Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso explained

Conflict:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
Date:23 August 2015 – present
Place:Burkina Faso
Partof:the Islamist insurgency in the Sahel and the spillover of the Mali War
Status:Ongoing
Combatant1: Burkina Faso

France (until 2023)[1]
(since 2024)[2]


Combatant2:Al-Qaeda

Ansar Dine
Ansar ul Islam----

Commander1:
Commander2:
Casualties3:[3]
2.06 million displaced[4]
Territory:Around 40% of the country controlled by state forces[5] [6]

An ongoing war and civil conflict between the Government of Burkina Faso and Islamist rebels began in August 2015 and has led to the displacement of over 2 million people and the deaths of at least 10,000 civilians and combatants.

The war has been interpreted as being the Burkinabè theatre of the insurgency in the Sahel.

Background

Blaise Compaoré, president of Burkina Faso from 1987 to 2014, treated Islamists somewhat better than French colonial officials did.[7] [8] Compaore's Mauritanian advisor, Moustapha Ould Limam Chafi and General Gilbert Diendéré both contacted several Islamist leaders in order to free hostages held by these groups.

Burkina Faso acted as a mediator during the Mali War between rebels and the government. Burkina Faso led an intervention into the country in 2013. However, in November 2014, Compaoré was overthrown, marking the end of his rule and creating a scenario of instability.[9]

Timeline

2015–2016

On 23 August 2015, the insurgency in the Maghreb spread to Burkina Faso, beginning with an attack on a gendarmerie by alleged Boko Haram members.[10] [11] Between August 2015 and October 2016, seven different posts were attacked across the country, slaying 15 and injuring 11.[12] [13] On 9 October, three gendarmes, one rebel, and one civilian were slain during a battle in, Hauts-Bassins.[14] [15] On 31 May 2016, three police officers were shot dead in Intangom. On 1 September 2016, a team of two to four jihadists murdered a customs officer and a civilian in Markoye, injuring three others. Two days later, Sahrawi terrorist Adnane Abou Walid Al-Sahraoui accepted responsibility for the attack.[16]

On 15 January 2016, terrorists attacked the capital city of Ouagadougou, killing 30 people. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Mourabitoune both took responsibility.[17] [18]

2017

In 2016, the number of attacks spiked after a new group Ansarul Islam, led by imam Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was founded.[19] [20] The group is particularly active at the border territories of Mali and Burkina Faso. A large proportion of attacks have been focused on Soum province.[21] On 16 December, Ansarul Islam killed dozens of people in the attack on Nassoumbou.[22] On the first of January 2017, an Imam and defect from Asarul Islam was assassinated in Tongomayel. Two months later, a teacher was murdered in the village of Kourfayel

, Soum province.[23] On 22 March, the leader of Ansarul Islam, Harouna Dicko, was shot dead in Pétéga by security forces.[24] By this point, a total of 70 people, the majority of them soldiers, gendarmes and police officers, had been killed in a series of 20 attacks.[25]

Between 27 March – 10 April 2017, the governments of Mali, France, and Burkina Faso launched a joint operation name "Operation Panga", composed of 1,300 soldiers from the three countries, in Fhero forest, near the Burkina Faso-Mali border, considered a sanctuary for Ansarul Islam.[26] [27] On 5 April, Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin detonated an improvised explosive device on a French military vehicle, injuring two people. An allied detachment found the militants during a search operation, but the armed Islamist group members attacked again, slaying a soldier.[28] During the ensuing twelve days of searching, two jihadists were killed, eight were taken prisoner, and up to 200 suspects were arrested.[29] [30] The French forces quickly returned to the offensive, leading several successful raids against military targets.[31] [32] [33]

On 27 May, in Pétéga, a retired policeman was assassinated by a group of armed men, but one of them was killed during the operation.[34] [35] On the night between 2 and 3 June, at least five people, including a couple and their child, were murdered in targeted attacks across Soum province.[36] On 9 June, military forces rounded up 74 villagers in the town of Djibo accused of collaborating with Ansarul Islam. Several of the villagers were tortured, two fatally.[37] On 12 July, a shootout between authorities and jihadists took place, with no casualties.[38]

