Islamic University of Gaza explained

Islamic University of Gaza
Established:1978
Native Name:الجامعة الإسلامية غزة
Type:Public
Students:17,874[1]
Undergrad:16,212
Postgrad:1,662
Academic Staff:307
Colors: White and green
Website:www.iugaza.edu.ps

The Islamic University of Gaza (Arabic: الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة), also known as IUG and IU Gaza, is an independent Palestinian university established in 1978 in Gaza City.[2] It was the first higher education institution to be established in the Gaza Strip. The university has 11 faculties capable of awarding BA, BSc, MA, MSc, MD, PhD, diplomas and higher diplomas,[3] in addition to 20 research centers and institutes and the affiliated Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.[4]

The Islamic University of Gaza is a member of twelve regional and international associations and networks of higher education,[5] including the International Association of Universities (IAU),[6] Mediterranean Universities Union (UNIMED),[7] Association of Arab Universities (AAU),[8] Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World (FUIW),[9] Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean Academic Network (BSEMAN),[10] and the Global University Network for Innovation-GUNi.[11]

The Islamic University suffered damage in air strikes during the 2008–2009 Gaza war, the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[12] [13] In December 2023, Professor Sufyan Tayeh, the university's president and a prominent scientist, was killed along with his family in an Israeli air strike on Jabalia refugee camp.[14] [15]

History

No universities or higher education institutions existed in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip until 1972.[16] [17] Before then, Palestinian high school graduates sought higher education abroad, mostly in Egyptian and Jordanian universities. However, travel restrictions after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, economic problems, and quotas on the admission of Palestinian students to Arab universities changed this situation.[18] Initiatives by local elders and community leaders were set in motion to establish higher education institutions, often on the grounds of existing schools and colleges.

Sheikh Mohammad Awwad, then head of the Gaza Chapter of the Azhari Institute, led the Islamic University's founding committee. On 12 April 1978, the committee announced the opening of three faculties: Sharia, Usool-Deen, and Arabic Language (which later evolved into the Faculty of Arts).[19] The university was inaugurated in November 1978 as an independent, nonprofit, gender-segregated university. It was the first higher education institution in the Gaza Strip.[20] The Faculty of Education was founded in 1980 and the Faculties of Commerce and Arts, the following year. The Faculties of Nursing and Engineering were founded in 1993. In 2005, the Faculty of Information Technology was founded, followed by the Faculty of Medicine in 2006.

Chairmen of the IUG Board of Trustees!Name!Service Years
Mohammad Awwad1978-1994
Jamal Al-Khoudari1994-2014
Nasr al-Din Al-Muzaini2014-2022
Mohammad Al-Aklouk2022 - To date
The Islamic University, perceived by Palestinians as a symbol of their political and nation-building efforts, was subject to various restrictions imposed by Israel. The establishment of the Faculty of Nursing, was held up until 1993 and it took time to obtain building permits. The academic freedom of the university was restricted and staff movement was limited by Military Order 854. The university was granted a temporary license that required annual renewal, and it was denied tax exemptions.[21]

Campus

The Islamic University of Gaza is considered a large university (uniRank enrollment range: 15,000-19,999 students).[22] The main campus is located in Gaza City, with branch campuses in Khan Yunis in the southern Gaza Strip and Al Zahra in the middle of Gaza Strip. The total area of the three campuses is 325,817 square meters. The Al Zahra campus is home to the Faculty of Medicine and the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.

Academics

The Islamic University of Gaza is home to eleven faculties:[23]

Faculty of Arts

The faculty was established in 1978 as the Arabic Language Department, which later expanded into the Faculty of Arts. It comprises over 40 academics and professors in six departments: Arabic language, English language, geography, journalism and media, social services, and history and archaeology.[24]

Faculty of Education

Established in 1980, the faculty grants bachelor's degrees in 15 majors different majors, including primary education (elementary level), psychology, Counselling and education guidance, science education, Islamic studies education, Arabic language education, English language education, geography education, social studies education, history education, chemistry education, mathematics education, physics education, and biology education.

