List of Italian football champions explained

List of Italian football champions
Pixels:150px
Country:Italy
Confed:UEFA
Founded:1898
Teams:20
Champions:Inter Milan
(20th title)
Season:2023–24
Most Champs:Juventus
(36 titles)
Current:2023–24 Serie A

The Italian football champions (Italian: Campione d'Italia di calcio, plural: Campioni) are the annual winners of Serie A, Italy's premier football league competition. The title has been contested since 1898 in varying forms of competition. Inter Milan are the current champions, while Juventus have won a record 36 titles. The first time the Scudetto (Italian: scudetto, "little shield", plural: scudetti) was used was in 1924 when Genoa won its ninth championship title and decided to add a little shield to their shirt as to reward and celebrate themselves as champions.

The finals of the first Italian Football Championship was decided in a single day with four teams competing, three from Turin and one from Genoa. The title was decided using a knock-out format between the finalists with Genoa, the inaugural winners. The knock-out format was used until the 1909–10 season, when a league consisting of nine teams was formed. The championship, which had been confined to a single league in the north of Italy, became a national competition in 1929 with the foundation of Serie A and Serie B.

History

Campionato Italiano di Football

The first official national football tournament was organised in 1898 by the Italian Football Federation (Italian: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, FIGC).[1] This tournament, the final matches of the first Italian Football Championship, were held in a single day on 8 May 1898 in Turin. Genoa were crowned as champions, defeating Internazionale F.C. Torino by 3–1, following extra time.[1] In the following years, the tournament was structured into regional groups with the winners of each group participating in a playoff with the eventual winners being declared champions. From 1904, the championship was called Prima Categoria.

Prima Categoria

In November 1907, the FIF organised two championships in the same season:[2]

  1. Italian Championship, the main tournament where only Italian players were allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni d'Italia (Italian Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Buni
  2. Federal Championship, a secondary tournament where foreign players (if they lived in Italy) were also allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni Federali (Federal Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Spensley[3]

The FIF wanted to organize two championships in order to allow weaker clubs composed only of Italian players ("squadre pure italiane", "pure Italian teams") to win the national title, and to relegate simultaneously the big clubs composed mostly of stronger foreign players ("squadre spurie internazionali", "spurious international teams") in a minor competition for a "consolation prize".[4] [5] [6] The majority of big clubs (Genoa, Torino and Milan) withdrew from both the championships in order to protest against the autarchical policy of the FIF. The Federal Championship was won by Juventus against Doria,[7] while The Italian Championship 1908 and Coppa Buni were won by Pro Vercelli, beating Juventus, Doria and US Milanese. However, the Federal Championship won by Juventus was later forgotten by FIGC, due to the boycott made by the dissident clubs.

In the 1909 season, the two championships were organised again, with Coppa Oberti in lieu of Coppa Spensley for the Federal Championship. This time, the majority of big clubs decided to only withdraw from the Italian Championship in order to make the Federal competition the most relevant tournament, and to diminish the Italian one. The Federal Championship was won by Pro Vercelli, beating US Milanese in the Final, while the Italian Championship was won by Juventus, again beating US Milanese in the Final.[8] However, the dissenters' strategy worked out: the failure of the Italian Championship won by Juventus forced the FIGC to later recognize the Federal Champions of Pro Vercelli as "Campioni d'Italia 1909", disavowing the other tournament.

The format was modified for the 1909–10 season which was played in a league format. Nine clubs participated, playing each other both home and away. The split between Federal and Italian championship was not completely abolished, because, while unifying these tournaments, it was decided for the last time to assign two titles at the end of the season, In fact, the FIGC established that the first placed club in the general classification would be proclaimed Federal Champions (now turned into the main title), while the best placed club among the four "pure Italian teams" would be recognized as Italian Champions (now the secondary title), depending on the head-to-head matches.[9] At the end of the season, Pro Vercelli and Inter finished equal first, so a playoff was needed to assign the Federal title (the Italian one was won by Pro Vercelli). This season was the first victory for Internazionale, who defeated Pro Vercelli 10-3 in the final. Even the Italian title won by Pro Vercelli was later forgotten.[10]

In the 1910–11 season, teams from Veneto and Emilia were admitted for the first time. The championship was divided into two groups: Liguria-Piemonte-Lombardia group, the most important, and the Veneto-Emilia group. The winners of each group qualified to the Final for the title. The 1912–13 season saw the competition nationalised with North and South divisions.[11] The 1914–1915 Championship was suspended because of World War I while Genoa was first in the Northern Italy Finals and only when the war ended, in 1919, did the FIGC decide to award the 1915 title to Genoa. In 1916, Milan won the Coppa Federale, which for that season was a substitute for the championship, which had been suspended because of World War I.[12] The tournament that year was limited to clubs from the north, with the exception of Pro Vercelli, but was not treated as an official trophy or recognised by the FIGC as an Italian title.