The head of Ansarul Islam, Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was killed in June 2017. The group announced a new leader, Jafar Dicko. On the night of 24 to 25 July, five members of Ansarul Islam were assassinated in the villages of Ndidja, Sibé and Neyba, Soum province, possibly by the new leadership.[39]

On 14 August 2017, a pair of armed men entered a restaurant in Ouagadougou, murdering 18 people before they were shot dead by Burkinabè authorities.[40]

On 17 August, a Burkinabè army vehicle rolled over an explosive in Touronata, killing three people and injuring two more. This is the first such incident in the country's history.[41] On 15 September, three men, including an imam and the local village chief, were slain by armed men in Soum province.[42] On 23 September, seven soldiers were killed in a mine explosion. Three days later, two gendarmes were killed in an ambush by jihadists.[43] On 9 November, the Burkina Faso Armed Forces successfully neutralized 12 jihadists in the village of Ariel.[44]

2018

On 2 March 2018, Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin attacked the French embassy in Ouagadougou as well as the general staff of the Burkinabè army. Eight soldiers and eight attackers were killed, and a further 61 soldiers and 24 civilians were injured .[45]

In 2018, the insurgency expanded to the east of the country.[46] [47] [48] The jihadists launched three attacks on 13 June: in Tindangou, against a police checkpoint, and on the police station and gendarmerie brigade of Comin-Yanga. During the last attack security forces managed to shoot an assailant.[49] On 12 August, six people were killed by rebels in a bomb attack in Boungou, near Fada N'Gourma.[50] [51] On the night of 27–28 August, eight soldiers died after an explosive device detonated near Pama.[52] [53] On the night of 14–15 September, Jihadists murdered nine people in the villages of Diabiga and Kompiembiga including a religious leader.[54] [55] [56] A few weeks later, rebels kidnapped three employees in a gold mine – an Indian, a South-African and a Burkinabé, slaying three gendarmes in the process.[57] On 4 October, six soldiers died after their military convoy ran over an explosive device.[58] [59] That night, an army of forty Islamists launched an attack against local gendarmes in Inata.[60] The following day, six policemen died in a mine bombing near Sollé.[61] [62]

In early October, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso unrolled a major military operation in the country's East, supported by French forces.[63] [64] [65] On 3 December, gendarmes successfully repelled an ambush at Bougui, ten kilometres from Fada N'Gourma, killing six assailants and injuring another.[66] [67]

2019

See main article: 2019 attacks in Burkina Faso. On 1 January 2019, armed men murdered twenty people in the village of Yirgou, Barsalogho department. The villagers, mostly ethnic Mossis, (who form 52% of Burkina Faso's population) responded by massacring the Fulani members of the town, in what is now known as the Yirgou massacre.[68] [69] [70] [71] 72 people died and over 6,000 were displaced during the incident.[72]

On 10 January, a group of 36 jihadists slew twelve civilians in Gasseliki.[73] 17 days later, ten more civilians were killed in Sikiré, near Arbinda.[74] On 28 January, four Burkinabé soldiers were killed and five others wounded in Nassoumbou.[75] From 3–4 February, jihadists are reported to have massacred 14 civilians in Kaïn, 80 kilometres from Ouahigouya.[76] On 4 February, the army reportedly neutralized 146 jihadists in the departments of Kaïn, Banh and Bomborokuy.[77] Human Rights Watch alleged that the military had carried out several summary executions in the process.[78] The Burkinabé Movement for Human and Peoples' Rights reported that no evidence was found of an attack carried out by terrorists in Kain on that date, and that about sixty civilians were executed without trial by the soldiers.[79] [80]

On 15 February, the Centre-Est region experienced its first attack. Four Burkinabés and a Spanish priest were killed at a customs post in Nohao, close to the border with Togo.

