Isotopes of selenium explained

Selenium (34Se) has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope 79Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores. Five of these isotopes are stable: 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, and 80Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with 79Se, which has a half-life of 327,000 years,[1] [2] and 82Se, which has a very long half-life (~1020 years, decaying via double beta decay to 82Kr) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable. There are 23 other unstable isotopes that have been characterized, the longest-lived being 79Se with a half-life 327,000 years, 75Se with a half-life of 120 days, and 72Se with a half-life of 8.40 days. Of the other isotopes, 73Se has the longest half-life, 7.15 hours; most others have half-lives not exceeding 38 seconds.

List of isotopes

|-| rowspan=3|63Se| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 29| rowspan=3|62.98191(54)#| rowspan=3|13.2(39) ms| β+, p (89%)| 62Ge| rowspan=3|3/2−#| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3||-| β+ (11%)| 63As|-| 2p? (<0.5%)| 61Ge|-| rowspan=2|64Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30| rowspan=2|63.97117(54)#| rowspan=2|22.6(2) ms| β+?| 64As| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p?| 63Ge|-| rowspan=2|65Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31| rowspan=2|64.96455(32)#| rowspan=2|34.2(7) ms| β+, p (87%)| 64Ge| rowspan=2|3/2−#| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+ (13%)| 65As|-| rowspan=2|66Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32| rowspan=2|65.95528(22)#| rowspan=2|54(4) ms| β+| 66As| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p?| 65Ge|-| rowspan=2|67Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33| rowspan=2|66.949994(72)| rowspan=2|133(4) ms| β+ (99.5%)| 67As| rowspan=2|5/2−#| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p (0.5%)| 66Ge|-| 68Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 34| 67.94182524(53)| 35.5(7) s| β+| 68As| 0+|||-| rowspan=2|69Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35| rowspan=2|68.9394148(16)| rowspan=2|27.4(2) s| β+ (99.95%)| 69As| rowspan=2|1/2−| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p (.052%)| 68Ge|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 69m1Se| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 38.85(22) keV| 2.0(2) μs| IT| 69Se| 5/2−|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 69m2Se| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 574.0(4) keV| 955(16) ns| IT| 69Se| 9/2+|||-| 70Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 36| 69.9335155(17)| 41.1(3) min| β+| 70As| 0+|||-| 71Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 37| 70.9322094(30)| 4.74(5) min| β+| 71As| (5/2−)|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 71m1Se| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 48.79(5) keV| 5.6(7) μs| IT| 71Se| (1/2−)|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 71m2Se| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 260.48(10) keV| 19.0(5) μs| IT| 71Se| (9/2+)|||-| 72Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 38| 71.9271405(21)| 8.40(8) d| EC| 72As| 0+|||-| 73Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 39| 72.9267549(80)| 7.15(9) h| β+| 73As| 9/2+|||-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 73mSe| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 25.71(4) keV| rowspan=2|39.8(17) min| IT (72.6%)| 73Se| rowspan=2|3/2−| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+ (27.4%)| 73As|-| 74Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 40| 73.922475933(15)| colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[3] | 0+| 0.0086(3)||-| 75Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 41| 74.922522870(78)| 119.78(3) d| EC| 75As| 5/2+|||-| 76Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 42| 75.919213702(17)| colspan=3 align=center|Stable| 0+| 0.0923(7)||-| 77Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 43| 76.919914150(67)| colspan=3 align=center|Stable| 1/2−| 0.0760(7)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 77mSe| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 161.9223(10) keV| 17.36(5) s| IT| 77Se| 7/2+|||-| 78Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 44| 77.91730924(19)| colspan=3 align=center|Stable| 0+| 0.2369 (22)||-| 79Se[4] | style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 45| 78.91849925(24)| 3.27(28)×105 y| β−| 79Br| 7/2+|||-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mSe| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 95.77(3) keV| rowspan=2|3.900(18) min| IT (99.94%)| 79Se| rowspan=2|1/2−| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β− (0.056%)| 79Br|-| 80Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 46| 79.9165218(10)| colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[5] | 0+| 0.4980(36)||-| 81Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 47| 80.9179930(10)| 18.45(12) min| β−| 81Br| 1/2−|||-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mSe| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 103.00(6) keV| rowspan=2|57.28(2) min| IT (99.95%)| 81Se| rowspan=2|7/2+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β− (.051%)| 81Br|-| 82Se[6] | style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 48| 81.91669953(50)| 8.76(15)×1019 y| β−β−| 82Kr| 0+| 0.0882(15)| |-| 83Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 49| 82.9191186(33)| 22.25(4) min| β−| 83Br| 9/2+|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 83mSe| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 228.92(7) keV| 70.1(4) s| β−| 83Br| 1/2−|||-| 84Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 50| 83.9184668(21)| 3.26(10) min| β−| 84Br| 0+|||-| 85Se| style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 51| 84.9222608(28)| 32.9(3) s| β−| 85Br| (5/2)+|||-| rowspan=2|86Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52| rowspan=2|85.9243117(27)| rowspan=2|14.3(3) s| β−| 86Br| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β−, n?| 85Br|-| rowspan=2|87Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53| rowspan=2|86.9286886(24)| rowspan=2|5.50(6) s| β− (99.50%)| 87Br| rowspan=2|(3/2+)| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β−, n (0.60%)| 86Br|-| rowspan=2|88Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54| rowspan=2|87.9314175(36)| rowspan=2|1.53(6) s| β− (99.01%)| 88Br| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β−, n (0.99%)| 87Br|-| rowspan=2|89Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55| rowspan=2|88.9366691(40)| rowspan=2|430(50) ms| β− (92.2%)| 89Br| rowspan=2|5/2+#| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β−, n (7.8%)| 88Br|-| rowspan=2|90Se| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56| rowspan=2|89.94010(35)| rowspan=2|210(80) ms| β−| 90Br| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β−, n?| 89Br|-| rowspan=3|91Se| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57| rowspan=3|90.94570(47)| rowspan=3|270(50) ms| β− (79%)| 91Br| rowspan=3|1/2+#| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3||-| β−, n (21%)| 90Br|-| β−, 2n?| 89Br|-| rowspan=3|92Se| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58| rowspan=3|91.94984(43)#| rowspan=3|90# ms [>300&nbsp;ns]| β−?| 92Br| rowspan=3|0+| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3||-| β−, n?| 91Br|-| β−, 2n?| 90Br|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 92mSe| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3072(2) keV| 15.7(7) μs| IT| 92Se| (9−)|||-| rowspan=3|93Se| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59| rowspan=3|92.95614(43)#| rowspan=3|130# ms [>300&nbsp;ns]| β−?| 93Br| rowspan=3|1/2+#| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3||-| β−, n?| 92Br|-| β−, 2n?| 91Br|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 93mSe| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 678.2(7) keV| 420(100) ns| IT| 93Se| |||-| rowspan=3|94Se| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60| rowspan=3|93.96049(54)#| rowspan=3|50# ms [>300&nbsp;ns]| β−?| 94Br| rowspan=3|0+| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3||-| β−, n?| 93Br|-| β−, 2n?| 92Br|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 94mSe| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2430.0(6) keV| 680(50) ns| IT| 94Se| (7−)|||-| rowspan=3|95Se| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61| rowspan=3|94.96730(54)#| rowspan=3|70# ms [>400&nbsp;ns]| β−?| 95Br| rowspan=3|3/2+#| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3||-| β−, n?| 94Br|-| β−, 2n?| 93Br|-| 96Se[7] | style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 62| | | | ||||-| 97Se[7] | style="text-align:right" | 34| style="text-align:right" | 63| | | | |||