Prima Divisione

Controversy hit the Championship in the 1921–22 season which saw the major clubs (including Pro Vercelli, Bologna and Juventus) in dispute with the FIGC. The best 24 teams had asked for a reduction in clubs in the top division in accordance with a plan drawn up by Vittorio Pozzo, the Italy national team coach. Pozzo's plan was dismissed and the CCI (Italian: Confederazione Calcistica Italiana) was founded and organised a 1921–22 CCI league (Prima Divisione) to run concurrently with the 1921–22 season (Prima Categoria) organised by the FIGC.[13] Therefore, that season saw two champions: Novese (FIGC) and Pro Vercelli (CCI). The schism ended when FIGC agreed to reduce the Northern Championship of 1922–23 to only 36 clubs ("Compromesso Colombo/Colombo compromise"); from 1923–24 the Northern Championship was reduced to 24 clubs divided into two groups.[14]

Divisione Nazionale

The Carta di Viareggio/Viareggio charter (1926) was drawn up to legalise professionalism, ban foreign players, and rationalise the championship creating a new national top league where Northern and Southern teams would play in the same championship: Divisione Nazionale. 17 teams from Lega Nord (Northern League) were admitted to the new Championship along with 3 teams from Lega Sud (Southern League) for 20 teams, divided into two national groups of 10 teams each.

Further scandal followed in the 1926–27 season when title-winners Torino Football Club were stripped of their Scudetto following an FIGC investigation. A Torino official was found to have bribed opposing defender Luigi Allemandi in Torino's match against Juventus on 5 June 1927, and thus the season finished with no declared champions.[15]

Serie A

In 1929 Divisione Nazionale (two groups of 16 teams each) split into two Championships: Divisione Nazionale Serie A (the new Top Division) and Divisione Nazionale Serie B (the new second level of Italian Football).[16] [17] The 1929–30 season was the inaugural Serie A season and was won by Internazionale (called Ambrosiana at the time). The next 11 years were also dominated by Juventus and Bologna, when all of the Scudetti were won between the three of them, Juventus winning five times in a row, a record equalled by Grande Torino in 1949, by Internazionale in 2010, and Juventus itself in 2016, until they won again the next season in 2017 to overtake the record at six league titles in a row. The competition was truncated as the Championship was suspended in 1943 due to World War II.[13] A Championship was held in 1944, the Campionato Alta Italia, and won by Spezia.[18] The title was officially recognised as a decoration by FIGC in 2002.

Spezia is authorized by the Italian Federation to exhibit a tricolour badge on the official jerseys which is unique, being the only permanent one in Italy.[19]

The post-war years were dominated by a Torino side known as Il Grande Torino ("The Great Torino"), a team which found a dramatic end in the Superga air disaster in 1949.[13] The 1950s saw the gradual emergence of Milan, with the help of Swedish striker Gunnar Nordahl, who was Serie A's leading scorer (Italian: Capocannonieri) for five out of six seasons. Juventus began to dominate throughout the 1970s and early 1980s with nine Scudetti in fifteen seasons while the 1990s saw Milan come to prominence.[13]

Serie A was dealt another blow by the 2006 Italian football scandal which involved alleged widespread match fixing implicating league champions Juventus, and other major teams including Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio, and Reggina.[20] The FIGC ruled Juventus be stripped of their title, relegated to Serie B, and start the following season with a nine-point deduction. The other clubs involved suffered similarly with relegation and points deduction.[21]

Campionato Italiano di Football

width=8%Seasonwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Second placewidth=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
Genoa (1) (Unknown)
Genoa (2) Internazionale Torino (Unknown)
Genoa (3) (Unknown)
Milan (1) Genoa Umberto Malvano (Juventus) (4)
Genoa (4) Milan (Unknown)
Genoa (5) Juventus (Unknown)

