| Israel Gelfand | |
| Native Name Lang: | ru |
| Birth Date: | 2 September 1913 |
| Birth Place: | Okny, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Citizenship: | Soviet Union American |
| Death Place: | New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States |
| Field: | Mathematician |
| Work Institution: | Moscow State University Rutgers University |
| Alma Mater: | Moscow State University |
| Doctoral Advisor: | Andrey Kolmogorov |
| Doctoral Students: | Georgy Adelson-Velsky Felix Berezin Joseph Bernstein Victor Ginzburg Alexander Goncharov Tanya Khovanova Alexandre Kirillov Georgiy Shilov Endre Szemerédi Andrei Zelevinsky Vitalii Ditkin |
| Known For: | Group theory Integral geometry Mathematical analysis Representation theory Gelfand–Levitan–Marchenko integral equation Gelfand–Pettis integral Gelfand representation Gelfand–Naimark theorem Liouville–Bratu–Gelfand equation |
| Prizes: | Order of Lenin (three times) ForMemRS (1977) Wolf Prize (1978) Wigner Medal (1980) Kyoto Prize in Mathematical Sciences (1989) AMS Steele Prize (2005) |
Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, also written Israïl Moyseyovich Gel'fand, or Izrail M. Gelfand (Yiddish: ישראל געלפֿאַנד, Russian: Изра́иль Моисе́евич Гельфа́нд, Ukrainian: Ізраїль Мойсейович Гельфанд; – 5 October 2009) was a prominent Soviet-American mathematician. He made significant contributions to many branches of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and functional analysis. The recipient of many awards, including the Order of Lenin and the first Wolf Prize, he was a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society and professor at Moscow State University and, after immigrating to the United States shortly before his 76th birthday, at Rutgers University. Gelfand is also a 1994 MacArthur Fellow.
His legacy continues through his students, who include Endre Szemerédi, Alexandre Kirillov, Edward Frenkel,[1] Joseph Bernstein, David Kazhdan, as well as his own son, Sergei Gelfand.
A native of Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire (now, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine), Gelfand was born into a Jewish family in the small southern Ukrainian town of Okny. According to his own account, Gelfand was expelled from high school under the Soviets because his father had been a mill owner. Bypassing both high school and college, he proceeded to postgraduate study at the age of 19 at Moscow State University, where his advisor was the preeminent mathematician Andrei Kolmogorov.[2] He received his PhD in 1935.[3]
Gelfand immigrated to the United States in 1989.[4]
Gelfand is known for many developments including:
Gelfand ran a seminar at Moscow State University from 1943https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61dlxxRqpD4 until May 1989 (when it continued at Rutgers University), which covered a wide range of topics and was an important school for many mathematicians.[5] [6] [7]
The Gelfand–Tsetlin (also spelled Zetlin) basis is a widely used tool in theoretical physics and the result of Gelfand's work on the representation theory of the unitary group and Lie groups in general.
Gelfand also published works on biology and medicine.[8] For a long time he took an interest in cell biology and organized a research seminar on the subject.[9] [10]
He worked extensively in mathematics education, particularly with correspondence education. In 1994, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for this work.
Gelfand was married to Zorya Shapiro, and their two sons, Sergei and Vladimir both live in the United States. The third son, Aleksandr, died of leukemia. Following the divorce from his first wife, Gelfand married his second wife, Tatiana; together they had a daughter, Tatiana. The family also includes four grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.[11] [12] Memories about I. Gelfand are collected at a dedicated website handled by his family.[13]
Gelfand was an advocate of animal rights.[14] He became a vegetarian in 1994 and vegan in 2000.[14] [15]
Gelfand held several honorary degrees and was awarded the Order of Lenin three times for his research. In 1977 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. He won the Wolf Prize in 1978, Kyoto Prize in 1989 and MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1994. He held the presidency of the Moscow Mathematical Society between 1968 and 1970, and was elected a foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society.
In an October 2003 article in The New York Times, written on the occasion of his 90th birthday, Gelfand is described as a scholar who is considered "among the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century",[16] having exerted a tremendous influence on the field both through his own works and those of his students.
Gelfand died at the Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital near his home in Highland Park, New Jersey. He was less than five weeks past his 96th birthday. His death was first reported on the blog of his former collaborator Andrei Zelevinsky[17] and confirmed a few hours later by an obituary in the Russian online newspaper Polit.ru.[18]