Israeli war cabinet explained

Cabinet Name:Israeli war cabinet
Cabinet Number:Part (commission) of the 37th
Jurisdiction:Israel
Flag:Flag of Israel.svg
Flag Border:true
Incumbent:Incumbent
State Head Title:President
State Head:Isaac Herzog
Government Head Title:Prime minister
Government Head:Benjamin Netanyahu
Members Number:6 (incl. observers)
Legislature Status:Majority (coalition)
76 / 120 (63.33%)
Opposition Leader:Yair Lapid
Election:2022 Knesset election
Legislature Term:25th Knesset
Incoming Formation:Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel

The Israeli war cabinet was formed on 11 October 2023, five days after the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war.[1] The opposition party National Unity joined the thirty-seventh government led by Benjamin Netanyahu as prime minister. Negotiations began upon the outbreak of the war.[2]

On 13 June 2024, former Chiefs of the General Staff Benny Gantz and Gadi Eisenkot exited the war cabinet,[3] leaving Netanyahu, Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant, Ron Dermer and Aryeh Deri as its only members.[4] The cabinet was subsequently dissolved on 17 June.[5]

Background

See main article: Israel–Hamas war.

See also: Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. An armed conflict between Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups has been taking place since 7 October 2023. Part of the broader Gaza–Israel conflict and following an uptick of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the war began with a militant incursion into Israel from the Gaza Strip,[6] [7] while the responding Israeli counteroffensive was named "Operation Swords of Iron" by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).[8]

Hostilities were initiated early in the morning with a rocket barrage of at least 3,000 missiles against Israel and vehicle-transported incursions into its territory.[9] Palestinian militants broke through the Gaza–Israel barrier and forced their way through Gaza border crossings, attacking nearby Israeli communities and military installations. At least 1,200 Israelis were killed, including a massacre at a music festival where at least 260 civilians were killed. Israeli soldiers and civilians, including children and elderly, were taken hostage to the Gaza Strip.[10] Hamas abducted at least 199 people, taking hostage both Israelis and persons of several other nationalities.[11]

The war represents a tipping point in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Gaza–Israel conflict, which followed a violent year that saw increased expansion of Israeli settlements and clashes in Jenin, Al-Aqsa mosque, and Gaza, which killed almost 250 Palestinians and 36 Israelis;[12] Hamas cited these events as justification for the attack and called on Palestinians to join the fight to "expel the occupiers and demolish the walls".[13] [14] [15] In response, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared states of emergency and war, vowing a "mighty vengeance for this dark day".[16]

Negotiations toward emergency unity government

Among opposition parties, Yesh Atid leader and former prime minister Yair Lapid, National Unity chairman Benny Gantz, Yisrael Beiteinu party leader Avigdor Lieberman and Labor Party leader Merav Michaeli issued a joint statement expressing full backing for the IDF and unity with the government, saying: "In times like these, there is no opposition and coalition in Israel."[17] [18]

Netanyahu proposed that Yesh Atid and National Unity enter an emergency unity government with his Likud-led coalition,[19] after Lapid urged Netanyahu put "aside our differences and form an emergency, narrow, professional government". Lapid said that Israel could not effectively manage the war with "the extreme and dysfunctional composition of the current cabinet" and called upon Netanyahu to eject the far-right Religious Zionist Party and Otzma Yehudit parties as a condition for Yesh Atid to join an emergency unity government.[20]

The National Unity party met with Likud on 9 October to discuss a possible unity government, with National Unity likely to join such an arrangement.[21] Likud said the emergency unity government would be similar to the one formed before the Six-Day War in 1967. Levi Eshkol and then-opposition leader Menachem Begin joined hands for the duration of the War in the thirteenth government of Israel.[22]