According to Human Rights Watch, between mid-2018 to February 2019, at least 42 people were murdered by jihadists and a minimum of 116 mostly Fulani civilians were killed by military forces without trial.[81] From 31 March to 2 April, ethnic clashes between Fulani, Kurumbas, and Mossis killed 62 people in Arbinda.[82] [83] [84] [85] [86]

In 2019, Jihadist groups began to start a persecution campaign against Christians. The campaign began on 28 April 2019, when six people, including a pastor, were killed by a group of 10 to 20 people inside a Protestant church in Silgadji.[87] [88] On 12 May, six more people, including one priest, died in a Catholic church in Dablo after it was raided by Islamists.[89] [88] The next day, a Catholic procession was targeted near Kayon and Singa-Rimaïbé, in Zimtanga department. Four people were murdered and a statue of the Virgin Mary was destroyed.[90] [91] [88]

On the night of 9–10 May, French forces attacked a jihadist encampment near Gorom-Gorom, freeing four hostages — two French, one South-Korean and one American. Four jihadists and two French soldiers died.

Despite this success, massacres have continued to grow more common. On 9 June 19 civilians died in an attack on Arbinda.[92] On 18 June, armed men murdered 17–18 people in the village of Béléhédé.[93] On 22 June 15 villagers in Sagho and Toekédogo, Barsalogho department, were killed,[94] and on the night of 25–26 July, 22 other villagers died in a massacre in Dibilou, nearby the city of Kaya.[95]

According to the ACLED, armed violence in Burkina Faso jumped by 174% in 2019, with nearly 1,300 civilians dead and 860,000 displaced.[96]

2020

On 4 January 2020, a bus carrying mainly middle school students blew up after it ran over an explosive device between Toéni and Tougan, resulting in fourteen deaths.[97] On 20 January, jihadists attacked the villages of Nagraogo and Alamou, inside Barsalogho, Sanmatenga, and massacred 36 civilians.[98] [99] [100] The next day, the Parliament of Burkina Faso adopted a law permitting the recruitment of civilian militias called Koglweogo to fight the jihadists.[101] [102] [103] The idea was initially proposed by president Roch Marc Christian Kaboré in November 2019.

On 25 January, the village of Silgadji was attacked again, this time with a death toll of 39 civilians.[104] [105] [106] Three days later, six soldiers were killed between Madjoari and Pama, in Kompienga province.[107] On 12 February, two civilians were killed by jihadists in Tanwalbougou.[108]

On Sunday, 16 February, a Protestant church in Pansi was attacked by armed jihadists, who murdered 24 people (including the pastor) and wounding 20 more. This was a week before five people (also including a pastor) were slain in a church in the neighbouring town of Sebba.[109] [110] [111]

On 29 February, Sebba was attacked again, leaving ten policemen dead.[112]

On 8 March, the Fulani villages of Barga-Peulh and Dinguila-Peulh, Barga department, were raided by pro-government militias, leaving forty civilians dead.[113]

In October, around fifty refugees who had fled elsewhere tried to return to their home region, thinking that the violence had decreased. Their convoy was ambushed in the middle of the night, ten kilometers from Pissila. 25 male refugees, approximately half of the convoy, were murdered by the attackers. All women and children were spared.[114]

2021

From 4–5 June, unknown militants massacred over 170 people in the villages of Solhan and Tadaryat.

On 20 August, jihadists killed 80 people in Gorgadji, including 59 civilians.[115]

November became one of the year's bloodiest months for Burkina Faso.[116] [117] [118] On 14 November, the Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin attacked a gendarmerie in Inata, killing 53 people, including four civilians. The attack remains the heaviest loss of life by the Burkinabe military during the insurgency, and a major morale loss in the country.[119] On 21 November, an attack in Foubé resulted in nine soldiers dead and ten civilians killed.[120]

In December, a group of civilians stopped a French convoy in Kaya Department, alleging that France was secretly working with the jihadists.[121] In a separate incident during that month, Islamists killed 41 people in an ambush, including the popular vigilante leader Ladji Yoro. Yoro was a central figure in the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland, or VDP for short, a pro-government militia that has taken a leading role in the country's struggle against Islamists.[122]

2022

See also: Siege of Djibo. On 15 January, at least 10 civilians were killed in an attack blamed on jihadists in northern Burkina Faso, in the village of Namssiguian in Bam province.[123]

