993.3914
More Europe (+E)841,4682.560
Us with ItalyUDC (NcI–UDC)427,1521.300
Power to the People (PaP)372,1791.130
CasaPound (CPI)312,4320.950
The People of Family (PdF)219,6330.670
Together (IEI)190,6010.580
Popular Civic List (CP)178,1070.540
South Tyrolean People's PartyPATT (SVP–PATT)134,6510.412
Italy for the Italians (IAI)126,5430.390
Communist Party (PC)106,8160.330
Human Value Party (PVU)47,9530.150
10 Times Better (10VM)37,3540.110
For a Revolutionary Left (PSR)29,3640.090
Italian Republican PartyALA (PRI–ALA)20,9430.060
Great North (GN)19,8460.060
Autodeterminatzione19,3070.060
People's List for the Constitution (LdP)9,9210.030
Pact for Autonomy (PpA)7,0790.020
National Bloc for Freedoms (BNL)3,6280.010
SìAmo1,4280.000
RenaissanceMIR7720.000
Italy in the Heart5740.000
Total32,841,705100.00386
Invalid / blank / unassigned votes1,471,727 4.33
Total turnout33,923,321 72.94
Registered voters 46,505,499
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Aosta Valley

See main article: 2018 Italian general election in Aosta Valley. The autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northwestern Italy, elects one member to the Chamber of Deputies through a direct first-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

Party/coalitionCandidateVotes%
Five Star MovementElisa Tripodi15,99924.1
Aosta ValleyAlessia Favre14,49221.7
For AllGiampaolo Marcoz12,11818.3
LeagueLuca Distort11,58817.5
Forza ItaliaFdI–NVdAEdoardo Melgara5,5338.3
Other candidates6,70310.1
Total66,370100.0
Source: Web site: Eligendo: Camera [Scrutini] Collegio uninominale VALLE D'AOSTA - 01 (Italia) - Camera dei Deputati del 4 marzo 2018 ]. . Italian . 5 March 2018 . 3 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180403171037/http://elezioni.interno.gov.it/camera/scrutini/20180304/scrutiniCI27000000000 . dead .

Overseas constituencies

Twelve members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by Italians abroad. Two members are elected for North America and Central America (including most of the Caribbean), four members for South America (including Trinidad and Tobago), five members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation. The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy; Forza Italia, the League, and Brothers of Italy formed a unified list for abroad constituencies.[155]

Party or coalition Votes%Seats
Democratic Party (PD) 297,153 26.45 5
LeagueForza ItaliaBrothers of Italy (Lega–FI–FdI) 240,702 21.43 3
Five Star Movement (M5S) 197,346 17.57 1
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) 107,236 9.55 1
South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) 68,291 6.08 1
Free and Equal (LeU) 64,523 5.74 0
More Europe (+E) 64,350 5.73 1
Popular Civic List (CP) 32,071 2.85 0
Latin America Tricolor Union (UniTAL) 25,555 2.27 0
Us with ItalyUDC (NcI–UDC) 12,396 1.10 0
Freedom Movement10,5900.940
Italian Republican PartyALA (PRI–ALA) 2,270 0.20 0
Free Flights to Italy 946 0.08 0
Total1,123,429100.0012
Invalid / blank / unassigned votes 156,755 12.42
Total turnout1,262,422 29.84
Registered voters 4,230,854
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Senate of the Republic

Overall results

CoalitionPartyProportionalFirst-past-the-postOverseasTotal
seats
+/−
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Centre-right coalition5,321,537 17.61 37 11,327,549 37.50 21 226,885 21.98 0 58
4,358,004 14.43 33 23 2 57
1,286,606 4.26 7 9 0 18
361,402 1.20 0 4 10,404 1.04 0 4 New
Total seats77 58 2 137
9,733,928 32.22 68 9,733,928 32.22 44 174,948 17.64 0 112
Centre-left coalition5,783,360 19.14 43 6,947,199 23.00 8 279,489 27.08 2 53
714,821 2.37 0 1 55,625 5.39 0 1New
163,454 0.54 0 1 1 New
157,282 0.52 0 1 31,293 3.15 0 1New
128,282 0.42 1 2 3
1 1 ±0
Total seats 44 14 2 60
991,159 3.28 4 991,159 3.28 0 55,279 5.57 0 4 New
0 0 110,879 10.74 1 1
0 0 68,233 6.61 1 1
Total 315