The National Unity party agreed to join the government on 11 October.[23] Lapid's Yesh Atid party ultimately did not join the war cabinet,[24] with Lapid citing three issues: the inclusion of officials who failed to prevent the Hamas onslaught that precipitated the war, the continued inclusion of "extremists" in the government (a reference to National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir and Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich, who are both on the far-right and sit on the Security Cabinet of Israel), and the simultaneous existence of a War Cabinet and Security Cabinet that Lapid predicted would be unworkable and insufficient. Lapid said he would support the war effort from outside the government.[25]

Approval by the Knesset and scope of agreement

The formation of the war cabinet was approved by the Knesset on 12 October.[25] The composition of the preexisting government was modified: MKs voted, 66–4, to approve the addition of five National Unity ministers (Gantz, Gadi Eisenkot, Gideon Sa'ar, Hili Tropper, and Yifat Shasha-Biton) to the government as ministers without portfolio, and unanimously voted to remove the health portfolio from Interior Minister Moshe Arbel and elevate Uriel Buso of the Shas party to the post of health minister.[25]

As part of the deal, Netanyahu and Gantz also agreed to freeze all new non-war, non-emergency legislation, including the highly controversial judicial overhaul legislation, and agreed that the war cabinet would meet at least once every 48 hours.[25] The war cabinet had the authority to "update, as necessary, military and strategic aims for the conflict" but its decisions were subject to approval from the Security Cabinet of Israel.[26]

On 16 October, Netanyahu's Likud party announced that Yisrael Beiteinu, led by Avigdor Lieberman, had agreed to join the emergency government. However, later the same day, Lieberman denied reaching an agreement with the government, saying that the offer to join the Security Cabinet was insufficient. Lieberman said that he wanted a seat on the smaller war cabinet instead. He said his party would "continue to support the government's actions that are meant to eliminate Hamas and Hamas leaders" but that he had "no intention of being the 38th minister in the government and be used as a fig leaf."[27]

Members of the war cabinet

In the original configuration, there were three members and two observers[28] [29] with only the members having voting rights,[30] though the size of the war cabinet was reduced to four members in June 2024,[31] until its dissolution later that month.

Dermer and Deri are considered to be "confidants" of Netanyahu.[30]

PortfolioMinisterPartyStatus
Prime MinisterBenjamin NetanyahuLikudChair
Minister of DefenseYoav GallantLikudMember
Minister without portfolioBenny GantzNational UnityMember
Minister of Strategic AffairsRon DermerIndependentObserver
Member
Minister without portfolioGadi EisenkotNational UnityObserver
Minister without portfolioAryeh DeriShasObserver
Member

Departures and dissolution

Sa'ar announced in March that he was leaving the National Unity alliance and called to be appointed to the war cabinet, to which Gantz expressed opposition.[32] In addition, though Netanyahu was "open" to Sa'ar's appointment, Ben-Gvir demanded that he also be appointed. On 25 March 2024, Sa'ar quit the coalition.[29]