Operation Laabingol 1 took place in the north of the country, from 16 January to 23 January, 2022. 163 jihadists were killed, injured, or captured in the operations, including 60 in collaboration with French forces in the country, according to the French and Burkinabe militaries.[124] The Burkinabe government claimed to have killed the leader of jihadists operating in the Kelbo area. The Burkinabe military claimed to have lost one soldier killed, and two wounded in the operation, and captured many weapons, including improvised explosive devices.[125] On 23 January, military officials overthrew Kabore's ruling government. Government failures to quell the Islamist insurgency has been described as a possible motive for the coup, which received unusual popularity.[126] The junta's leader, Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, is well-known for his widely popular military operations against Islamists.[127] Damiba has also replaced government ministers (such as Gilbert Noël Ouédraogo) perceived to have handled the insurgency poorly with more popular figures.[128]

Allegations have arisen in the aftermath of the coup that the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration may hire mercenaries from the Wagner Group in the future. Damiba had called earlier to hire Russian mercenaries against the Islamists, but was forbidden to do so by Kabore.[129]

On 27 January, France confirmed that from 15 to 23 January 2022, more than sixty recorded jihadists had been "neutralized" in four separate incidents by Burkinabé soldiers working together with French units.[130]

Ten members of Ansarul Islam died during a battle with French forces on 10 February near Ouahigouya in return for the killing of five officers in the previous year. Four civilians died in the crossfire. French authorities expressed regret for the civilian casualties, which they assured was accidental.[131]

On 8–9 February, insurgents attacked the W National Park in Benin, killing nine people. On 12 February, French forces retaliated by launching a major airstrike on an Islamist camp in Burkina Faso, killing forty rebels.[132] [133] [134] On 11 May 2022, Burkinabè militants crossed the border into Togo and killed eight soldiers.[135]

On 9 June, several attacks took place in the country. A civilian and a soldier were killed at the Karma gold mine in Yatenga Province while 3 to 4 soldiers were also injured.[136] In Seytenga Department, Séno Province, 11 military police were killed when their command post came under attack by a larger force of armed men. In Kossi Province, 4 military police were killed in an attack.[137]

Over the weekend of 12–13 June, between 100 and 165 people were killed in Seytenga Department, Séno Province. The attackers appear to have targeted men and around 3,000 people left their homes.[138] The UNHCR reported on 17 June that around 16,000 people had left the area since the attack and called for urgent support for the IDPs.[139] On 12 June, at least six people were killed in Alga, Bam Province.[140]

On 15 June, 7 members of the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland were reported to have been killed by armed attackers in Bouroum, Namentenga Province.[141]

On 18 June, the ECOWAS mediator to Burkina Faso, Mahamadou Issoufou, stated that the Government of Burkina Faso controls 60% the country.[142]

On 22 June, the Government announced the creation of "military zones". Populations in these designated areas will have to leave their homes and lands in order to allow the country's Armed and Security Forces to fight the armed insurgents without any "hindrances".[143]

On 25 June, the Army of Burkina Faso presented a 2-week deadline for populations in the so-called "military zones" to abandon their homes and move to safer zones.[144]

On the night 3–4 July, fourteen churchgoers were murdered at the Cathedral of Nouna.[145]

On August 8, five civilians and five armed volunteers were killed by unidentified assailants.[146]

On August 9, fifteen soldiers were killed in a double-tap bomb attack.

On August 14, the Collective against Impunity and the Stigmatization of Communities (CISC), a Burkinabe NGO, denounced the massacre of at least 40 civilians perpetrated by alleged Burkinabe soldiers on August 8. The massacre is said to have occurred in Tougouri Department.[147]

On September 5, at least 35 civilians were killed and 37 wounded following a suspected jihadist attack when a vehicle in the escorted supply convoy, heading to Ouagadougou, hit an improvised explosive device (IED) on the main road, between the northern towns of Djibo and Bourzanga, in the north of Burkina Faso.[148]

On September 26, eleven soldiers were killed and 50 civilians are missing following a suspected jihadist ambush in the northern town of Djibo in the Gaskinde area of Soum Province of Burkina Faso. The attack also left 28 wounded, including 20 soldiers, 1 Volunteer for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) and 7 civilians.[149]