First-past-the-post results

Party or coalitionVotes%Seats
Centre-right coalition (CDX)11,327,54937.5058
Five Star Movement (M5S)9,733,92832.2244
Centre-left coalition (CSX)6,947,19923.0014
Free and Equal (LeU)991,1593.280
Power to the People (PaP)320,4931.060
CasaPound (CPI)259,7180.860
The People of Family (PdF)211,7590.700
Italy for the Italians (IAI)149,9070.500
Communist Party (PC)101,6480.340
Human Value Party (PVU)38,7490.120
For a Revolutionary Left (PSR)32,6230.110
Italian Republican PartyALA (PRI–ALA)27,3840.090
Autodeterminatzione20,4680.070
Great North (GN)17,5070.060
People's List for the Constitution (LdP)10,3560.030
United Right – Pitchforks6,2290.020
Christian Democracy (DC)5,5320.020
Pact for Autonomy (PpA)5,0150.020
SìAmo1,4020.000
Modern and Solidary State (SMS)1,3840.000
RenaissanceMIR3540.000
Total30,210,363100.00116
Invalid / blank / unassigned votes 1,398,216 4.48
Total turnout 31,231,814 73.01
Registered voters 42,780,033
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Proportional results

PartyVotes%Seats
Five Star Movement (M5S)9,733,92832.2268
Democratic Party (PD)5,783,36019.1443
League (Lega)5,321,53717.6137
Forza Italia (FI)4,358,00414.4333
Brothers of Italy (FdI)1,286,6064.267
Free and Equal (LeU)991,1593.284
More Europe (+E)714,8212.370
Us with ItalyUDC (NcI–UDC)361,4021.200
Power to the People (PaP)320,4931.060
CasaPound (CPI)259,7180.860
The People of Family (PdF)211,7590.700
Together (IEI)163,4540.540
Popular Civic List (CP)157,2820.520
Italy for the Italians (IAI)149,9070.500
South Tyrolean People's PartyPATT (SVP–PATT)128,2820.421
Communist Party (PC)101,6480.340
Human Value Party (PVU)38,7490.120
For a Revolutionary Left (PSR)32,6230.110
Italian Republican PartyALA (PRI–ALA)27,3840.090
Autodeterminatzione20,4680.070
Great North (GN)17,5070.060
People's List for the Constitution (LdP)10,3560.030
United Right – Pitchforks6,2290.020
Christian Democracy (DC)5,5320.020
Pact for Autonomy (PpA)5,0150.020
SìAmo1,4020.000
Modern and Solidary State (SMS)1,3840.000
RenaissanceMIR5520.000
Total30,210,561100.00193
Invalid / blank / unassigned votes 1,398,216 4.48
Total turnout 31,231,814 73.01
Registered voters 42,780,033
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Aosta Valley

Party/coalitionCandidateVotes%
Aosta ValleyAlbert Lanièce15,95825.8
Five Star MovementLuciano Mossa14,39823.2
LeaguePaolo Sammaritani11,00417.8
For AllLuisa Trione9,65915.6
Forza ItaliaFdI–NVdAOrlando Navarra5,2238.4
Other candidates5,6969.2
Total61,938100.0
Source: Web site: Eligendo: Senato [Scrutini] Collegio uninominale VALLE D'AOSTA - 01 (Italia) - Senato della Repubblica del 4 marzo 2018 ]. . Italian . 5 March 2018.

Overseas constituencies

Party or coalition Votes%Seats
Democratic Party (PD) 279,489 27.08 2
LeagueForza ItaliaBrothers of Italy (Lega–FI–FdI) 226,885 21.98 2
Five Star Movement (M5S) 182,715 17.70 0
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) 110,879 10.74 1
South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) 68,233 6.61 1
Free and Equal (LeU) 57,761 5.60 0
More Europe (+E) 55,625 5.39 0
Popular Civic List (CP) 32,660 3.16 0
Us with ItalyUDC (NcI–UDC) 10,856 1.05 0
Freedom Movement 6,960 0.67 0
Total1,032,063100.006
Invalid / blank / unassigned votes146,430 12.61
Total turnout1,160,985 30.27
Registered voters 4,230,854
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Leaders' races