On 9 June 2024, Gantz and Eisenkot resigned from the cabinet because Netanyahu did not present a post-war plan for Gaza by the previous day, meeting a previously announced deadline.[33] On 17 June 2024, the dissolution of the war cabinet was announced, which, according to observers, was done in order to quash the demands of Ben-Gvir and Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich that they be given seats in the cabinet.[5]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Israel Forms Limited War Cabinet, Unity Government. Hana Levi. Julian. 11 October 2023. The Jewish Press. 11 October 2023. 11 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231011202330/https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/government-israel/israels-war-cabinet-formed/2023/10/11/. live.
  2. Web site: Netanyahu, Lapid and Gantz discuss forming emergency government as country faces war. Carrie. Keller-Lynn. Jeremy. Sharon. The Times of Israel. 11 October 2023. 11 October 2023. 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007182954/https://www.timesofisrael.com/lapid-urges-emergency-government-says-pm-cant-manage-war-with-extreme-cabinet/. live.
  3. Web site: Opposition welcomes Gantz's return with lukewarm response as PM urges him to reconsider. The Times of Israel. Sokol. Sam. Berman. Lazar. 10 June 2024. 17 June 2024.
  4. Web site: War cabinet to convene Thursday night, Ben-Gvir criticizes Netanyahu over exclusion . 13 June 2024 . 17 June 2024 . . en-US.
  5. Web site: 17 June 2024 . Israel's war cabinet 'canceled,' Netanyahu tells ministers . 17 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post . en.
  6. News: Beauchamp . Zack . 7 October 2023 . Why did Hamas invade Israel? . en . Vox. live . 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007185123/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza . 7 October 2023.
  7. News: Erlanger . Steven . 7 October 2023 . An Attack From Gaza and an Israeli Declaration of War. Now What? . en-US . The New York Times. live . 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007195542/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-hamas-palestinians.html . 7 October 2023 . 0362-4331.
  8. News: 7 October 2023 . IDF strikes Hamas as operation 'Iron Swords' commences . The Jerusalem Post. live . 8 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007220630/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-762075 . 7 October 2023.
  9. News: 8 October 2023 . Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes . South China Morning Post. live . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks . 8 October 2023.
  10. News: McKernan . Bethan . 7 October 2023 . Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south . . live . 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south . 7 October 2023.
  11. Web site: Hamas Took Scores of Hostages From Israel. Here's What We Know About Them. 16 August 2023. New York Times. Cassandra Vinograd. Isabel Kershner. 20 October 2023. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231020004529/https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-hostages-hamas-explained.html. live.
  12. News: 7 October 2023 . Israel declares war, goes after Hamas fighters and bombards Gaza . . The Associated Press. live . 7 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 . 8 October 2023.
  13. News: 7 October 2023 . Hamas commander says attacks are in defense of Al-Aqsa, claims 5,000 missiles fired . The Times of Israel. live . 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094309/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-commander-says-attacks-are-in-defense-of-al-aqsa-claims-5000-missiles-fired/ . 7 October 2023 . “Today the people are regaining their revolution,” Hamas military commander Muhammad Deif said in a recorded message, as he called on Palestinians from East Jerusalem to northern Israel to join the fight and “expel the occupiers and demolish the walls.”.
  14. News: Said . Summer . 9 October 2023 . Hamas Says Attacks on Israel Were Backed by Iran. The Wall Street Journal. live . 8 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231008140033/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-gaza-rockets-attack-palestinians/card/hamas-says-attacks-on-israel-were-backed-by-iran-kb2ySPwSyBrYpQVUPyM9#:~:text=A%20spokesman%20for%20Hamas%2C%20Ghazi,the%20broadcaster%20without%20naming%20them . 8 October 2023.
  15. News: Yang. Maya . Bayer . Lili . Ho . Vivian . Fulton . Adam . Bayer . 7 October 2023 . Israel says civilians and soldiers held hostage in Gaza after major Palestinian attack – live. en-GB . The Guardian. live . 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007071116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live . 7 October 2023 . 0261-3077.
  16. Web site: Netanyahu vows 'mighty vengeance' after deadliest day for 50 years. 8 October 2023. 16 October 2023. Israel Hayom. 8 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231008061247/https://www.israelhayom.com/2023/10/08/netanyahu-vows-mighty-vengeance-after-deadliest-day-for-50-years/. live.