The faculty awards a Master of Arts degrees in four majors: Curricula and Methodology, Fundamentals of Education, Rehabilitation Sciences, and Early Childhood Education. The faculty also awards PhD degrees in four majors: Curricula and Methodology, Guidance and Counselling, Community Psychology, and Educational Administration.[25]

Faculty of Shariah and Law

Founded in 1978, the faculty consists of the Islamic Shariah and Shariah & Law departments (the later was founded in 2005). It awards bachelor's degrees in Sharia and Sharia & Law, with the latter focusing on legal aspects and the Intersection of Islam and Palestinian laws. The faculty awards Masters of Arts degrees in four majors: Foundations of Jurisprudence, Comparative Jurisprudence, Islamic jurisdiction, and Law.[26]

Faculty of Usul al-Deen

The Faculty of Usul al-Deen (Fundamentals of Belief) was founded in 1978 as one of the three faculties at the year of IUG establishment. It consists of four departments: Quran and Tafsir (interpretation), Hadith Sharif, Aqidah, and Dawat. The faculty awards bachelor's degrees in Usul al-Deen and Dawat. It awards Master of Arts degrees in the majors of Hadith, Aqidah, and Quran & Tafsir. It also awards PhD degrees in the majors of Quran and Tafsir (interpretation), Hadith Sharif, Aqidah.[27]

Faculty of Engineering

The Faculty of Engineering was established in the academic year 1992/1993. The faculty consists of eight departments in Civil engineering, Architectural engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Environmental engineering, Computer engineering, and Systems engineering.

The faculty grants bachelor's degrees in ten majors. It also awards MSc degrees in 14 different majors, including civil engineering/infrastructure, civil engineering/construction management, civil engineering/structure design and rehabilitation of structures, electrical engineering/control systems, water resources engineering, telecommunications, and others. The faculty offers a single PhD program in computer engineering.

In 2009, the faculty inaugurated the Ewan (Iwan) Cultural Heritage Centre which is focused on the restoration and maintenance of ancient buildings in the Gaza Strip and preservation of Palestinian cultural identity.[28] In 2020, the faculty established the Center of Excellence for Renewable Energy (CERE) to promote research and development in clean energy technology.[29]

Faculty of Nursing

The Faculty of Nursing was established in 1986. It offers bachelor's degrees in nursing and in midwifery. It also awards MSc degrees in clinical psychology and critical care nursing.[30]

Faculty of Science

The faculty was established in 1980. It awards bachelor's degrees in mathematics, biostatistics, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, biology, biotechnology, and environmental sciences. It also awards MSc degrees in the following majors: mathematics, physics, water resources management, zoology, microbiology, medical laboratory, and botany and mycology. The faculty also has a PhD program in theoretical and applied mathematics.[31]

Faculty of Health Sciences

Established in 2012, the Faculty consists of three departments: medical laboratory science, physiotherapy, and optometry department. These departments offer bachelor's degrees in their respective specialties. The department of medical laboratory science also grants MCs degrees in medical laboratory sciences and in infection control. The molecular biology laboratory is one of very few local centers that offer genetic testing to the public.[32] [33]

Faculty of Finance and Administrative Sciences

Founded in 1980, the faculty offers nine bachelor programs, including accounting, accounting (in English), business administration, business administration (in English), banking and finance, economics and applied statistics, and e-commerce. It awards Master of Arts degrees in two majors: accounting and finance, and business administration. The business administration program has the following concentrations: human resource management, marketing management, and financial management.[34]

Faculty of Information Technology

The Faculty of Information Technology (IT) was founded in the academic year 2004/2005. It consists of five departments: Computer Science, Information Technology, Software Development, Multimedia Technology and Web Development, and Mobile Computing and Smart Devices Applications. It awards bachelor's degrees in the five majors, and Master of Science degrees in two majors: Data Science and Software Engineering.[35]

Faculty of Medicine

The faculty was inaugurated in 2006, and the first class graduated in 2012. Admission into the faculty is based on applicants' achievement scores in the high school national matriculation exam (Tawjihi). Study extends over six years, comprising three years of medical sciences and three in clinical training. Medical graduates are awarded a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree. The faculty is listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools and the Foundation of International Medical Education Directory (FAIMER). It is also recognized by the UK General Medical Council (GMC).[36]

In addition to the M.D. program, the faculty grants post-graduate diplomas in Child Health and Nutrition for Physicians (DCHN), Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Vascular Surgery, in addition to a Masters of Science program in Disaster Management for Health Professionals which is a shared program with the Faculty of Health Sciences.[37]

The Faculty also is a recognized regional test center for the International Foundations of Medicine (IFOM) exams.[38] In 2016, the Faculty of Medicine established The Hayat Center for Emergency and Crisis Management, which offers training courses in emergency medicine and crisis management to medical and health science students and healthcare staff from the different governmental and non-governmental institutions.[39]

Rankings

IUG Rankings[40] !Category!Rank!Year!Ranking
Global Impact Rankings601–800th2023Times Higher Education
Arab University Impact Rankings91-100th2023Times Higher Education
Overall percentile75th2023Scimago Institutions Rankings
Research percentile57th2023Scimago Institutions Rankings
Innovation percentile87th2023Scimago Institutions Rankings
Societal percentile60th2023Scimago Institutions Rankings
Country rank4th2022UniRank
World rank25422022UniRank

Memberships and affiliations

IUG is a member of twelve regional and international associations and networks of higher education:

The university has also developed partnerships with 142 higher education institutions around the world.