Prima Categoria

width=8%Yearwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Second placewidth=20%Third placewidth=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
Genoa (6) Juventus - (Unknown)
width=8%Yearwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Second placewidth=20%Third placewidth=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
Juventus (1) Genoa (Unknown)
Milan (2) Juventus Genoa (Unknown)
Milan (3) Torino Andrea Doria (Unknown)
Pro Vercelli (1) US Milanese Andrea Doria (Unknown)
Pro Vercelli (2) US Milanese Genoa (Unknown)
Internazionale (1) Pro Vercelli Juventus (Unknown)
width=8%Seasonwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Veneto-Emilia championswidth=20%width=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
Pro Vercelli (3) - (Unknown)
Pro Vercelli (4) Venezia- (Unknown)
width=8%Seasonwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Central-southern Italy championswidth=20%width=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
Pro Vercelli (5) Lazio - (Unknown)
Casale (1) Lazio - (Unknown)
Genoa (7)[22] - - (Unknown)
1915–19
Internazionale (2) Livorno - (Unknown)
Pro Vercelli (6) Pisa- (Unknown)
width=8%YearWinnerwidth=20%Second placewidth=20%Third placewidth=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
1921–22
(FIGC)
Novese (1) Sampierdarenese- (Unknown)

Prima Divisione

width=8%Seasonwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Central-southern Italy championswidth=20%width=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
1921–22
(CCI)
Pro Vercelli (7) Fortitudo Roma - (Unknown)
Genoa (8) Lazio - (Unknown)
Genoa (9) Savoia- Heinrich Schönfeld (Torino) (22)
Bologna (1) - Mario Magnozzi (Livorno) (19)
Juventus (2) Alba Trastevere - Ferenc Hirzer (Juventus) (35)

Divisione Nazionale

width=8%Seasonwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Runners-upwidth=20%Third placewidth=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
Bologna Juventus Anton Powolny (Internazionale) (22)
Torino (1) Genoa Julio Libonatti (Torino) (35)
width=8%Seasonwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Second placewidth=20%Third placewidth=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
Bologna (2) Torino - Gino Rossetti (Torino) (36)