  17. News: 7 October 2023 . Opposition heads call for united front amid massive ongoing Hamas attack . en-US . The Times of Israel. live . 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007100602/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/opposition-heads-call-for-united-front-amid-massive-ongoing-hamas-attack/ . 7 October 2023.
  18. News: 7 October 2023 . Yair Lapid offers to form emergency unity government with Netanyahu after Hamas terror attack. The Jewish Chronicle. live . 8 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000729/https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/yair-lapid-offers-to-form-emergency-unity-government-with-netanyahu-after-hamas-terror-attack-5MOYdwsOxNSgKXhEBrsOVb . 8 October 2023.
  19. News: Sharon . Jeremy . 7 October 2023 . Netanyahu offers Lapid, Gantz to join him in emergency unity government . en-US . The Times of Israel. live. 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007182953/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-offers-lapid-gantz-to-join-him-in-emergency-unity-government/ . 7 October 2023.
  20. News: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . Lapid urges emergency government, says PM can't manage war with extreme cabinet . en-US . The Times of Israel. live . 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007182954/https://www.timesofisrael.com/lapid-urges-emergency-government-says-pm-cant-manage-war-with-extreme-cabinet/ . 7 October 2023.
  21. News: 9 October 2023 . Potential breakthrough in emergency unity cabinet talks, amid urgent calls for deal . en-US . The Times of Israel. live . 9 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009213114/https://www.timesofisrael.com/breakthrough-elusive-in-emergency-unity-cabinet-talks-despite-urgent-calls-for-deal/ . 9 October 2023.
  22. Web site: Sharon, Jeremy . ToI Staff . Gantz, Liberman open to emergency unity government, but demand say in waging war. 8 October 2023 . 11 October 2023 . . en-US . 10 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231010232701/https://www.timesofisrael.com/gantz-liberman-open-to-emergency-unity-government-but-demand-say-in-waging-war/ . live .
  23. Web site: Netanyahu, Gantz, reach agreement on emergency unity government. Arutz Sheva. 11 October 2023. 11 October 2023. 11 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231011162728/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378313. live.
  24. Web site: Krauss. Joseph. Shurafa. Wafaa. As strikes devastate Gaza, Israel forms unity government to oversee war sparked by Hamas attack. Associated Press. 11 October 2023. 15 October 2023. 14 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231014131057/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-hostages-e4ae51a640a3fc04b23ea9561703f874. live.
  25. Web site: Knesset okays war cabinet; PM: Saturday 'most horrible day for Jews since Holocaust'. The Times of Israel. 12 October 2023. 12 October 2023. Carrie Keller-Lynn. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012222230/https://www.timesofisrael.com/knesset-okays-war-cabinet-pm-saturday-most-horrible-day-for-jews-since-holocaust/. live.
  26. Web site: Gallant vows to 'wipe Hamas from earth,' after 'the worst terror attack' in history. The Times of Israel. Carrie. Keller-Lynn. 12 October 2023. 12 October 2023. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012001836/https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallant-vows-to-wipe-hamas-from-earth-after-the-worst-terror-attack-in-history/. live.
  27. Web site: Carrie. Keller-Lynn. Liberman denies agreeing to join government, demands spot on war cabinet as condition. The Times of Israel. 14 October 2023. 20 October 2023. 14 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231014185929/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/liberman-denies-agreeing-to-join-government-demands-spot-on-war-cabinet-as-condition/. live.
  28. Web site: Netanyahu, Gantz agree to form emergency unity government. 11 October 2023 . 16 October 2023 . The Times of Israel. Jeremy. Sharon . en-US . 11 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231011144023/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-gantz-agree-to-form-emergency-unity-government/ . live.
  29. Web site: Sokol. Sam. 25 March 2024 . Gideon Sa'ar quits coalition after Netanyahu fails to appoint him to war cabinet. 17 June 2024. The Times of Israel.
  30. Web site: War cabinet cancels meeting amid disagreements over potential hostage deal, Rafah operation. Sokol. Sam. The Times of Israel. 30 April 2024. 30 April 2024.
  31. Web site: War cabinet to convene Thursday night, Ben-Gvir criticizes Netanyahu over exclusion . 13 June 2024 . 13 June 2024 . . en-US.
  32. Web site: Sokol. Sam. 13 March 2024 . 'A statesmanlike right': Why Gideon Sa'ar has decamped Gantz's National Unity party. 17 June 2024. The Times of Israel.
  33. Web site: Israeli war cabinet minister Benny Gantz quits emergency government. 10 June 2024. BBC News. 17 June 2024. Jake. Lapham.

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