Isotopes of dysprosium explained

Naturally occurring dysprosium (66Dy) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy and 164Dy, with 164Dy being the most abundant (28.18% natural abundance). Twenty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 154Dy with a half-life of 1.4 million years, 159Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and 166Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being 165mDy (half-life 1.257 minutes), 147mDy (half-life 55.7 seconds) and 145mDy (half-life 13.6 seconds).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 164Dy, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay products before 164Dy are terbium isotopes, and the primary products after are holmium isotopes. Dysprosium is the heaviest element to have isotopes that are predicted to be stable rather than observationally stable isotopes that are predicted to be radioactive.

List of isotopes

|-| 138Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 72| 137.96249(64)#| 200# ms||| 0+|||-| 139Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 73| 138.95954(54)#| 600(200) ms||| 7/2+#|||-| 140Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 74| 139.95401(54)#| 700# ms| β+| 140Tb| 0+|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 140mDy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2166.1(5) keV| 7.0(5) μs||| (8−)|||-| rowspan=2|141Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 75| rowspan=2|140.95135(32)#| rowspan=2|0.9(2) s| β+| 141Tb| rowspan=2|(9/2−)| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p (rare)| 140Gd|-| rowspan=3|142Dy| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 76| rowspan=3|141.94637(39)#| rowspan=3|2.3(3) s| β+ (90(4)%)| rowspan=2|142Tb| rowspan=3|0+| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3||-| EC (10(4)%)|-| β+, p (.06%)| 141Gd|-| rowspan=2|143Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77| rowspan=2|142.94383(21)#| rowspan=2|5.6(10) s| β+| 143Tb| rowspan=2|(1/2+)| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p (rare)| 142Gd|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 143mDy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310.7(6) keV| 3.0(3) s||| (11/2−)|||-| rowspan=2|144Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 78| rowspan=2|143.93925(3)| rowspan=2|9.1(4) s| β+| 144Tb| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p (rare)| 143Gd|-| rowspan=2|145Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 79| rowspan=2|144.93743(5)| rowspan=2|9.5(10) s| β+| 145Tb| rowspan=2|(1/2+)| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p (rare)| 144Gd|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 145mDy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 118.2(2) keV| 14.1(7) s| β+| 145Tb| (11/2−)|||-| 146Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 80| 145.932845(29)| 33.2(7) s| β+| 146Tb| 0+|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 146mDy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2935.7(6) keV| 150(20) ms| IT| 146Dy| (10+)#|||-| rowspan=2|147Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81| rowspan=2|146.931092(21)| rowspan=2|40(10) s| β+ (99.95%)| 147Tb| rowspan=2|1/2+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+, p (.05%)| 146Tb|-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 147m1Dy| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 750.5(4) keV| rowspan=2|55(1) s| β+ (65%)| 147Tb| rowspan=2|11/2−| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| IT (35%)| 147Dy|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 147m2Dy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3407.2(8) keV| 0.40(1) μs||| (27/2−)|||-| 148Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 82| 147.927150(11)| 3.3(2) min| β+| 148Tb| 0+|||-| 149Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 83| 148.927305(9)| 4.20(14) min| β+| 149Tb| 7/2(−)|||-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 149mDy| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2661.1(4) keV| rowspan=2|490(15) ms| IT (99.3%)| 149Dy| rowspan=2|(27/2−)| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β+ (.7%)| 149Tb|-| rowspan=2|150Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84| rowspan=2|149.925585(5)| rowspan=2|7.17(5) min| β+ (64%)| 150Tb| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| α (36%)| 146Gd|-| rowspan=2|151Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85| rowspan=2|150.926185(4)| rowspan=2|17.9(3) min| β+ (94.4%)| 151Tb| rowspan=2|7/2(−)| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| α (5.6%)| 147Gd|-| rowspan=2|152Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86| rowspan=2|151.924718(6)| rowspan=2|2.38(2) h| EC (99.9%)| 152Tb| rowspan=2|0+| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| α (.1%)| 148Gd|-| rowspan=2|153Dy| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87| rowspan=2|152.925765(5)| rowspan=2|6.4(1) h| β+ (99.99%)| 153Tb| rowspan=2|7/2(−)| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| α (.00939%)| 149Gd|-|154Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66|style="text-align:right" | 88|153.924424(8)|1.40(8)×106 y[1] | α[2] | 150Gd|0+|||-| 155Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 89| 154.925754(13)| 9.9(2) h| β+| 155Tb| 3/2−|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 155mDy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 234.33(3) keV| 6(1) μs||| 11/2−|||-| 156Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 90| 155.924283(7)| colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[3] | 0+| 5.6(3)×10−4||-| 157Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 91| 156.925466(7)| 8.14(4) h| β+| 157Tb| 3/2−|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 157m1Dy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 161.99(3) keV| 1.3(2) μs||| 9/2+|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 157m2Dy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 199.38(7) keV| 21.6(16) ms| IT| 157Dy| 11/2−|||-| 158Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 92| 157.924409(4)| colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[4] | 0+| 9.5(3)×10−4||-| 159Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 93| 158.9257392(29)| 144.4(2) d| EC| 159Tb| 3/2−|||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 159mDy| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 352.77(14) keV| 122(3) μs||| 11/2−|||-| 160Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 94| 159.9251975(27)| colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[5] | 0+| 0.02329(18)||-| 161Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 95| 160.9269334(27)| colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[6] | 5/2+| 0.18889(42)||-| 162Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 96| 161.9267984(27)| colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[7] | 0+| 0.25475(36)||-| 163Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 97| 162.9287312(27)| colspan=3 align=center|Stable[8] [9] | 5/2−| 0.24896(42)||-| 164Dy[10] | style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 98| 163.9291748(27)| colspan=3 align=center|Stable| 0+| 0.28260(54)||-| 165Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 99| 164.9317033(27)| 2.334(1) h| β−| 165Ho| 7/2+|||-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 165mDy| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 108.160(3) keV| rowspan=2|1.257(6) min| IT (97.76%)| 165Dy| rowspan=2|1/2−| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2||-| β− (2.24%)| 165Ho|-| 166Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 100| 165.9328067(28)| 81.6(1) h| β−| 166Ho| 0+|||-| 167Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 101| 166.93566(6)| 6.20(8) min| β−| 167Ho| (1/2−)|||-| 168Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 102| 167.93713(15)| 8.7(3) min| β−| 168Ho| 0+|||-| 169Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 103| 168.94031(32)| 39(8) s| β−| 169Ho| (5/2−)|||-| 170Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 104| 169.94239(21)#| 30# s| β−| 170Ho| 0+|||-| 171Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 105| 170.94620(32)#| 6# s| β−| 171Ho| 7/2−#|||-| 172Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 106| 171.94876(43)#| 3# s| β−| 172Ho| 0+|||-| 173Dy| style="text-align:right" | 66| style="text-align:right" | 107| 172.95300(54)#| 2# s| β−| 173Ho| 9/2+#||