Di Maio and Renzi run in a single-member constituency, respectively in Acerra, near Naples, for the Chamber of Deputies and in Florence for the Senate. Salvini ran in many multi-member constituencies through the country and he was elected in Calabria due to the mechanism of the electoral law,[156] while Meloni was elected in the single-member constituency of Latina, Lazio, for the Chamber of Deputies.[157]

2018 general election (C): Acerra
CandidateCoalitionPartyVotes%
Luigi Di MaioNoneM5S95,21963.4
Vittorio SgarbiCentre-rightFI30,59620.4
Antonio FalconeCentre-leftPD18,01812.0
align=left colspan=2Others6,3154.1
align=left colspan=4Total150,148100.0
align=left colspan=4Turnout153,52869.9
2018 general election (S): Florence
CandidateCoalitionPartyVotes%
Matteo RenziCentre-leftPD109,83043.9
Alberto BagnaiCentre-rightLega61,64224.6
Nicola CecchiNoneM5S49,92519.9
align=left colspan=2Others28,79711.4
align=left colspan=4Total250,194100.0
align=left colspan=4Turnout256,87978.6
2018 general election (C): Latina
CandidateCoalitionPartyVotes%
Giorgia MeloniCentre-rightFdI70,26841.0
Leone MartellucciNoneM5S62,56336.5
Federico FauttilliCentre-leftDemoS26,29315.3
align=left colspan=3Others12,2697.2
align=left colspan=4Total171,393100.0
align=left colspan=4Turnout239,83874.1

Analysis of proportionality

Using the Gallagher index, the disproportionality of the Chamber of Deputies in the election was 5.50, while for the Senate of the Republic it was 6.12.

Chamber of Deputies
CoalitionVote shareSeat shareDifferenceDifference²
Centre-right coalition37.0042.0625.60
Five Star Movement32.6836.0311.22
Centre-left coalition22.8519.3612.18
Free and Equal3.392.221.37
Power to the People1.130.001.28
Others2.970.008.82
TOTAL60.47
TOTAL /230.24
5.50
Senate of the Republic
CoalitionVote shareSeat shareDifferenceDifference²
Centre-right coalition37.4942.8628.84
Five Star Movement32.2235.5611.16
Centre-left coalition22.9918.4120.98
Free and Equal3.281.274.04
Power to the People1.050.001.10
Others2.970.008.82
TOTAL74.93
TOTAL /237.47
6.12

Electorate demographics

Sociology of the electorate
DemographicCentre-rightM5SCentre-leftLeUOthersTurnout
Total vote37.0%32.7%22.9%3.4%4.0%72.9%
Sex
Men36.8%32.8%22.9%3.5%4.0%72.5%
Women37.1%32.9%22.9%2.7%3.7%68.3%
Age
18–34 years old34.4%35.3%21.5%5.0%3.8%70.1%
35–49 years old37.4%35.4%20.3%2.7%4.2%72.2%
50–64 years old38.3%34.0%20.1%3.2%4.4%72.4%
65 or older36.9%27.1%30.1%3.0%2.9%66.3%
Occupation
Student29.9%32.3%24.4%8.2%5.2%66.8%
Unemployed41.8%37.2%15.1%0.6%5.3%63.7%
Housewife41.1%36.1%17.4%1.8%3.6%65.9%
Blue-collar42.6%37.0%14.1%1.3%5.0%72.0%
White-collar29.4%36.1%25.4%5.6%3.5%75.6%
Self-employed46.9%31.8%15.1%2.3%3.9%73.3%
Manager31.8%31.2%29.5%3.3%4.2%77.9%
Retired36.6%26.4%30.5%3.7%2.8%68.8%
Work sector
Public sector29.7%41.6%24.0%1.7%3.9%71.8%
Private sector35.6%34.0%22.0%4.3%4.1%72.7%
Education
Elementary school36.1%30.0%28.5%2.3%3.1%64.9%
Middle school42.7%33.3%18.4%2.2%3.4%70.5%
High school34.9%36.1%20.3%4.7%4.0%74.1%
University28.8%29.3%31.4%5.5%5.0%72.0%
Religious service attendance
Weekly or more38.2%30.9%26.0%2.2%2.7%68.9%
Monthly44.6%31.4%18.5%2.6%2.9%72.0%
Occasionally38.6%34.9%20.0%3.2%3.3%71.2%
Never30.8%33.7%24.8%5.2%5.5%69.9%
Source: Ipsos Italia[158]

