Italian destroyer Espero was one of eight s built for the Italian: [[Regia Marina]] (Royal Italian Navy) during the 1920s. She was named after a westerly wind, Espero, or Ponente, common in summer in the Mediterranean. Completed in 1928, Espero was sent to Shanghai after the Shanghai Incident on 28 January 1932. After encountering heavy seas, she had to stop at Saigon, French Indochina, then stayed in the Far East even after a truce had been negotiated between China and Japan.
After Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940, Espero was part of the 2nd Destroyer Squadron, based at Taranto. Only seventeen days after Italy's entry into the war, Espero was sunk during the Battle of the Espero Convoy as she covered the convoy's retreat, the first surface engagement between Allied and Italian warships. The ship was the first Italian destroyer to be lost in World War II.
The Turbine-class destroyers were enlarged and improved versions of the preceding . They had an overall length of 93.20NaN0, a beam of 9.2m (30.2feet) and a mean draft of 3m (10feet).[1] They displaced 1090sp=usNaNsp=us at standard load, and 1700sp=usNaNsp=us at deep load. Their complement was 12 officers and 167 enlisted men.
The Turbines were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam supplied by three Thornycroft boilers. The turbines were rated at 40000shp for a speed of 33kn in service,[2] although Espero reached a speed of during her sea trials while lightly loaded.[3] They carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 3200nmi at a speed of .[1]
Their main battery consisted of four 120sp=usNaNsp=us guns in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure.[4] Anti-aircraft (AA) defense for the Turbine-class ships was provided by a pair of 40mm AA guns in single mounts amidships and a twin-gun mount for 13.2mm machine guns. They were equipped with six 533mm torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships.[2] The Turbines could carry 52 mines.[4]
Espero was laid down by Gio. Ansaldo & C. at their Genoa-Sestri Ponente shipyard on 29 April 1925, launched on 31 August 1927 and commissioned on 30 April 1928.[1] Together with, and, after completion Espero was assigned to the 1st Squadron of the I Destroyer Flotilla, based in La Spezia.[5]
After the Shanghai Incident of January 1932 which led to hostilities between China and Japan, Italy decided to send two warships and the San Marco Battalion to protect their colony in Shanghai. and Espero were selected for the mission. Both vessels departed from Gaeta on 5 February 1932 under command of Admiral Domenico Cavagnari.[6] Trento reached Shanghai on 4 March, while Espero, slowed down by rough weather, had to stop at Saigon before reaching China three days later. After a truce was negotiated between Japan and China, Trento left Shanghai on 14 May 1932 for the return journey to Italy, while Espero stayed behind for a year to complement and strengthen Italian naval squadron in the Far East.[7] In 1934 Espero, along with Ostro, Zeffiro and Borea formed the 4th Destroyer Squadron, part of the 2nd Naval Division.[8]
At the time of Italy's entrance into World War II on 10 June 1940, Espero together with sister ships, and formed 2nd Destroyer Squadron based at Taranto.[9]
See main article: Battle of the Espero Convoy. On 27 June 1940 Espero, commanded by Captain Enrico Baroni, sailed from Taranto at 22:45 for the first war mission, along with Ostro and Zeffiro. The three vessels were to transport to Tobruk two light anti-aircraft batteries, 120ST of ammunition (450,000 rounds) and 162 members of the Voluntary Militia for National Security.[10]
On 28 June 1940 at 12:10, about 50lk=onNaNlk=on west of Zakynthos, the convoy was sighted by a British reconnaissance Short Sunderland plane.[11] As they were within striking range of the British 7th Cruiser Squadron, composed of light cruisers,,, and, Admiral John Tovey ordered them to intercept the Italians. The Italian column was sighted by the Allied ships around 18:30, about 100 miles north of Tobruk, and at 18:36 Liverpool opened fire from 22000yd at the surprised Italian flotilla.[12] At 18:59 Orion also opened fire from 18000yd. The Italian destroyers were theoretically faster than the British cruisers, but due to their age and heavy cargo on board their speed advantage was nullified. In addition, Esperos third boiler turned out to be defective, limiting the destroyer's speed to just 25kn.[12] Captain Baroni, therefore, decided to sacrifice his ship in order to cover the escape of Zeffiro and Ostro, and ordered them to disengage and sail for Benghazi at full speed. Espero laid smokescreens and conducted evasive maneuvers, engaging Liverpool's division with guns, and simultaneously firing three torpedoes at Orion.[12]
While Liverpool and Gloucester took on Espero, the other three cruisers tried to get around the smokescreens to attack the fleeing Ostro and Zeffiro, but were ordered to abandon their pursuit and concentrate on Espero instead. Due to zigzagging Espero managed to avoid being hit, but by 19:20 the range between her and Liverpool had shortened to 14000yd. In fact, Italians drew first blood, when an Italian 4.7inches shell hit Liverpool just 3 ft above the waterline, with splinters penetrating the warheads of two torpedoes, but caused little damage otherwise.[13] [12] Despite heavy firing, Espero was not hit until 20:00, when her engine rooms were struck bringing the vessel to a stop. The 7th Squadron expended about 5,000 shells, more than 1,600 of main caliber, before the Italian destroyer was sunk, after 130 minutes of fierce fighting. Sydney rescued 47 out of 225 men from the Italian destroyer, and thirty six more escaped on rafts, but only six of them were later found alive by Italian submarine almost 20 days later. Captain Baroni died aboard his ship, and was posthumously awarded the Medaglia d´oro al valor militare.[14]
. Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, Maryland. 2005. Third Revised. 1-59114-119-2. Jürgen Rohwer.
. Destroyers of World War 2: An International Encyclopedia . 1988. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, Maryland. 1-85409-521-8 . Michael J. Whitley.