On September 30, a second military coup within a year occurred, with the military removing Lt Col Paul-Henri Damiba, citing his "inability to deal with an Islamist insurgency".[150] The new leader Col Ibrahim Traoré, who led an anti-jihadist unit in the north of Burkina Faso called Cobra, claimed Damiba was being protected by the French army, which has resulted in violent protests by citizens outside the French embassy.[150] Traoré expects Damiba of plotting a counter-attack, which will push the country into civil war.[150] Gunshots were heard in Burkina Faso's capital city Ouagadougou and helicopters had circled overhead.[150]

On October 2, religious and community leaders announced that Damiba had agreed to resign from his position after they mediated between him and Traoré. Damiba reportedly demanded seven guarantees in return, including that his allies would be protected, a guarantee for his security and rights, and that the new junta would fulfill the promise he made to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) about restoring civilian rule in two years.[151]

On November 9, 2022 the 14th Inter-Arms Regiment of Djibo fired artillery into the village of Holdé, Yaté, Ména, and Dabere-Pogowel. The Shells were fired from a military outpost 10 km from the villages. Many civilians were killed including women and a seven-month-old baby, the civilians mainly belonged to the Fulani ethnic minority which has long been suspected of supporting Jihadists. In total at least 50 civilians were killed in the massacre.[152] [153] [154]

On 30–31 December, at least 28 Fula men were massacred in the town of Nouna, in an attack blamed on the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP).[155] [156] [157]

2023

44 civilians were killed by jihadists from 6–7 April in Kourakou and Tondobi, Séno Province.

Insurgents attacked a military detachment and VDP force in, Ouahigouya Department on 15 April. Authorities reported that 6 soldiers and 34 VDP militias had been killed,[158] [159] but other sources suggested that the death toll could be as high as 75.[160]

On 20 April, possibly in response to the attack in Aoréma, the Rapid Intervention Brigade committed the Karma massacre, one of the most serious human rights violations in the insurgency. Witnesses described how residents had cheered on the advance of hundreds of soldiers into Karma, a Mossi-majority village with a population of around 400 people. Despite the fact the village was pro-Traoré, soldiers rounded up civilians en masse and had them executed. Soldiers killed civilians in their own homes or burned the houses to the ground while the residents were still inside. Women, children, elderly people and babies were said to be among the dead.[161] While officials said that at least sixty people had been killed,[162] witnesses claimed the number of dead was around 200.

On 5 September, dozens were killed in clashes in Yatenga Province.[163]

On 5 November, a massacre was carried out in the village of Zaongo by an unknown group. It was reported that at least 70 people were killed, mostly children and elderly.[164] The European Union's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell issued a condemnation and said that the death toll was over 100.[165]

On 18 November, near-simultaneous attacks took place in Diapaga, killing 15 people.[166]

On 26 November, allegedly about 3,000 jihadists affiliated with JNIM launched a major assault on Djibo, resulting in at least 40 civilian deaths. 400 jihadists allegedly died (per-Burkina Faso) in a counter-offensive, along with several Burkinabe soldiers.[167]

2024

On 25 January, it was reported that Russia has sent around 100 troops, with 200 more expected to arrive, to help train the Burkina Faso Army and patrol dangerous areas.[168] In a state visit in June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated that the number of military instructors would increase in the future.[169]

On 25 February at least 15 people are killed by the Islamic State in an attack on a Catholic Church in the village of Essakane in Oudalan Province.[170] Dozens of civilians were killed during an attack on a mosque in Natiaboani. Members of the auxiliary VDP were also targeted.[171] Burkina Faso's army summarily executed 223 civilians. Massacres occurred in Nondin and Soro villages.[172]

On 3 March, a recent attack on three villages led to the execution of 170 people by the militants.[173]

On 11 June, the Al-qaeda affiliate JNIM attacked a military base and captured it killing 107 soldiers and capturing another seven soldiers.[174]

Humanitarian situation

A humanitarian crisis has erupted in the aftermath of the conflict, with thousands of people killed by both sides. The UNHCR estimates that six in ten displaced people in the Sahel are from Burkina Faso.[175]

Government forces have summarily executed countless civilians, disproportionately targeting ethnic Fulani.[176] In October 2019, 14 men had their turbans ripped off by government forces, then forced into a truck and executed. Fulanis have also been subject to violence by pro-government civilians, such as during the 2019 Yirgou massacre, in which hundreds of civilians were murdered by ethnic Mossis.

