Isotopes of radium explained

Radium (88Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The longest lived, and most common, isotope of radium is 226Ra with a half-life of . 226Ra occurs in the decay chain of 238U (often referred to as the radium series). Radium has 34 known isotopes from 201Ra to 234Ra.

In the early history of the study of radioactivity, the different natural isotopes of radium were given different names, as it was not until Frederick Soddy's scientific career in the early 1900s that the concept of isotopes was realized.[1] In this scheme, Ra was named actinium X (AcX), Ra thorium X (ThX), Ra radium (Ra), and Ra mesothorium 1 (MsTh).[2] When it was realized that all of these are isotopes of the same element, many of these names fell out of use, and "radium" came to refer to all isotopes, not just Ra,[3] though mesothorium 1 in particular was still used for some time, with a footnote explaining that it referred to Ra.[4] Some of radium-226's decay products received historical names including "radium",[5] ranging from radium  to radium , with the letter indicating approximately how far they were down the chain from their parent Ra.

In 2013 it was discovered that the nucleus of radium-224 is pear-shaped.[6] This was the first discovery of an asymmetrical nucleus.

List of isotopes

|-id=Radium-201| 201Ra[7] || style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 113| | | α| 197Rn| (3/2−)||-id=Radium-201m| style="text-indent:1em" | 201mRa[8] | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 260(30) keV| | α| 197mRn| (13/2+)||-| 202Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 114| 202.00989(7)| [7] | α| 198Rn| 0+||-| rowspan=2|203Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 115| rowspan=2|203.00927(9)| rowspan=2|4(3) ms| α| 199Rn| rowspan=2|(3/2−)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (rare)| 203Fr|-id=Radium-203m| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 203mRa| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 220(90) keV| rowspan=2|41(17) ms| α| 199Rn| rowspan=2|(13/2+)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (rare)| 203Fr|-id=Radium-204| rowspan=2|204Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 116| rowspan=2|204.006500(17)| rowspan=2|60(11) ms
[59(+12−9) ms]| α (99.7%)| 200Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2||-| β+ (.3%)| 204Fr|-id=Radium-205| rowspan=2|205Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 117| rowspan=2|205.00627(9)| rowspan=2|220(40) ms
[210(+60−40) ms]| α| 201Rn| rowspan=2|(3/2−)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (rare)| 205Fr|-id=Radium-205m| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 205mRa| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(110)# keV| rowspan=2|180(50) ms
[170(+60−40)&nbsp;ms]| α| 201Rn| rowspan=2|(13/2+)| rowspan=2||-| IT (rare)| 205Ra|-id=Radium-206| 206Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 118| 206.003827(19)| 0.24(2) s| α| 202Rn| 0+||-id=Radium-207| rowspan=2|207Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119| rowspan=2|207.00380(6)| rowspan=2|1.3(2) s| α (90%)| 203Rn| rowspan=2|(5/2−, 3/2−)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (10%)| 207Fr|-id=Radium-207m| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 207mRa| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 560(50) keV| rowspan=3|57(8) ms| IT (85%)| 207Ra| rowspan=3|(13/2+)| rowspan=3||-| α (15%)| 203Rn|-| β+ (.55%)| 207Fr|-id=Radium-208| rowspan=2|208Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120| rowspan=2|208.001840(17)| rowspan=2|1.3(2) s| α (95%)| 204Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2||-| β+ (5%)| 208Fr|-id=Radium-208m| style="text-indent:1em" | 208mRa|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1800(200) keV| 270 ns||| (8+)||-id=Radium-209| rowspan=2|209Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121| rowspan=2|209.00199(5)| rowspan=2|4.6(2) s| α (90%)| 205Rn| rowspan=2|5/2−| rowspan=2||-| β+ (10%)| 209Fr|-id=Radium-210| rowspan=2|210Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122| rowspan=2|210.000495(16)| rowspan=2|3.7(2) s| α (96%)| 206Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2||-| β+ (4%)| 210Fr|-id=Radium-210m| style="text-indent:1em" | 210mRa|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1800(200) keV| 2.24 μs||| (8+)||-id=Radium-211| rowspan=2|211Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123| rowspan=2|211.000898(28)| rowspan=2|13(2) s| α (97%)| 207Rn| rowspan=2|5/2(−)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (3%)| 211Fr|-id=Radium-212| rowspan=2|212Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124| rowspan=2|211.999794(12)| rowspan=2|13.0(2) s| α (85%)| 208Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2||-| β+ (15%)| 212Fr|-id=Radium-212m1| style="text-indent:1em" | 212m1Ra|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1958.4(5) keV| 10.9(4) μs||| (8)+||-id=Radium-212m2| style="text-indent:1em" | 212m2Ra|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2613.4(5) keV| 0.85(13) μs||| (11)−||-id=Radium-213| rowspan=2|213Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125| rowspan=2|213.000384(22)| rowspan=2|2.74(6) min| α (80%)| 209Rn| rowspan=2|1/2−| rowspan=2||-| β+ (20%)| 213Fr|-id=Radium-213m| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 213mRa| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1769(6) keV| rowspan=2|2.1(1) ms| IT (99%)| 213Ra| rowspan=2|17/2−#| rowspan=2||-| α (1%)| 209Rn|-id=Radium-214| rowspan=2|214Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126| rowspan=2|214.000108(10)| rowspan=2|2.46(3) s| α (99.94%)| 210Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2||-| β+ (.06%)| 214Fr|-id=Radium-215| 215Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 127| 215.002720(8)| 1.55(7) ms| α| 211Rn| (9/2+)#||-id=Radium-215m1| style="text-indent:1em" | 215m1Ra|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1877.8(5) keV| 7.1(2) μs||| (25/2+)||-id=Radium-215m2| style="text-indent:1em" | 215m2Ra|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2246.9(5) keV| 1.39(7) μs||| (29/2−)||-id=Radium-215m3| style="text-indent:1em" | 215m3Ra|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3756.6(6)+X keV| 0.555(10) μs||| (43/2−)||-id=Radium-216| rowspan=2|216Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128| rowspan=2|216.003533(9)| rowspan=2|182(10) ns| α| 212Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2||-| EC (<1×10−8%)| 216Fr|-id=Radium-217| 217Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 129| 217.006320(9)| 1.63(17) μs| α| 213Rn| (9/2+)||-id=Radium-218|218Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88|style="text-align:right" | 130|218.007140(12)|25.2(3) μs| α| 214Rn|0+||-id=Radium-219| 219Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 131| 219.010085(9)| 10(3) ms| α| 215Rn| (7/2)+||-id=Radium-220| 220Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 132| 220.011028(10)| 17.9(14) ms| α| 216Rn| 0+||-id=Radium-221| rowspan=2|221Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133| rowspan=2|221.013917(5)| rowspan=2|28(2) s| α| 217Rn| rowspan=2|5/2+| rowspan=2|Trace[9] |-| CD (1.2×10−10%)[10] | 207Pb
14C|-id=Radium-222| rowspan=2|222Ra| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134| rowspan=2|222.015375(5)| rowspan=2|38.0(5) s| α| 218Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2||-| CD (3×10−8%)| 208Pb
14C|-| rowspan=2|223Ra[11] | rowspan=2|Actinium X| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135| rowspan=2|223.0185022(27)| rowspan=2|11.43(5) d| α| 219Rn| rowspan=2|3/2+| rowspan=2|Trace[12] |-| CD (6.4×10−8%)| 209Pb
14C|-id=Radium-224| rowspan=2|224Ra| rowspan=2|Thorium X| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136| rowspan=2|224.0202118(24)| rowspan=2|3.6319(23) d| α| 220Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|Trace[13] |-| CD (4.3×10−9%)| 210Pb
14C|-id=Radium-225|rowspan=2| 225Ra|rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137| rowspan=2| 225.023612(3)| rowspan=2| 14.9(2) d|β−| 225Ac| rowspan=2| 1/2+| rowspan=2| Trace[14] |-|α (2.0×10−3%)|221Rn|-| rowspan=2|226Ra| rowspan=2|Radium[15] | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138| rowspan=2|226.0254098(25)| rowspan=2|1600(7) y| α| 222Rn| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|Trace[16] |-| CD (2.6×10−9%)| 212Pb
14C|-id=Radium-227| 227Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 139| 227.0291778(25)| 42.2(5) min| β−| 227Ac| 3/2+||-id=Radium-228| 228Ra| Mesothorium 1| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 140| 228.0310703(26)| 5.75(3) y| β−| 228Ac| 0+| Trace|-id=Radium-229| 229Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 141| 229.034958(20)| 4.0(2) min| β−| 229Ac| 5/2(+)||-id=Radium-230| 230Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 142| 230.037056(13)| 93(2) min| β−| 230Ac| 0+||-id=Radium-231| 231Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 143| 231.04122(32)#| 103(3) s| β−| 231Ac| (5/2+)||-id=Radium-231m| style="text-indent:1em" | 231mRa|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.21(9) keV| ~53 μs||| (1/2+)||-id=Radium-232| 232Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 144| 232.04364(30)#| 250(50) s| β−| 232Ac| 0+||-id=Radium-233| 233Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 145| 233.04806(50)#| 30(5) s| β−| 233Ac| 1/2+#||-id=Radium-234| 234Ra|| style="text-align:right" | 88| style="text-align:right" | 146| 234.05070(53)#| 30(10) s| β−| 234Ac| 0+|