Government formation

See also: 2018 Italian government formation. After the election's results were known, both Luigi Di Maio and Matteo Salvini stated that they must receive from President Sergio Mattarella the task of forming a new cabinet because they led the largest party and the largest coalition, respectively.[159] On 5 March, Matteo Renzi announced that the Democratic Party (PD) would be in the opposition during this legislature and he would resign as party leader when a new cabinet is formed.[160] On 6 March, Salvini repeated his campaign message that his party would refuse any coalition with the Five Star Movement (M5S).[161] On 14 March, Salvini offered to govern with the M5S, imposing the condition that the League ally Forza Italia, led by the former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, must also take part in any coalition. Di Maio rejected this proposal on the grounds that Salvini was "choosing restoration instead of revolution" because "Berlusconi represents the past".[162] On 12 March, Renzi resigned as party leader and was replaced by deputy secretary Maurizio Martina.[163] [164] On 24 March, the centre-right coalition and the M5S agreed on the election of presidents of the houses of parliament, Roberto Fico of the M5S for the Chamber of Deputies and Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati of FI for the Senate of the Republic.[165] [166]

On 7 April, Di Maio made an appeal to the PD to "bury the hatchet" and consider a governing coalition with the M5S.[167] On 18 April, President Sergio Mattarella gave newly-elected Senate president Casellati a so-called "exploratory mandate" to form a government of M5S and the centre-right coalition, with a two-day deadline.[168] On 23 April, President Mattarella gave newly-elected Chamber of Deputies president Fico an "exploratory mandate" to form a government between M5S and the PD, with a three-day deadline. The decision came after the previous attempt by Casellati failed to show any progress.[169] On 30 April, following an interview of Renzi, who expressed his strong opposition to an alliance with the M5S, Di Maio called for new elections.[170] [171] [172]

On 7 May, President Mattarella held a third round of government formation talks, after which he formally confirmed the lack of any possible majority (the M5S rejecting an alliance with the whole centre-right coalition, the PD rejecting an alliance with both the M5S and the centre-right coalition, and the League's Salvini refusing to start a government with the M5S without Berlusconi's FI, whose presence in the government was explicitly vetoed by M5S's Di Maio); on the same circumstance, he announced his intention to soon appoint a "neutral government" (irrespective of the M5S and the League's refusal to support such an option) to take over from the Gentiloni Cabinet, which was considered unable to lead Italy into a second consecutive election, as it was representing a majority from a past legislature, and offering an early election in July as a realistic option to take into consideration due to the deadlock situation.[173]

On 9 May, after a day of rumours, both the M5S and the League officially requested President Mattarella to give them 24 more hours to strike a government agreement between the two parties.[174] Later in the evening that same day, Berlusconi publicly announced that FI would not support a M5S–League government on a vote of confidence but would still maintain the centre-right alliance, opening the doors to a possible majority government between the two parties.[175]

On 13 May, the M5S and the League reached an agreement on a government program, clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties, while they still negotiated the members of a government cabinet, including the prime minister. The M5S and League leaders were slated to meet with President Mattarella on 14 May to guide the formation of a new government.[176] On 17 May, the M5S and the League agreed to the details regarding the government program, officially clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties.[177] The final draft of their program was then published on 18 May.[178]

On 18 May, 44,796 members of the M5S cast their vote online on the matter concerning the government agreement, with 42,274, more than 94%, voting in favour.[179] [180] A second vote sponsored by the League then took place on 19 May and 20 May, and was open to the general public.[181] On 20 May, it was announced that approximately 215,000 Italian citizens had participated in the League election, with around 91 percent supporting the government agreement.[182]

On 21 May, the M5S and the League proposed law professor Giuseppe Conte as Prime Minister.[183] [184] On 23 May, Conte was invited to the Quirinal Palace to receive the task of forming a new cabinet and was granted a mandate by President Mattarella.[185] [186] On 27 May, the designated Prime Minister Conte renounced to his office due to contrasts between the League's leader Salvini and President Mattarella. Salvini proposed the university professor Paolo Savona as Minister of Economy and Finances, but Mattarella opposed him, considering Savona too Eurosceptic and anti-German.[187] In his speech after Conte's resignation, Mattarella declared that the two parties wanted to bring Italy out of the eurozone; as the guarantor of the Constitution of Italy and country's interest and stability, he could not allow this.[188] [189] On the following day, Mattarella gave Carlo Cottarelli, an economist and former IMF director, the task of forming a new government.[190]