In 2020, a mass grave of over 180 civilians was found near Djibo, killed by government forces. Summary executions and war crimes by the military have become an ordinary incident in the town.[177] In one separate incident, 10 civilians were killed in a market place in Petagoli, three of them Dogon foreigners from Mali.[178]

Jihadists have also been guilty of human rights abuses. Villagers have been terrorized during their everyday lives, often prohibited from holding baptisms or marriages; the assassination of local elders has become a common occurrence. From April 2019 to January 2020, Human Rights Watch recorded the killing of at least 256 civilians in a series of 20 different attacks.

Islamists have also targeted schools, the most famous example happening on 12 November 2018, when six Islamists broke into a primary school, mugged the principal, and attacked several students. This was one of the few local cases in which the people responsible for such an attack were arrested.[179] [180] Rebels have justified attacks on schools by painting them as French and Western-style indoctrination programs.[181] Numerous schools have been shut down, leading to an estimated 300,000 children without access to education.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Burkina Faso confirms it has ended French military accord. 23 January 2023. Aljazeera.com.
  2. News: Russian troops deploy to Burkina Faso. 2024-01-25. Reuters.
  3. News: About 170 people killed in Burkina Faso attacks, regional official says . 8 March 2024 . Al Jazeera . 3 March 2024.
  4. Web site: BURKINA FASO 1 March–30 April 2023. 30 April 2023. 9 June 2023. UNHCR.
  5. Web site: State controls just 60 percent of Burkina Faso: ECOWAS mediator . 2022-09-08 . 18 June 2022 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
  6. Web site: After Fleeing Violence, Bibata Finds Land, Peace . USAID . 29 February 2024 . 3 April 2024.
  7. Mathilde Belin, Attentat à Ouagadougou : pourquoi le Burkina Faso est-il la cible du terrorisme ?, Europe 1, 14 août 2017.
  8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UHfULUQS94 Le Burkina Faso, cible du terrorisme islamique ?
  9. Vincent Hugeux, Terrorisme: pourquoi le Burkina Faso est-il visé?, L'Express, 14 août 2017.
  10. Web site: 28 February 2017. Le Burkina, nouvelle terre de l'insurrection islamiste. 21 December 2021. LEFIGARO. fr. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211008/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/02/28/01003-20170228ARTFIG00265-le-burkina-nouvelle-terre-de-l-insurrection-islamiste.php. live.
  11. Web site: Attaque dans le nord du Burkina: Un gendarme décède de ses blessures . 25 August 2015 . 21 December 2021 . 21 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211009/https://maliactu.net/attaque-dans-le-nord-du-burkina-un-gendarme-decede-de-ses-blessures/ . live .
  12. Ludivine Laniepce, Au Burkina Faso, les frontières de la peur, La Croix, 19 octobre 2016.
  13. Web site: 27 October 2016. Le Burkina Faso va renforcer la sécurité de ses postes de police frontaliers. 21 December 2021. RFI. fr. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211029/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20161027-le-burkina-faso-va-renforcer-securite-postes-police-frontaliers. live.
  14. Web site: 9 October 2015. Burkina Faso: une gendarmerie attaquée près de la frontière malienne. 21 December 2021. RFI. fr. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211009/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20151009-burkina-faso-une-gendarmerie-attaquee-pres-frontiere-malienne-jihadiste-samorogouan. live.
  15. News: 9 May 2016. Mali : arrestation du numéro deux du groupe djihadiste Ansar Dine. fr. Le Monde.fr. 21 December 2021. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211008/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/05/09/mali-arrestation-du-numero-deux-du-groupe-djihadiste-ansar-dine_4915840_3212.html. live.
  16. Web site: 2 September 2016. Burkina Faso: deux morts après l'attaque d'un poste de douane dans le Nord. 21 December 2021. RFI. fr. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211027/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160902-burkina-faso-deux-morts-apres-attaque-poste-douane-le-nord. live.