Use of radioisotopes

The isotope selenium-75 has radiopharmaceutical uses. For example, it is used in high-dose-rate endorectal brachytherapy, as an alternative to iridium-192.[8]

In paleobiogeochemistry, the ratio in amount of selenium-82 to selenium-76 (i.e, the value of δ82/76Se) can be used to track down the redox conditions on Earth during the Neoproterozoic era in order to gain a deeper understanding of the rapid oxygenation that trigger the emergence of complex organisms.[9] [10]

References

Notes and References

  1. http://www.ptb.de/en/org/6/nachrichten6/2010/60710_en.htm The half-life of 79Se
  2. Jorg . Gerhard . Buhnemann . Rolf . Hollas . Simon . Kivel . Niko . Kossert . Karsten . Van Winckel . Stefaan . Gostomski . Christoph Lierse v. . Preparation of radiochemically pure 79Se and highly precise determination of its half-life . Applied Radiation and Isotopes . 68 . 2339–51. 2010 . 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.006 . 20627600 . 12.
  3. Believed to decay by β+β+ to 74Ge with a half-life over .
  4. [Long-lived fission product]
  5. Believed to decay by β−β− to 80Kr
  6. [Primordial nuclide|Primordial]
  7. Shimizu . Y. . Kubo . T. . Sumikama . T. . Fukuda . N. . Takeda . H. . Suzuki . H. . Ahn . D. S. . Inabe . N. . Kusaka . K. . Ohtake . M. . Yanagisawa . Y. . Yoshida . K. . Ichikawa . Y. . Isobe . T. . Otsu . H. . Sato . H. . Sonoda . T. . Murai . D. . Iwasa . N. . Imai . N. . Hirayama . Y. . Jeong . S. C. . Kimura . S. . Miyatake . H. . Mukai . M. . Kim . D. G. . Kim . E. . Yagi . A. . Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam . Physical Review C . 8 April 2024 . 109 . 4 . 10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
  8. Dosimetric Considerations for Ytterbium-169, Selenium-75, and Iridium-192 Radioisotopes in High-Dose-Rate Endorectal Brachytherapy . Shoemaker T . Vuong T . Glickman H . Kaifi S . Famulari G . Enger SA . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 2019 . 105 . 4 . 875–883 . 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.07.003 . 31330175 . 198170324 .
  9. Pogge von Strandmann . Philip A. E. . Stüeken . Eva E. . Elliott . Tim . Poulton . Simon W. . Dehler . Carol M. . Canfield . Don E. . Catling . David C. . 2015-12-18 . Selenium isotope evidence for progressive oxidation of the Neoproterozoic biosphere . Nature Communications . en . 6 . 1 . 10157 . 10.1038/ncomms10157 . 26679529 . 4703861 . 2041-1723. free .
  10. Web site: Stüeken . Eva E. . Selenium isotopes as a biogeochemical proxy in deep time . core.ac.uk.

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