Serie A

Key
width=40px align=center style="background-color:#FBCEB1"Champions also won the Coppa Italia that season for a double
width=40px align=center style="background-color:#D8BFD8"Champions also won the Coppa Italia and UEFA Champions League that season for a treble
width=40px align=center style="background-color:#add8e6"Champions also won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League that season
width=40px align=center style="background-color:#ffa500"Champions also won the UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League that season
width=40px align=center style="background-color:#FFBBB7"Champions also won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup that season
width=8%Seasonwidth=20%Winnerswidth=20%Runners-upwidth=20%Third placewidth=35%Top scorer(s) (club) (goals)
Ambrosiana-Inter (3) Genoa Juventus Giuseppe Meazza (Ambrosiana-Inter) (31)
Juventus (3) Roma Bologna Rodolfo Volk (Roma) (29)
Juventus (4) Bologna Roma Pedro Petrone (Fiorentina)
Angelo Schiavio (Bologna) (25)
Juventus (5) Ambrosiana-Inter Bologna/Napoli Felice Placido Borel (Juventus) (29)
Juventus (6) Ambrosiana-Inter Napoli Felice Placido Borel (Juventus) (31)
Juventus (7) Ambrosiana-Inter Fiorentina Enrico Guaita (Roma) (31)
Bologna (3) Roma Torino Giuseppe Meazza (Ambrosiana-Inter) (25)
Bologna (4) Lazio Torino Silvio Piola (Lazio) (21)
Ambrosiana-Inter (4) Juventus Genoa Giuseppe Meazza (Ambrosiana-Inter) (20)
Bologna (5) Torino Ambrosiana-Inter Aldo Boffi (Milan)
Ettore Puricelli (Bologna) (19)
Ambrosiana-Inter (5) Bologna Juventus Aldo Boffi (Milan) (24)
Bologna (6) Ambrosiana-Inter Milan Ettore Puricelli (Bologna) (22)
Roma (1) Torino Venezia Aldo Boffi (Milan) (22)
Torino (2) Livorno Juventus Cisitalia Silvio Piola (Lazio) (21)
Spezia Calcio (decoration)
1945
Torino (3) Juventus Milan Guglielmo Gabetto (Torino) (22)
Torino (4) Juventus Modena Valentino Mazzola (Torino) (29)
Torino (5) Giampiero Boniperti (Juventus) (27)
Torino (6) Internazionale Milan István Nyers (Internazionale) (26)
Juventus (8) Milan Internazionale Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (35)
Milan (4) Internazionale Juventus Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (34)
Juventus (9) Milan Internazionale John Hansen (Juventus) (30)
Internazionale (6) Juventus Milan Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (26)
Internazionale (7) Juventus Milan/Fiorentina Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (23)
Milan (5) Udinese Roma Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (26)
Fiorentina (1) Milan Internazionale/Lazio Gino Pivatelli (Bologna) (29)
Milan (6) Fiorentina Lazio Dino da Costa (Roma) (22)
Juventus (10) Fiorentina Padova John Charles (Juventus) (28)
Milan (7)Fiorentina Internazionale Antonio Valentin Angelillo (Internazionale) (33)
Juventus (11) Fiorentina Milan Omar Sivori (Juventus) (28)
Juventus (12) Milan Internazionale Sergio Brighenti (Sampdoria) (27)
Milan (8)Internazionale Fiorentina José Altafini (Milan)
Aurelio Milani (Fiorentina) (22)
Internazionale (8)Juventus Milan Harald Nielsen (Bologna)
Pedro Manfredini (Roma) (19)
Bologna (7) Internazionale Milan Harald Nielsen (Bologna) (21)
Internazionale (9) Milan Torino Sandro Mazzola (Internazionale)
Alberto Orlando (Fiorentina) (17)
Internazionale (10) Bologna Napoli Luis Vinicio (Vicenza) (25)
Juventus (13) Internazionale Bologna Gigi Riva (Cagliari) (18)
Milan (9)# Napoli Juventus Pierino Prati (Milan) (15)
Fiorentina (2) Cagliari Milan Gigi Riva (Cagliari) (21)
Cagliari (1) Internazionale Juventus Gigi Riva (Cagliari) (21)
Internazionale (11)Milan Napoli Roberto Boninsegna (Internazionale) (24)
Juventus (14) Milan/Torino Roberto Boninsegna (Internazionale) (22)
Juventus (15) Milan Lazio Giuseppe Savoldi (Bologna)
Paolino Pulici (Torino)
Gianni Rivera (Milan) (17)
Lazio (1)Juventus Napoli Giorgio Chinaglia (Lazio) (24)
Juventus (16) Napoli Roma Paolino Pulici (Torino) (18)
Torino (7) Juventus Milan Paolino Pulici (Torino) (21)
Juventus (17) Torino Fiorentina Francesco Graziani (Torino) (21)
Juventus (18) Vicenza/Torino Paolo Rossi (Vicenza) (24)
Milan (10) Perugia Juventus Bruno Giordano (Lazio) (19)
Internazionale (12) Juventus Torino Roberto Bettega (Juventus) (16)
Juventus (19) Roma Napoli Roberto Pruzzo (Roma) (18)
Juventus (20) FiorentinaRoma Roberto Pruzzo (Roma) (15)
Roma (2) Juventus Internazionale Michel Platini (Juventus) (16)
Juventus (21)# Roma Fiorentina Michel Platini (Juventus) (20)
Hellas Verona (1) Torino Internazionale Michel Platini (Juventus) (18)
Juventus (22) Roma Napoli Roberto Pruzzo (Roma) (19)
Napoli (1) Juventus Internazionale Pietro Paolo Virdis (Milan) (17)
Milan (11) Napoli Roma Diego Maradona (Napoli) (15)
Internazionale (13) Napoli Milan Aldo Serena (Internazionale) (22)
Napoli (2) Milan Internazionale Marco van Basten (Milan) (19)
Sampdoria (1) Milan Internazionale Gianluca Vialli (Sampdoria) (19)
Milan (12)Juventus Torino Marco van Basten (Milan) (25)
Milan (13)Internazionale Parma Giuseppe Signori (Lazio) (26)
Milan (14)Juventus Sampdoria Giuseppe Signori (Lazio) (23)
Juventus (23) Lazio Parma Gabriel Batistuta (Fiorentina) (26)
Milan (15)Juventus Lazio Igor Protti (Bari)
Giuseppe Signori (Lazio) (24)
Juventus (24) Parma Internazionale Filippo Inzaghi (Atalanta) (24)
Juventus (25) Internazionale Udinese Oliver Bierhoff (Udinese) (27)
Milan (16)Lazio Fiorentina Márcio Amoroso (Udinese) (22)
Lazio (2) Juventus Milan Andriy Shevchenko (Milan) (24)
Roma (3) Juventus Lazio Hernán Crespo (Lazio) (26)
Juventus (26) Roma Internazionale David Trezeguet (Juventus)
Dario Hübner (Piacenza) (24)
Juventus (27) Internazionale Milan Christian Vieri (Internazionale) (24)
Milan (17) Roma Juventus Andriy Shevchenko (Milan) (24)
Milan Internazionale Cristiano Lucarelli (Livorno) (24)
Internazionale (14)Roma Milan Luca Toni (Fiorentina) (31)
Internazionale (15) Roma Lazio Francesco Totti (Roma) (26)
Internazionale (16) Roma Juventus Alessandro Del Piero (Juventus) (21)
Internazionale (17) Juventus Milan Zlatan Ibrahimović (Internazionale) (25)
Internazionale (18)* Roma Milan Antonio Di Natale (Udinese) (29)
Milan (18) Internazionale Napoli Antonio Di Natale (Udinese) (28)
Juventus (28) Milan Udinese Zlatan Ibrahimović (Milan) (28)
Juventus (29) Napoli Milan Edinson Cavani (Napoli) (29)
Juventus (30) Roma Napoli Ciro Immobile (Torino) (22)
Juventus (31) Roma Lazio Mauro Icardi (Internazionale)
Luca Toni (Hellas Verona) (22)
Juventus (32) Napoli Roma Gonzalo Higuaín (Napoli) (36)
Juventus (33) Roma Napoli Edin Džeko (Roma) (29)
Juventus (34) Napoli Roma Mauro Icardi (Internazionale)
Ciro Immobile (Lazio) (29)
Juventus (35) Napoli Atalanta Fabio Quagliarella (Sampdoria) (26)
Juventus (36) Internazionale Atalanta Ciro Immobile (Lazio) (36)
Internazionale (19) Milan Atalanta Cristiano Ronaldo (Juventus) (29)
Milan (19) Internazionale Napoli Ciro Immobile (Lazio) (27)
Napoli (3) Lazio Internazionale Victor Osimhen (Napoli) (26)
Internazionale (20) Milan Juventus Lautaro Martínez (Internazionale) (24)