Actinides vs fission products

References

Notes

Notes and References

  1. Nagel . Miriam C. . September 1982 . Frederick Soddy: From alchemy to isotopes . Journal of Chemical Education . en . 59 . 9 . 739 . 10.1021/ed059p739 . 1982JChEd..59..739N . 0021-9584.
  2. Kirby . H.W. . Salutsky . Murrell L. . amp . December 1964 . The Radiochemistry of Radium . 3 . crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department . University of North Texas, UNT Digital Library. Alternate source: https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf
  3. Giunta . Carmen J. . 2017 . ISOTOPES: IDENTIFYING THE BREAKTHROUGH PUBLICATION (1) . Bull. Hist. Chem. . 42 . 2 . 103–111.
  4. Looney . William B. . 1958 . Effects of Radium in Man . Science . 127 . 3299 . 630–633 . 10.1126/science.127.3299.630 . 1755774 . 13529029 . 1958Sci...127..630L . 0036-8075.
  5. Is Radium in the Sun? . Mitchell . S. A. . Popular Astronomy . 21 . 321-331. 1913PA.....21..321M .
  6. Web site: First observations of short-lived pear-shaped atomic nuclei. 8 May 2013 . CERN . Stephanie . Hills.
  7. Kalaninová . Z. . Antalic . S. . Andreyev . A. N. . Heßberger . F. P. . Ackermann . D. . Andel . B. . Bianco . L. . Hofmann . S. . Huyse . M. . Kindler . B. . Lommel . B. . Mann . R. . Page . R. D. . Sapple . P. J. . Thomson . J. . Van Duppen . P. . Venhart . M. . Decay of 201–203Ra and 200–202Fr . Physical Review C . 12 May 2014 . 89 . 5 . 054312 . 10.1103/PhysRevC.89.054312 . 2014PhRvC..89e4312K . 11 June 2023 . en . 0556-2813.
  8. Uusitalo . J. . Leino . M. . Enqvist . T. . Eskola . K. . Grahn . T. . Greenlees . P. T. . Jones . P. . Julin . R. . Juutinen . S. . Keenan . A. . Kettunen . H. . Koivisto . H. . Kuusiniemi . P. . Leppänen . A.-P. . Nieminen . P. . Pakarinen . J. . Rahkila . P. . Scholey . C. . α decay studies of very neutron-deficient francium and radium isotopes . Physical Review C . 11 February 2005 . 71 . 2 . 024306 . 10.1103/PhysRevC.71.024306 . 2005PhRvC..71b4306U . 0556-2813.
  9. Intermediate decay product of 237Np
  10. Lightest known nuclide to undergo cluster decay
  11. Used for treating bone cancer
  12. Intermediate decay product of 235U
  13. Intermediate decay product of 232Th
  14. Intermediate decay product of 237Np
  15. Source of element's name
  16. Intermediate decay product of 238U

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