Donor institutions

The university has accepted donations from the Middle East Children's Alliance for its rebuilding efforts.[41] Other donors are the Arab Student Aid International, United Palestinian Appeal, Islamic Relief, the British Council, the World Bank, USAID,[42] the Islamic Development Bank and Human Appeal International.

February 2007 incident

In February 2007, during the height of fighting between Hamas and Fatah, the dominating party in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Palestinian Authority (PA) Presidential Guards and Fatah militiamen stormed the Islamic University campus using mortars and rocket-propelled grenades, setting the library building and parts of the computer center and science building on fire.[43] [44] [45]

Damage by Israeli air strikes

Just after midnight on 28/29 December 2008 local time, the university was bombed in six air strikes by the Israeli Air Force during the 2008 Gaza War. The attack destroyed a number of important buildings including 74 labs used by science and engineering students and the Biology Exhibition, which had contained an archive of regional biodiversity and historical specimens.[46]

An Israeli army spokeswoman told The Chronicle of Higher Education that university facilities were being used by Hamas to develop and store weapons including Qassam rockets used to target Israeli civilians. Hamas denied the Israeli allegation.[47] [48] Human Rights Watch said that Israel's justification "did not address why a second strike demolished the women's quarters".[49] The United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict examined the incident and disputed the Israeli claims, concluding that: "the mission also saw the destruction caused at the Islamic University and in other university buildings that were destroyed or damaged. These were civilian, educational buildings and the Mission did not find any information about their use as a military facility or their contribution to a military effort that might have made them a legitimate target in the eyes of the Israeli armed forces."[50]

In its response to the strike, the university announced in a press release on January 21, 2009, that the university is an independent institution of higher education in Gaza and the largest among the Palestinian institutions, serving 20,000 students as an accredited member of several regional and international academic associations and organization. According to the press release, the attack destroyed the Science and Engineering buildings and damaged several others. The university called upon academics, local, regional and international higher educational and human rights institutions to speak out against the attacks.[51]

Several international academic institutions have proceeded to express their commitment to support IUG and other universities in Gaza. The International Association of Universities, of which IUG is a member, has claimed to have written to the university to express its deep concern over the effects of the war, and to be ready to mobilize its member universities in support of the rebuilding efforts of the university. Similarly, Prof. Espen Bjertness of the University of Oslo and member of the Steering Committee of PEACE,[52] stressed that “the sad situation for all academics caused by the bombing of our member university, Islamic University, Gaza and of the Gaza Community Mental Health Program calls for appropriate action”.[53]

The university was bombed again during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, where on August 2, an Israeli airstrike targeted the administration building, causing severe damage to the building and to nearby buildings and the university's mosque.[54] The Israeli army claimed it targeted a "weapon development" centre in the university, which the university denied. The bombing came a day after what became known as the "black Friday", one of the deadliest episodes of the war.[55]

The university's Gaza city campus was bombed and its buildings destroyed on the night of the 10 October 2023 during the opening week of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[56] [57] Israeli forces alleged that the university had served as a "training institution for the development and production of weapons."[58] The neighboring Al-Azhar University campus was also bombed during the same night.

Relationship with Hamas

The Chronicle of Higher Education says that Islamic University was co-founded by one of the future founders of Hamas, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, in 1978.[59] In June 1996, Congressman Charles Schumer argued that the Islamic University of Gaza was "known as a Hamas bastion."[60]

Samar Sabih, considered Hamas's first female bombmaker, was recruited while studying at IUG in 2003, according to Israeli security officials.[61]

In 2006, Jameela El Shanty, a professor at the university, said that "Hamas built this institution. The university presents the philosophy of Hamas. If you want to know what Hamas is, you can know it from the university."[62]

The Washington Institute for Near East Policy wrote in a piece on USAID funding of organisations with possible links to terrorism that connections exist between the university and Hamas.[63] The U.S. Office of the Inspector General said in a 2007 audit of U.S. assistance to Palestinian universities that the IUG has been vetted eight times between 2002 and 2007, concluding that "the vetting did not reveal information that would preclude the awards from proceeding".