Performances

Clubs

The following table lists the performance of each club describing winners of the Championship. Sixteen clubs have been champions.

Bold indicates clubs currently playing in the top division.

scope=colClubscope=colChampionsRunners-upscope=colWinning seasons
scope=rowJuventus 1905, 1925–26, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1966–67, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1994–95, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20
scope=rowInternazionale 1909–10, 1919–20, 1929–30, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71, 1979–80, 1988–89, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2020–21, 2023–24
scope=rowMilan 1901, 1906, 1907, 1950–51, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1978–79, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2010–11, 2021–22
scope=rowGenoa1898, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1914–15, 1922–23, 1923–24
scope=rowTorino1926–27, 1927–28, 1942–43, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1975–76
scope=rowBologna1924–25, 1928–29, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1963–64
scope=rowPro Vercelli1908, 1909, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1920–21, 1921–22 (CCI)
scope=rowRoma1941–42, 1982–83, 2000–01
scope=rowNapoli1986–87, 1989–90, 2022–23
scope=rowLazio1973–74, 1999–2000
scope=rowFiorentina1955–56, 1968–69
scope=rowCasale1913–14
scope=rowNovese1921–22 (FIGC)
scope=rowCagliari1969–70
scope=rowHellas Verona1984–85
scope=rowSampdoria1990–91
scope=rowAlba Trastevere
scope=rowInternazionale Torino
scope=rowLivorno
scope=rowUS Milanese
scope=rowFortitudo Roma
scope=rowParma
scope=rowPerugia
scope=rowPisa
scope=rowSampierdarenese
scope=rowSavoia
scope=rowTorinese
scope=rowTriestina
scope=rowUdinese
scope=rowVenezia
scope=rowVicenza

