Isotopes of bismuth explained

Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as . Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×1019 years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occurs in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic 210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. 210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

List of isotopes

|-| 184Bi[1] || style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 101| 184.00135(13)#| 13(2) ms| α| 180Tl| 3+#||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 184mBi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150(100)# keV| 6.6(15) ms| α| 180Tl| 10−#||-| rowspan=2|185Bi[2] | rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102| rowspan=2|184.99760(9)#| rowspan=2|| p (92%)| 184Pb| rowspan=2|(1/2+)| rowspan=2||-| α (8%)| 181Tl|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 185mBi| | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 70(50)# keV| 58(2) μs| IT| 185Bi| (7/2−, 9/2−)| |-| rowspan=3|186Bi[3] | rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103| rowspan=3|185.996623(18)| rowspan=3|14.8(7) ms| α| 182Tl| rowspan=3|(3+)| rowspan=3||-| β+?| 186Pb|-| β+, SF (0.011%)| (various)|-| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 186mBi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 170(100)# keV| rowspan=3|9.8(4) ms| α| 182Tl| rowspan=3|(10−)| rowspan=3||-| β+?| 186Pb|-| β+, SF (0.011%)| (various)|-| rowspan=2|187Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104| rowspan=2|186.993147(11)| rowspan=2|37(2) ms| α| 183Tl| rowspan=2|(9/2−)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (rare)| 187Pb|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 187m1Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 108(8) keV| 370(20) μs| α| 183Tl| (1/2+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 187m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 252(3) keV| 7(5) μs| IT| 187Bi| (13/2+)||-| rowspan=3|188Bi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 105| rowspan=3| 187.992276(12)| rowspan=3|60(3) ms| α| 184Tl| rowspan=3|(3+)| rowspan=3||-| β+ (rare)| 188Pb|-| β+, SF (0.0014%)| (various)|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 188m1Bi| | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66(30) keV| >5 μs| IT| 184Tl| 7+#| |-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 188m2Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 153(30) keV| rowspan=2|265(15) ms| α| 184Tl| rowspan=2|(10−)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (rare)| 188Pb|-| rowspan=2|189Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106| rowspan=2|188.989195(22)| rowspan=2|688(5) ms| α| 185Tl| rowspan=2|(9/2−)| rowspan=2||-| β+?| 189Pb|-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 189m1Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 184(5) keV| rowspan=2|5.0(1) ms| α (83%)| 185Tl| rowspan=2|(1/2+)| rowspan=2||-| IT (17%)| 189Bi|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 189m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 357.6(5) keV| 880(50) ns| IT| 189Bi| (13/2+)||-| rowspan=3|190Bi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 107| rowspan=3|189.988625(23)| rowspan=3|6.3(1) s| α (77%)| 186Tl| rowspan=3|(3+)| rowspan=3||-| β+ (23%)| 190Pb|-| β+, SF (6×10-6%)| (various)|-| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 190m1Bi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 120(40) keV| rowspan=3|6.2(1) s| α (70%)| 186Tl| rowspan=3|(10−)| rowspan=3||-| β+ (30%)| 190Pb|-| β+,SF (4×10-6%)| (various)|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 190m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 121(15) keV| 175(8) ns| IT| 190Bi| (5−)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 190m3Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 394(40) keV| 1.3(8) μs| IT| 190Bi| (8−)||-| rowspan=2|191Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 108| rowspan=2|190.985787(8)| rowspan=2|12.4(3) s| α (51%)| 187Tl| rowspan=2|(9/2−)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (49%)| 191Pb|-| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 191m1Bi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 242(4) keV| rowspan=3|124(5) ms| α (68%)| 187Tl| rowspan=3|(1/2+)| rowspan=3||-| IT (32%)| 191Bi|-| β+ (rare)| 191Pb|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 191m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 429.7(5) keV| 562(10) ns| IT| 191Bi| (13/2+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 191m3Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1875(25)# keV| 400(40) ns| IT| 191Bi| 25/2-#||-| rowspan=2|192Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 109| rowspan=2|191.98547(3)| rowspan=2|34.6(9) s| β+ (82%)| 192Pb| rowspan=2|(3+)| rowspan=2||-| α (18%)| 188Tl|-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 192mBi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150(30) keV| rowspan=2|39.6(4) s| β+ (90.8%)| 192Pb| rowspan=2|(10−)| rowspan=2||-| α (9.2%)| 188Tl|-| rowspan=2|193Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110| rowspan=2|192.982947(8)| rowspan=2|67(3) s| β+ (95%)| 193Pb| rowspan=2|(9/2−)| rowspan=2||-| α (5%)| 189Tl|-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 193mBi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 308(7) keV| rowspan=2|3.2(6) s| α (90%)| 189Tl| rowspan=2|(1/2+)| rowspan=2||-| β+ (10%)| 193Pb|-| rowspan=2|194Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 111| rowspan=2|193.982799(6)| rowspan=2|95(3) s| β+ (99.54%)| 194Pb| rowspan=2|(3+)| rowspan=2||-| α (.46%)| 