Steven Erlanger, former Jerusalem bureau chief of the New York Times, described the IUG as "one of the prime means for Hamas to convert Palestinians to its Islamist cause," in a 2007 piece about Palestinian infighting and Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip.[64] This report was criticised by political economist Sara Roy of Harvard University, who stated that "there can be no question that Hamas works within the framework of Islamic institutions in the Gaza Strip, and that there are certain direct links between Hamas and many of the social and economic institutions (in the strip). ... However, it is far more questionable whether an automatic and inevitable link exists between Hamas and Islamic social and economic institutions, whether those links are inherently subversive, or whether such institutions promote radicalism and violence as is commonly assumed." Roy also wrote: "logic maintains, institutional clients become automatically linked to Hamas and constitute a base of support for political Islam. As a result, Islamic social institutions become recruiting centers for the Hamas's military wing. There is however, little hard evidence to support any of these allegations."[65]

Arguing against such ties with Hamas were Marcy Newman and Akram Habeeb, who wrote for the Middle East Children's Alliance in 2009: "equally important for our American colleagues is to remove the false label that IUG is a 'Hamas-controlled' institution. Just as Palestinians in Gaza belong to a variety of political parties, IUG's students, board, faculty and staff represent that reality. IUG is a university like any other in the Palestinian Territories that reflects the diversity of its population."

In 2010, journalist Thanassis Cambanis wrote in the Boston Globe that the university was "the brain trust and the engine room of Hamas".[66]

In October 2023, the Israeli military accused Hamas of turning the university "into a training camp for weapons development and military intelligence."[67]