By city

CityChampionshipsClubs
TurinJuventus (36), Torino (7)
MilanInternazionale (20), Milan (19)
GenoaGenoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
BolognaBologna (7)
VercelliPro Vercelli (7)
RomeRoma (3), Lazio (2)
NaplesNapoli (3)
FlorenceFiorentina (2)
CagliariCagliari (1)
Casale MonferratoCasale (1)
Novi LigureNovese (1)
VeronaHellas Verona (1)

By region

RegionChampionshipsClubs
PiedmontJuventus (36), Torino (7), Pro Vercelli (7), Casale (1), Novese (1)
LombardyInternazionale (20), Milan (19)
LiguriaGenoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Emilia-RomagnaBologna (7)
LazioRoma (3), Lazio (2)
CampaniaNapoli (3)
TuscanyFiorentina (2)
SardiniaCagliari (1)
VenetoHellas Verona (1)

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: FIGC History – 1898 . 26 April 2007 . FIGC . https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025820/http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia_completa.htm#1898 . 23 April 2007 . dead.
  2. Chiesa, p. 18.
  3. News: La gran finale del Campionato Federale. La Stampa. 5. 22 February 1908. 17 April 2012. 29 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180729200643/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1204_01_1908_0053_0005_17763765/anews,true/. live.
  4. News: it. Federazione acefala. Giulio Corradino Corradini. La Stampa Sportiva. 7 June 1908. 10–11. 24 August 2018. 29 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110124/http://www.byterfly.eu/islandora/object/libria:38456#page/10/mode/2up. live.
  5. News: it. Ancora sulla questione dei Campionati. La parola ad un dissidente. Giulio Corradino Corradini. La Stampa Sportiva. 5 July 1908. 7–8. 24 August 2018. 30 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194022/http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport-00334-0008. live.
  6. News: it. Vexata quaestio. Giulio Corradino Corradini. La Stampa Sportiva. 6 September 1908. 4. 24 August 2018. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215303/http://www.digibess.it/fedora/repository/mauto:ssport-00343-0004. live.
  7. News: La Finale di Campionato a Torino.. La Stampa. 4. 7 May 1908. 17 April 2012. 12 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204938/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0004/articleid,1205_01_1908_0126_0004_17764343/anews,true/. live.
  8. News: Il F.C. Juventus vince il Campionato Italiano.. La Stampa. 5. 7 June 1909. 17 April 2012. 17 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120717231631/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1202_01_1909_0156_0005_24222738/anews,true/. live.
  9. Chiesa, pp. 24-25
  10. Web site: Italy – Championship History 1898–1923. RSSSF. 26 April 2007. 2 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221202003729/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italhist98-25.html. live.
  11. Web site: FIGC History – 1913 . 26 April 2007 . FIGC . https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025820/http://www.figc.it/english/storia/storia_completa.htm#1913 . 23 April 2007 . dead.
  12. Web site: Juventus vs Milan. RSSSF. 26 April 2007. 21 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230421134955/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/juvemilan.html. live.
  13. Web site: Italy – List of Champions. RSSSF. 26 April 2007. 2 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110902044552/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/italchamp.html. live.
  14. http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&f=38&p=1&c=1#page/20/mode/2up Annuario 1931
  15. Web site: Italy are fabulously flawed . James Lawton . . 8 July 2006 . 17 April 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194228/http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/internationals/article1166526.ece . 27 September 2007 .
  16. http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&f=38&p=1&c=1#page/42/mode/2up Annuario 1931, p. 40.
  17. Book: Calcio – a history of Italian Football. John Foot. 2006. 0007175744. Fourth Estate.
  18. Web site: Italy 1943/44 (War Championship). RSSSF. 26 April 2007. 25 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062950/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital44.html. live.
  19. Web site: Lo scudetto del '44 – 4a parte. it. Spezia Calcio 1906. 26 April 2007. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071009063156/http://www.acspezia1906.it/LaStoria/lo_scudetto_del_44_4p.asp . 9 October 2007.
  20. Web site: Serie A quartet will stand trial. BBC Sport. 23 June 2006. 26 April 2007. 14 June 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614221732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4993482.stm. live.
  21. Web site: Italian trio relegated to Serie B. BBC Sport. 14 July 2006. 26 April 2007. 12 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160112135834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/5164194.stm. live.
  22. Championship unfinished due to WWI, title awarded by the FIGC