190Tl|-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 194m1Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 110(70) keV| rowspan=2|125(2) s| β+| 194Pb| rowspan=2|(6+, 7+)| rowspan=2||-| α (rare)| 190Tl|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 194m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 230(90)# keV| 115(4) s||| (10−)||-| rowspan=2|195Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112| rowspan=2|194.980649(6)| rowspan=2|183(4) s| β+ (99.97%)| 195Pb| rowspan=2|(9/2−)| rowspan=2||-| α (.03%)| 191Tl|-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 195m1Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 399(6) keV| rowspan=2|87(1) s| β+ (67%)| 195Pb| rowspan=2|(1/2+)| rowspan=2||-| α (33%)| 191Tl|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 195m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2311.4+X keV| 750(50) ns||| (29/2−)||-| rowspan=2|196Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 113| rowspan=2|195.980667(26)| rowspan=2|5.1(2) min| β+ (99.99%)| 196Pb| rowspan=2|(3+)| rowspan=2||-| α (.00115%)| 192Tl|-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 196m1Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 166.6(30) keV| rowspan=2|0.6(5) s| IT| 196Bi| rowspan=2|(7+)| rowspan=2||-| β+| 196Pb|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 196m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270(3) keV| 4.00(5) min||| (10−)||-| rowspan=2|197Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114| rowspan=2|196.978865(9)| rowspan=2|9.33(50) min| β+ (99.99%)| 197Pb| rowspan=2|(9/2−)| rowspan=2||-| α (10−4%)| 193Tl|-| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 197m1Bi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 690(110) keV| rowspan=3|5.04(16) min| α (55%)| 193Tl| rowspan=3|(1/2+)| rowspan=3||-| β+ (45%)| 197Pb|-| IT (.3%)| 197Bi|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 197m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2129.3(4) keV| 204(18) ns||| (23/2−)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 197m3Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2360.4(5)+X keV| 263(13) ns||| (29/2−)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 197m4Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2383.1(7)+X keV| 253(39) ns||| (29/2−)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 197m5Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2929.5(5) keV| 209(30) ns||| (31/2−)||-| 198Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 115| 197.979201(30)| 10.3(3) min| β+| 198Pb| (2+, 3+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 198m1Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 280(40) keV| 11.6(3) min| β+| 198Pb| (7+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 198m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 530(40) keV| 7.7(5) s||| 10−||-| 199Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 116| 198.977673(11)| 27(1) min| β+| 199Pb| 9/2−||-| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 199m1Bi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 667(4) keV| rowspan=3|24.70(15) min| β+ (98%)| 199Pb| rowspan=3|(1/2+)| rowspan=3||-| IT (2%)| 199Bi|-| α (.01%)| 195Tl|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 199m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1947(25) keV| 0.10(3) μs||| (25/2+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 199m3Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | ~2547.0 keV| 168(13) ns||| 29/2−||-| 200Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 117| 199.978131(24)| 36.4(5) min| β+| 200Pb| 7+||-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 200m1Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(70)# keV| rowspan=2|31(2) min| EC (90%)| 200Pb| rowspan=2|(2+)| rowspan=2||-| IT (10%)| 200Bi|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 200m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 428.20(10) keV| 400(50) ms||| (10−)||-| rowspan=2|201Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 118| rowspan=2|200.976995(13)| rowspan=2|108(3) min| β+ (99.99%)| 201Pb| rowspan=2|9/2−| rowspan=2||-| α (10−4%)| 197Tl|-| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 201m1Bi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 846.34(21) keV| rowspan=3|59.1(6) min| EC (92.9%)| 201Pb| rowspan=3|1/2+| rowspan=3||-| IT (6.8%)| 201Bi|-| α (.3%)| 197Tl|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 201m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1932.2+X keV| 118(28) ns||| (25/2+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 201m3Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1971.2+X keV| 105(75) ns||| (27/2+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 201m4Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2739.90(20)+X keV| 124(4) ns||| (29/2−)||-| rowspan=2|202Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119| rowspan=2|201.977723(15)| rowspan=2|1.72(5) h| β+| 202Pb| rowspan=2|5(+#)| rowspan=2||-| α (10−5%)| 198Tl|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 202m1Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 615(7) keV| 3.04(6) μs||| (10#)−||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 202m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2607.1(5) keV| 310(50) ns||| (17+)||-| rowspan=2|203Bi| rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120| rowspan=2|202.976892(14)| rowspan=2|11.76(5) h| β+| 203Pb| rowspan=2|9/2−| rowspan=2||-| α (10−5%)| 199Tl|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 203m1Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1098.14(7) keV| 303(5) ms| IT| 