In the statement released after the designation, Cottarelli specified that in case of confidence by the Italian Parliament, he would contribute to the approval of the budget law for 2019, then Parliament would be dissolved and a new general election would be called for the beginning of 2019. In the absence of confidence, the government would deal only with the so-called current affairs and lead the country toward new elections after August 2018. Cottarelli also guaranteed the neutrality of the government and the commitment not to run for the next election.[191] He ensured a prudent management of Italian national debt and the defense of national interests through a constructive dialogue with the European Union.[192]

On 28 May 2018, the PD announced that they would vote the confidence to Cottarelli, while the M5S and the centre-right parties FI, the League, and Brothers of Italy (FdI) announced their vote against.[193] [194] Cottarelli was expected to submit his list of ministers for approval to President Mattarella on 29 May. On 29 May and 30 May, he held only informal consultations with Mattarella. According to the Italian media, he was facing difficulties due to the unwillingness of several potential candidates to serve as ministers in his cabinet and may even renounce. Meanwhile, Salvini and Di Maio announced their willingness to restart the negotiations to form a political government, and the FdI leader Giorgia Meloni gave her support to the initiative.[195] [196] [197] The government was formed the following day.[198]

See also

Pre-2018 general election
Post-2018 general election

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. According to an agreement between the leaders of the three main centre-right parties (Silvio Berlusconi, Matteo Salvini and Giorgia Meloni), the choice of the candidate for prime minister would be up to the party with the most votes within the coalition. Matteo Salvini, being the leader of the most voted party in the alliance, was initially proposed as prime minister by the entire coalition in the consultations with the President of the Republic.
  2. News: Verderami. Francesco. 13 December 2017. Elezioni 2018, si punta al 27 dicembre per lo scioglimento delle Camere: si vota il 4 marzo. Corriere della Sera. it. 17 February 2022.
  3. News: Election day il 4 marzo: si vota anche per Lazio e Lombardia. Il Messaggero. it. 5 January 2018. 18 February 2022.
  4. News: Italy election to result in hung parliament. Deutsche Welle. 5 March 2018. 17 February 2022.
  5. News: Elezioni politiche: vincono M5s e Lega. Crollo del Partito democratico. Centrodestra prima coalizione. Il Carroccio sorpassa Forza Italia. La Repubblica. it. 4 March 2018. 17 February 2022.
  6. News: Sala. Alessandro. 3 April 2018. Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI. Corriere della Sera. it. 17 February 2022.
  7. News: Italy: Conte to lead 'government of change'. ANSAMed. it. 1 June 2018. 17 February 2022. 25 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210225064450/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/europe/2018/06/01/italy-conte-to-lead-government-of-change_c823678e-977f-4cc6-be96-6ce9d524e749.html. dead.
  8. News: Giuffrida. Angela. 20 August 2019. Italian PM resigns with attack on 'opportunist' Salvini. The Guardian. 17 February 2022.
  9. News: Tidey. Alice. 5 September 2019. Conte PM & Di Maio foreign minister as new Italian government sworn in. Euronews. 17 February 2022.
  10. Fusaro. Carlo. 22 September 2019. Italia Viva, Party System Reform Morta: What Matteo Renzi's split from the PD means for democracy and stability in Italy and beyond. Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional. 10.17176/20190922-232352-0. 13 February 2022.
  11. Pianta. Mario. April 2021. Italy's Political Turmoil and Mario Draghi's European Challenges. Intereconomics. 56. 2. 82–85. 10.1007/s10272-021-0958-9. 33840824. 8021634. 13 February 2022.
  12. Web site: Dionisi. Brenda. 9 May 2013. It's a governissimo!. dead. The Florentine. https://web.archive.org/web/20141210181530/http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=8488&browse-by=News&level=National-News. 10 December 2014. 10 December 2014.