  17. Web site: Burkina : le bilan de l'attentat s'élève à 30 morts après le décès de la photographe Leïla Alaoui – Jeune Afrique. 21 December 2021. JeuneAfrique.com. 19 January 2016 . fr-FR. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211009/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/294932/politique/burkina-bilan-de-lattentat-seleve-a-30-morts-apres-deces-de-photographe-leila-alaoui/. live.
  18. Web site: Agence France-Presse, AP, Reuters. 15 January 2016. Une vingtaine de morts après l'attaque djihadiste de Ouagadougou. 16 January 2016. Le Figaro. fr. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211042/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/01/15/01003-20160115ARTFIG00370-burkina-faso-tirs-et-detonations-dans-le-centre-de-ouagadougou.php. live.
  19. http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170210-groupe-jihadiste-Ansaroul-Islam-Ibrahim-Malam-Dicko-burkina-faso?ref=tw_i Un groupe jihadiste tente de s'implanter au Burkina Faso
  20. News: 11 April 2017. Comment est né Ansaroul Islam, premier groupe djihadiste de l'Histoire du Burkina Faso. fr. Le Monde.fr. 21 December 2021. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211011/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/04/11/comment-est-ne-ansaroul-islam-premier-groupe-djihadiste-de-l-histoire-du-burkina-faso_5109520_3212.html. live.
  21. Web site: Qui est l'imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ? – Jeune Afrique. 21 December 2021. JeuneAfrique.com. 9 January 2017 . fr-FR. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211016/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/. live.
  22. Benjamin Roger, Qui est l’imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ?, Jeune Afrique, 9 janvier 2016.
  23. Web site: 7 March 2017. Burkina Faso: les autorités tentent de rassurer les enseignants dans le Soum. 21 December 2021. RFI. fr. 21 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211040/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170306-burkina-faso-soum-enseignant-assassinat-malam-dicko-ansarul-islam. live.
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  117. Web site: 1 November 2021. Five Burkina Police Killed in Fresh Attack Near Mali. 11 February 2022. The Defense Post. en-US.
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  122. Web site: Burkina Faso mourns 41 killed in 'insurgent' attack. 2 February 2022. DW.COM. en-GB.
  123. Web site: 16 January 2022. Burkina attack kills around 10 civilians. 16 January 2022. The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. en-US.
  124. News: French and Burkina Faso military 'neutralize' some 60 terrorists. Ghana News Agency. 2022-01-31. 2023-08-04.
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  127. News: 26 January 2022. Who is Burkina Faso coup leader Lt-Col Damiba?. en-GB. BBC News. 27 January 2022.
  128. Web site: 9 February 2022. Burkina Faso army chief calls for 'new impetus' to combat jihadi terrorism. 11 February 2022. France 24. en.
  129. News: Obaji. Philip Jr.. 25 January 2022. African President Was Ousted Just Weeks After Refusing to Pay Russian Paramilitaries. en. The Daily Beast. 27 January 2022.
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  131. News: 10 February 2022. Four civilians killed as French troops clash with Islamist militants in Burkina Faso. en. Reuters. 11 February 2022.
  132. Web site: France Says Airstrikes Kill 40 in Burkina Linked to Benin Attacks. 13 February 2022. VOA. 12 February 2022 . en.
  133. News: 12 February 2022. France says 40 militants killed on Benin-Burkina Faso border. en. Reuters. 13 February 2022.
  134. Web site: French air raids kill 40 fighters in Burkina Faso. 13 February 2022. www.aljazeera.com. en.
  135. News: 2022-05-11 . Eight soldiers killed in Togo, raising spectre of first deadly Islamist attack . en . Reuters . 2022-05-11.
  136. News: 2022-06-09 . Gold mine attacked in Burkina Faso, at least two dead . en . Reuters . 2022-06-11.
  137. News: 2022-06-10 . Attackers kill 11 military police in Burkina Faso . en . Reuters . 2022-06-11.