203Bi| 1/2+||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 203m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2041.5(6) keV| 194(30) ns||| 25/2+||-| 204Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 121| 203.977836(10)| 11.22(10) h| β+| 204Pb| 6+||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 805.5(3) keV| 13.0(1) ms| IT| 204Bi| 10−||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2833.4(11) keV| 1.07(3) ms||| (17+)||-| 205Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 122| 204.977385(5)| 15.31(4) d| β+| 205Pb| 9/2−||-| 206Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 123| 205.978499(8)| 6.243(3) d| β+| 206Pb| 6(+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 206m1Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.897(17) keV| 7.7(2) μs||| (4+)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 206m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1044.8(5) keV| 890(10) μs||| (10−)||-| 207Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 124| 206.9784706(26)| 32.9(14) y| β+| 207Pb| 9/2−||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 207mBi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2101.49(16) keV| 182(6) μs||| 21/2+||-| 208Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 125| 207.9797421(25)| 3.68(4)×105 y| β+| 208Pb| (5)+||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 208mBi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1571.1(4) keV| 2.58(4) ms| IT| 208Bi| (10)−||-| 209Bi
[4] [5] || style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 126| 208.9803986(15)| 2.01(8)×1019 y
[6] | α| 205Tl| 9/2−| 1.0000|-| rowspan=2|210Bi| rowspan=2|Radium E| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 127| rowspan=2|209.9841202(15)| rowspan=2|5.012(5) d| β−| 210Po| rowspan=2|1−| rowspan=2|Trace[7] |-| α (1.32×10−4%)| 206Tl|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 210mBi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 271.31(11) keV| 3.04(6)×106 y| α| 206Tl| 9−||-| rowspan=2|211Bi| rowspan=2|Actinium C| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128| rowspan=2|210.987269(6)| rowspan=2|2.14(2) min| α (99.72%)| 207Tl| rowspan=2|9/2−| rowspan=2|Trace[8] |-| β− (.276%)| 211Po|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 211mBi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1257(10) keV| 1.4(3) μs||| (25/2−)||-| rowspan=3|212Bi| rowspan=3|Thorium C| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 129| rowspan=3|211.991285(2)| rowspan=3|60.55(6) min| β− (64.05%)| 212Po| rowspan=3|1(−)| rowspan=3|Trace[9] |-| α (35.94%)| 208Tl|-| β−, α (.014%)| 208Pb|-| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 212m1Bi| rowspan=3|| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 250(30) keV| rowspan=3|25.0(2) min| α (67%)| 208Tl| rowspan=3|(9−)| rowspan=3||-| β− (33%)| 212mPo|-| β−, α (.3%)| 208Pb|-| style="text-indent:1em" | 212m2Bi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2200(200)# keV| 7.0(3) min||| >16||-| rowspan=2|213Bi
[10] [11] | rowspan=2|| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 130| rowspan=2|212.994384(5)| rowspan=2|45.59(6) min| β− (97.91%)| 213Po| rowspan=2|9/2−| rowspan=2|Trace[12] |-| α (2.09%)| 209Tl|-| rowspan=3|214Bi| rowspan=3|Radium C| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 131| rowspan=3|213.998711(12)| rowspan=3|19.9(4) min| β− (99.97%)| 214Po| rowspan=3|1−| rowspan=3|Trace|-| α (.021%)| 210Tl|-| β−, α (.003%)| 210Pb|-| 215Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 132| 215.001749(6)| 7.6(2) min| β−| 215Po| (9/2−)| Trace|-| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 215mBi| rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1347.5(25) keV| rowspan=2| 36.9(6) s| IT (76.9%)| 215Bi| rowspan=2| (25/2−)| rowspan=2| |-| β− (23.1%)| 215Po|-| 216Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 133| 216.006306(12)| 2.17(5) min| β−| 216Po| (6−, 7−)||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 216mBi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 24(19) keV| 6.6(21) min| β−| 216Po| 3−#||-| 217Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 134| 217.009372(19)| 98.5(8) s| β−| 217Po| 9/2−#||-| style="text-indent:1em" | 217mBi|| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1480(40) keV| 2.70(6) μs| IT| 217Bi| 25/2−#||-| 218Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 135| 218.014188(29)| 33(1) s| β−| 218Po| (6−, 7−, 8−)||-| 219Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 136| 219.01752(22)#| 8.7(29) s| β−| 219Po| 9/2−#||-| 220Bi|| style="text-align:right" | 83| style="text-align:right" | 137| 220.02250(32)#| 9.5(57) s| β−| 220Po| 1−#||-|rowspan=2| 221Bi|rowspan=2||rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83|rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138|rowspan=2|221.02598(32)#|rowspan=2| 2# s| β−?| 221Po|rowspan=2| 9/2−#|rowspan=2||-| β−, n?| 220Po|-|rowspan=2| 222Bi|rowspan=2||rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83|rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 139|rowspan=2|222.03108(32)#|rowspan=2| 3# s| β−?| 222Po|rowspan=2| 1−#|rowspan=2||-| β−, n?| 221Po|-|rowspan=2| 223Bi|rowspan=2||rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83|rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 140|rowspan=2| 223.03461(43)#|rowspan=2| 1# s| β−?| 223Po|rowspan=2| 9/2−#|rowspan=2||-| β−, n?| 222Po|-|rowspan=2| 224Bi|rowspan=2||rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83|rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 141|rowspan=2|224.03980(43)#|rowspan=2| 1# s| β−?| 224Po|rowspan=2|1−#|rowspan=2||-| β−, n?| 223Po

Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (213Bi) has a half-life of 45 minutes and decays via alpha emission. Commercially, bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, which populates its progenitor actinium-225. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with 213Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program to treat a variety of cancers.[13] Bismuth-213 is also found in the decay chain of uranium-233, which is the fuel bred by thorium reactors.

References

Notes and References

  1. Andreyev . A. N. . Ackermann . D. . Heßberger . F. P. . Hofmann . S. . Huyse . M. . Kojouharov . I. . Kindler . B. . Lommel . B. . Münzenberg . G. . Page . R. D. . Vel . K. Van de . Duppen . P. Van . Heyde . K. . α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: 186Bi and the new nuclide 184Bi . The European Physical Journal A . 1 October 2003 . 18 . 1 . 55–64 . 10.1140/epja/i2003-10051-1 . 2003EPJA...18...55A . 122369569 . 20 June 2023 . en . 1434-601X.
  2. Doherty . D. T. . Andreyev . A. N. . Seweryniak . D. . Woods . P. J. . Carpenter . M. P. . Auranen . K. . Ayangeakaa . A. D. . Back . B. B. . Bottoni . S. . Canete . L. . Cubiss . J. G. . Harker . J. . Haylett . T. . Huang . T. . Janssens . R. V. F. . Jenkins . D. G. . Kondev . F. G. . Lauritsen . T. . Lederer-Woods . C. . Li . J. . Müller-Gatermann . C. . Potterveld . D. . Reviol . W. . Savard . G. . Stolze . S. . Zhu . S. . Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus 185Bi . Physical Review Letters . 12 November 2021 . 127 . 20 . 202501 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501 . 34860042 . 2021PhRvL.127t2501D . 244089059 . 20 June 2023 . en . 0031-9007. 20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875 . free .
  3. Kondev . F. G. . Wang . M. . Huang . W. J. . Naimi . S. . Audi . G. . The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties * . Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics . 1 March 2021 . 45 . 3 . 030001 . 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae . 2021ChPhC..45c0001K . 1774641 . 233794940 . English . 1674-1137. free .
  4. Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
  5. [Primordial nuclide|Primordial]
  6. Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
  7. Intermediate decay product of 238U
  8. Intermediate decay product of 235U
  9. Intermediate decay product of 232Th
  10. Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
  11. A byproduct of thorium reactors via 233U.
  12. Intermediate decay product of 237Np
  13. 10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review. 2001. Imam. S. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51. 1 . 271–278. 11516878 .

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