Notable faculty

Notable students

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: About IUG . The Islamic University Gaza . 12 September 2022.
  2. Web site: 2021-11-12 . Islamic University of Gaza . 2022-10-02 . Times Higher Education (THE) . en.
  3. Web site: About IUG – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2022-10-02 . en-US.
  4. Web site: Islamic University Takes Up the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2022-10-02 . en-US.
  5. Web site: Islamic University of Gaza is a permanent member of Global University Network for Innovation – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2022-10-02 . en-US.
  6. Web site: List of IAU Members - IAU . 2022-10-02 . www.iau-aiu.net.
  7. Web site: Adherents . 2022-10-02 . Cmungo . it-IT.
  8. Web site: اتحاد الجامعات العربية . 2022-10-02 . www.aaru.edu.jo.
  9. Web site: Islamic University of Gaza . 2009-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110725011024/http://www.iugaza.edu.ps/en/Media/News.aspx?NewsId=5381 . 2011-07-25 . dead.
  10. Web site: Admin . Bseman . Members . 2022-10-02 . Bseman . en-US.
  11. Web site: Institutional members . 2022-10-02 . Guni Network.
  12. Web site: Israel strikes university in Gaza City. Al Jazeera. 3 June 2015.
  13. Web site: Watch: Israel Strikes the Islamic University of Gaza . 2023-10-11 . www.wsj.com . en-US.
  14. News: 2023-12-03 . Israeli air strike in Gaza kills prominent scientist Sufyan Tayeh, Palestinian ministry says . Reuters . 2023-12-03.
  15. Web site: 2023-12-04 . Gaza university president killed in Israeli air strike . 2023-12-11 . Times Higher Education (THE).
  16. Angrist . Joshua D. . 1995 . The Economic Returns to Schooling in the West Bank and Gaza Strip . The American Economic Review . 85 . 5 . 1065–1087 . 2950975 . 0002-8282.
  17. Web site: 2021-11-12 . Islamic University of Gaza . 2022-12-01 . Times Higher Education (THE).
  18. Web site: PIJ.ORG: Palestinian University Education under Occupation By Gabi Baramki . 2022-11-17 . PIJ.ORG . en-GB.
  19. Web site: لمحة تاريخية – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2022-11-17 . ar.
  20. Web site: Islamic University of Gaza . 2022-11-17 . Top Universities . en.
  21. Web site: ASSAF . Said . 1997 . Educational disruption and recovery in Palestine . UNESCO International Bureau of Education . 57–58.
  22. Web site: Islamic University of Gaza Ranking & Review . 2022-12-01 . www.4icu.org.
  23. Web site: Islamic University of Gaza :: Faculties. 2021-08-01. www.iugaza.edu.ps.
  24. Web site: نبذة تعريفية – كلية الآداب . 2023-02-08 . ar.
  25. Web site: كلية التربية – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2023-02-08 . ar.
  26. Web site: كلية الشريعة والقانون الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2023-02-08 . ar.
  27. Web site: كلية أصول الدين – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2023-02-08 . ar.
  28. Web site: Funded by Prince Claus Institution, IUG Opens Ewan Center and Arabesque Permanent Exhibition – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2023-02-08 . en-US.
  29. Web site: Mission – Center of Excellence for Renewable Energy . 2023-02-08 . en-US.
  30. Web site: نبذة تعريفية – كلية التمريض . 2023-03-16 . ar.
  31. Web site: نبذة تعريفية – كلية العلوم . 2023-03-16 . ar.
  32. Web site: مركزالوراثة الجزيئية – كلية العلوم الصحية . 2023-03-16 . ar.
  33. Web site: كلمة العميد – كلية العلوم الصحية . 2023-03-16 . ar.
  34. Web site: نبذة عن الكلية – كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم الإدارية . 2023-03-16 . ar.
  35. Web site: كلية تكنولوجيا المعلومات – الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة . 2023-02-08 . en-US.
  36. Web site: Islamic University of Gaza :: Faculty of Medicine > Faculty > Accreditations and Partnerships . 2021-08-01 . medicine.iugaza.edu.ps.
  37. Web site: Academic Study > Post-graduate Diplomas . 2021-08-01 . medicine.iugaza.edu.ps.
  38. Web site: About the IFOM Center – كلية الطب . 2023-02-08 . en-US.
  39. Web site: Hayat Center for Emergency and Crisis Management – كلية الطب . 2023-02-08 . en-US.
  40. Web site: Islamic University of Gaza Ranking . 2022-12-01 . www.scimagoir.com.
  41. Web site: Rebuilding the Islamic University of Gaza . Electronic Intifada . Akram Habeeb and Marcy Newman . February 16, 2009.
  42. Web site: OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL . December 10, 2007 . AUDIT OF USAID/WEST BANK AND GAZA'S ASSISTANCE TO AL-QUDS UNIVERSITY, THE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY IN GAZA, AND AMERICAN NEAR EAST REFUGEE AID . 22 March 2023 . usaid.gov.
  43. Web site: Chronological Review of Events/February 2007 - DPR review . 2023-02-23 . Question of Palestine . en-US.
  44. News: Myre . Greg . 2007-02-03 . 17 Die as Fatah-Hamas Warfare Spreads . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-02-23 . 0362-4331.
  45. Web site: Along the Lines of the Bloodiest Israeli Incursions: 29 Palestinians Killed and more than 200 Injured in Renewed Internal Clashes . 2023-02-23 . Palestinian Centre for Human Rights . 4 February 2007 . en-US.
  46. Abd Rabou, A. N. "The Palestinian marine and terrestrial vertebrate fauna preserved at the Biology Exhibition, Islamic University of Gaza, bombarded by the Israeli Army in December, 2008." Israa University Journal of Applied Science (IUGAS) 4.1 (2020): 9-51.
  47. "IRAN'S GAZA GOONS CAUGHT AT HELM OF BOMB FACTORY," by ANDY SOLTIS with Post Wire Services, New York Post, 2007-02-03 http://www.nypost.com/seven/02032007/news/worldnews/irans_gaza_goons_worldnews_andy_soltis_with_post_wire_services.htm
  48. Jerusalem Post, 2008-12-29, IAF bombs Islamic University's R&D labs, By YAAKOV KATZ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1230456522761&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