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  139. News: Refugees . United Nations High Commissioner for . UNHCR calls for urgent support to assist almost 16,000 newly displaced in Burkina Faso who fled massacre . 2022-06-17 . UNHCR . en.
  140. Web site: At Least 6 Killed in Burkina Suspected Jihadist Attacks . 2022-06-19 . VOA . 12 June 2022 . en.
  141. Web site: Burkina Faso: 7 VDP tués dans un affrontement avec des hommes armés à Bouroum dans la province du Namentenga – NetAfrique.net . 2022-06-17 . netafrique.net.
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  143. Web site: 2022-06-22 . Burkina Faso to create military zones to fight jihadi rebels . 2022-06-23 . AP NEWS . en.
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  152. News: Burkinabe army suspected of abuses against civilians . 5 May 2023 . DW . 14 November 2022.
  153. Web site: Burkina Faso: UN calls for investigation into massacre of 150 civilians . United Nations . 25 April 2023 . 5 May 2023.
  154. News: Burkina Jihadis May Spark Civil War . 5 May 2023 . Voice of America . 23 August 2022.
  155. Web site: Burkina military junta launch investigation into New Year's Eve massacre. 3 January 2023. RFI.
  156. Web site: Burkina Faso rights group alleges 28 dead in ethnic killings. ARSENE KABORE and SAM. MEDNICK. 3 January 2023. Houston Chronicle.
  157. Web site: Massacre au Burkina: "les VDP ont décidé de punir toute la communauté peule". 3 January 2023 . www.voaafrique.com.
  158. Web site: Burkina Faso: une attaque djihadiste fait 40 morts dont six soldats . 2023-06-04 . ladepeche.fr . fr.
  159. Web site: 2023-04-16 . Le Burkina endeuillé par une nouvelle attaque, 40 soldats et supplétifs tués . 2023-06-04 . RFI . fr.
  160. Web site: Au moins 150 civils massacrés dans le nord du Burkina Faso . 2023-06-04 . Libération . fr.
  161. Web site: AfricaNews . 2023-05-01 . Survivors of Karma massacre recount ordeal . 2023-06-04 . Africanews . en.
  162. Web site: 2023-04-28 . Burkina junta breaks silence over massacre by men 'in army uniform' . 2023-06-04 . RFI . en.
  163. Web site: September 5, 2023 . More than 50 security forces killed by jihadis in Burkina Faso, as violence inches closer to capital . 2023-09-10 . ABC News . en.
  164. News: 2023-11-13 . At least 70 killed in attack on northern Burkina Faso village on Nov. 5 -prosecutor . en . Reuters . 2023-11-29.
  165. News: 2023-11-12 . Burkina Faso crisis: 100 believed killed in Zaongo massacre, says EU . en-GB . 2023-12-09.
  166. News: 2023-11-21 . 15 reported killed in 'simultaneous' Burkina weekend attacks . The Times of India . 2023-11-29 . 0971-8257.
  167. Web site: 2023-11-28 . Dozens killed in attack by armed groups in Burkina Faso, UN says . 2023-11-29 . France 24 . en.
  168. News: Russian troops deploy to Burkina Faso. 2024-01-25. Reuters.
  169. News: 5 June 2024 . Moscow to Deploy More Military Instructors in Burkina Faso . live . 2 July 2024 . The Moscow Times.
  170. Web site: At least 15 dead in Burkina Faso church attack. MSN. BBC Abuja. Chris. Ewokor. 25 February 2024. 25 February 2024.
  171. News: 2024-02-27 . Au Burkina Faso, des dizaines de musulmans tués dans l'attaque d'une mosquée . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240421091536/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1541626/politique/au-burkina-faso-des-dizaines-de-musulmans-tues-dans-lattaque-dune-mosquee/ . 2024-04-21 . 2024-04-21 . Jeune Afrique.
  172. News: Burkina Faso's army summarily executed 223 civilians, says Human Rights Watch. 2024-04-25. France 24.
  173. News: 170 People "Executed' In Attacks On 3 Villages In Burkina Faso: Report. 2024-03-03. NDTV.
  174. News: Al-Qaeda affiliate claims responsibility for June attack in Burkina Faso. 2024-06-17. Al-jazeera.
  175. News: 14 January 2022. Decade of Sahel conflict leaves 2.5 million people displaced. 27 January 2022. UNHCR.
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  180. Web site: 7 September 2021. Some Accountability for Attack on Burkina Faso School. 23 December 2021. Human Rights Watch. en. 23 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211223190235/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/07/some-accountability-attack-burkina-faso-school. live.
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