Dysprosium-165

The radioactive isotope 165Dy, with a half-life of 2.334 hours, has radiopharmaceutical uses in radiation synovectomy of the knee. It had been previously performed with colloidal-sized particles containing longer-lived isotopes such as 198Au and 90Y. The major problem with the usage of those isotopes was radiation leakage out of the knee. 165Dy, with its shorter half-life and thus shorter period of potential radiation leakage, is more suitable for the procedure.[11]

References

  1. Chiera . Nadine Mariel . Dressler . Rugard . Sprung . Peter . Talip . Zeynep . Schumann . Dorothea . High precision half-life measurement of the extinct radio-lanthanide Dysprosium-154 . Scientific Reports . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 12 . 1 . 2022-05-28 . 8988 . 2045-2322 . 10.1038/s41598-022-12684-6. 35643721 . 9148308 . 2022NatSR..12.8988C . free .
  2. Theorized to also undergo β+β+ decay to 154Gd
  3. Believed to undergo α decay to 152Gd or β+β+ decay to 156Gd with a half-life over 1018 years
  4. Believed to undergo α decay to 154Gd or β+β+ decay to 158Gd
  5. Believed to undergo α decay to 156Gd
  6. Believed to undergo α decay to 157Gd
  7. Believed to undergo α decay to 158Gd
  8. Can undergo bound-state β− decay to 163Ho with a half-life of 47 days when fully ionized
  9. M. Jung . etal . Physical Review Letters . 69 . 15 . 2164–2167 . 1992-10-12 . First observation of bound-state β− decay . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.2164 . 10046415. 1992PhRvL..69.2164J .
  10. Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide
  11. Hnatowich . D. J. . Kramer . R. I. . Sledge . C. B. . Noble . J. . Shortkroff . S. . 1978-03-01 . Dysprosium-165 ferric hydroxide macroaggregates for radiation synovectomy. [Rabbits] ]. J. Nucl. Med.; (United States) . English . 19. 3 . 5045140 .

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