  13. News: Berlusconi breaks away from Italian government after party splits. Reuters. 16 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232953/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/16/us-italy-berlusconi-idUSBRE9AE15M20131116. 2 December 2013.
  14. News: Lorenzo. Fuccaro. 16 November 2013. È rottura tra Berlusconi e Alfano Il vicepremier annuncia i nuovi gruppi. dead. Corriere della Sera. it. 8–9. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023906/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2013/novembre/16/rottura_tra_Berlusconi_Alfano_vicepremier_co_0_20131116_655ef574-4e8a-11e3-9c1a-7bb9640fad0f.shtml. 3 December 2013. 18 February 2022.
  15. Web site: Romano. Lucio. 16 December 2013. Così i popolari per l'Italia si preparano alle Europee. Parola di Lucio Romano. Formiche. it. 18 February 2022.
  16. Web site: Argano. Fabrizia. 9 January 2014. Tutte le proposte dei Popolari 'Per l'Italia' a Letta. Formiche. it. 18 February 2022.
  17. Web site: Argano. Fabrizia. 28 January 2014. Lo schema delle alleanze dei Popolari di Mauro. Formiche. it. 18 February 2022.
  18. Web site: In Pictures: The defining moments of Renzi's time as PM. The Local. 5 December 2016. 11 February 2022. . Updated 8 December 2016..
  19. News: Renzi: con 47, 8 anni di media, è il governo più giovane di sempre. Corriere Della Sera. it. 21 February 2014. 23 February 2014.
  20. News: Update 2-Renzi's triumph in EU vote gives mandate for Italian reform. 26 May 2014. Reuters. 9 June 2015.
  21. News: Finzi. Fabrizio. 6 December 2021. Quirinale 2015: Mattarella al Colle, il capolavoro di Renzi. ANSA. it. 17 February 2022.
  22. News: Perché l'Italicum è incostituzionale. Il Post. it. 10 February 2017. 19 February 2022.
  23. News: Rubino. Monica. 26 October 2017. Il Rosatellum bis è legge dello Stato: via libera definitivo al Senato con 214 sì. La Repubblica. it. 19 February 2022.
  24. News: Colarusso. Gabriella. 26 September 2018. Sentenza sul Jobs Act, ecco cosa cambia. La Repubblica. it. 9 February 2022.
  25. News: Martino. Enzo. 3 October 2018. Jobs act, il criterio di indennizzo è incostituzionale. Così crolla uno dei pilastri della riforma Renzi. Il Fatto Quotidiano. it. 9 February 2022.
  26. News: Covelli. Roberta. 9 November 2018. La Corte Costituzionale ha smontato il Jobs act di Renzi (e anche il decreto Di Maio). Fanpage. it. 9 February 2022.
  27. Web site: Consulta: no indennità licenziamento ancorata ad anzianità servizio. Sky TG24. it. 16 July 2020. 9 February 2022.
  28. Web site: Corte Costituzionale, la firma storica di tre donne sulla sentenza del Jobs Act. Sky TG24. it. 16 July 2020. 9 February 2022.
  29. News: Totaro. Lorenzo. 15 October 2015. Renzi Gives Italians Lower Taxes, Higher Cash Use to Back Growth. Bloomberg. 9 February 2022.
  30. News: Kirchgaessner. Stephanie. 22 February 2016. 'They need a possibility of a future': has Matteo Renzi given Italy what it needs?. The Guardian. 9 February 2022.
  31. News: Balmer. Crispian. 28 September 2016. Renzi's reforms leave Italian economy and voters flat. Reuters. 11 February 2022.
  32. News: Italy PM Renzi attacks northern regions for refusing migrants. BBC. 8 June 2015. 17 February 2022.
  33. News: Italy coastguard: 3,000 migrants rescued in one day in Mediterranean. The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 23 August 2015. 17 February 2022.
  34. News: L'analisi del sondaggista: 'Con l'immigrazione, Renzi perde tra i 2 e i 4 milioni di voti'. it. Il Giornale. 25 August 2015. 4 March 2018.
  35. Web site: Sondaggio Bidimedia – 25 Febbraio: le due nuove forze a Sinistra del PD superano il 10%. Sondaggi Bidimedia. it. 25 August 2016. 17 February 2022.
  36. Negri. Fedra. Rebessi. Elisa. January 2018. Was Mattarella Worth the Trouble? Explaining the Failure of the 2016 Italian Constitutional Referendum. Italian Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. 48. 2. 177–196. 10.1017/ipo.2017.29. 2434/562060. 158906172. free.
  37. Di Mauro. Danilo. Memoli. Vincenzo. February 2018. Targeting the Government in the Referendum: The Aborted 2016 Italian Constitutional Reform. Italian Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. 48. 2. 133–157. 10.1017/ipo.2017.31. 158555880.
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