  49. Web site: 2008-12-30 . Israel/Gaza: Civilians Must Not Be Targets . 2023-03-03 . Human Rights Watch.
  50. Web site: United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict. https://web.archive.org/web/20090607053232/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/9/FactFindingMission.htm. dead. 2009-06-07.
  51. Web site: Islamic University of Gaza . 2009-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110725011024/http://www.iugaza.edu.ps/en/Media/News.aspx?NewsId=5381 . 2011-07-25 . dead.
  52. Web site: P.E.A.C.E. Programme. 3 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20130129201428/http://www.peace-programme.org/home.html. 2013-01-29. dead.
  53. Web site: P.E.A.C.E. Programme. 3 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304054534/http://www.peace-programme.org/latest-news/news-about-the-project/82-the-situation-in-gaza-23-january-2009.html. 2012-03-04. dead.
  54. Web site: Israeli Airstrikes Target Gaza's Islamic University . 2023-03-02 . www.wsj.com . en-US.
  55. Web site: 'Black Friday': Carnage in Rafah during 2014 Israel/Gaza conflict . 2023-03-03 . blackfriday.amnesty.org.
  56. Web site: Israel bombs Gaza university, alleging use by military . 2023-12-03 . University World News.
  57. Web site: Silva . Chantal Da . Salam . Yasmine . Mulligan . Matthew . Britton . Bianca . Class destroyed: The rise and ruin of Gaza's revered universities . NBC News . 4 April 2024 . 21 April 2024.
  58. News: Islamic University of Gaza Targeted in Israeli Airstrike . 11 October 2023 . Yahoo News . 11 October 2023.
  59. December 29, 2008, "Israeli Airstrikes in Gaza Destroy 2 University Buildings," Chronicle of Higher Education http://chronicle.com/article/Israeli-Airstrikes-in-Gaza/42164
  60. Web site: Congressional Record, Volume 142 Issue 87 . June 13, 1996. govinfo.gov.
  61. News: Shaked . Ronny . Hamas' pregnant bomb maker . 24 October 2023 . Ynet News . 2005-10-27.
  62. Web site: Is Gaza's Islamic University an Educational Institution Academics Should Be Defending? . History News Network.
  63. August 24, 2007, "Better Late Than Never: Keeping USAID funds out of terrorist hands", Washington Institute for Near East Policy http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2653
  64. "Gaza is hit with more Israeli airstrikes," by Steven Erlanger, New York Times, May 18, 2007 https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/18/world/africa/18iht-mideast.5.5777660.html
  65. Sara Roy, Failing Peace, 2007, Pluto Press: London
  66. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Israel_Denial/BueODwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Islamic+University+of+Gaza%22+%22hamas%22&pg=PA375&printsec=frontcover Israel Denial; Anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism, & the Faculty Campaign Against the Jewish State
  67. Web site: Hamas Releases Fourth Hostage Group, Truce Deal Extended by Two Days. The Wall Street Journal. November 27, 2023.
  68. Web site: 2023-05-21 . Recent Advances in Graphene Nanophotonics (Advanced Structured Materials #190) mitpressbookstore . 2023-12-03 . mitpressbookstore.mit.edu . en.
  69. Book: A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Second Edition . 978-0-253-01346-0 . Tessler . Mark . 24 March 2009 . Indiana University Press .
  70. News: Weisner . Benjamin . Appeal Lost By Inmate Who Refuses To Testify . 14 May 2019 . The New York Times . 22 July 1998.
  71. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mapping_the_Organizational_Sources_of_th/Vxkj6BA5w24C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Islamic+University+of+Gaza%22+%22hamas%22&pg=PT43&printsec=frontcover Mapping the Organizational Sources of the Global Delegitimization Campaign Against Israel in the UK
  72. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hamas-leader-dies-in-air-strike-as-israeli-troops-gather-at-border-1.860065
  73. News: Pragmatist whose two-state solution cut no ice with Israel. Brian. Whitaker. August 22, 2003. The Guardian.
  74. Web site: Hamas Executes One of Its Leaders - Then Blames Israel. Khaled Abu. Toameh. August 8, 2014. Gatestone Institute.
  75. Web site: Israeli forces battle Hamas in Gaza refugee camp as deal to free hostages appears close. November 21, 2023. PBS NewsHour.
  76. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/pbei/winep/0017495/f_0017495_14978.pdf
  77. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Foreign_Policy_of_Hamas/OG1WEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Islamic+University+of+Gaza%22+%22hamas%22&pg=PA251&printsec=frontcover The Foreign Policy of Hamas; Ideology, Decision Making and Political Supremacy
  78. Web site: Ahmed al-Jabari: the Hamas 'general' who kept out of the limelight. Peter. Beaumont. November 14, 2012. The Guardian.
  79. News: 7 November 2020 . Female Palestine teacher wins Global Teacher Award 2020 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201107150307/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201107-female-palestine-teacher-wins-global-teacher-award-2020/ . 7 November 2020 . 21 February 2024 . . en.
  80. Web site: 2016-09-02 . Yehya Ibrahim Sinwar - Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades . 2023-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160902085758/http://qassam.ps/prisoner-18-Yehya_Ibrahim_Sinwar.html . 2 September 2016 .
  81. News: Burke . Jason . 2023-11-21 . Yahya Sinwar: the man who may hold key to release of Gaza hostages . 2024-04-05 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  82. Web site: Hamas ready for dialogue with Fatah. Rory. McCarthy. June 20, 2007. The Guardian.
  83. Web site: x.com.