| Chamacoco | |
| Nativename: | Ishír |
| States: | Paraguay |
| Ethnicity: | Chamacoco |
| Speakers: | 2,000 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Fam1: | Zamucoan |
| Iso3: | ceg |
| Glotto: | cham1315 |
| Glottorefname: | Chamacoco |
| Region: | Alto Paraguay |
Chamacoco is a Zamucoan language spoken in Paraguay by the Chamacoco people. It is also known as Xamicoco or Xamacoco, although the tribe itself prefers the name Ishír (which is also spelled Ɨshɨr, Ishiro, Yshyr) and sometimes Jewyo.[1] When the term Ishiro (or yshyro or ɨshɨro) is used to refer to the language, it is an abbreviation for Ishir(o) ahwoso, literally meaning 'the words, the language of the Chamacoco people'.[2] It is spoken by a traditionally hunter-gatherer society that now practices agriculture. Its speakers are of all ages, and generally speak Spanish or Guarani as second and third languages.
Chamacoco is classified as a Zamucoan language, along with Ayoreo. Both languages are considered endangered.[3] There is relatively little information about the Zamucoan family.
Chamacoco speakers live in the northeastern part of the Chaco Boreal at the origin of the Río Verde in Paraguay. Four dialects of Chamacoco have been identified: Héiwo, in the Fuerte Olimpo area; Ebidóso and Hório, spoken in the Bahía Negra region; and Tomaráho, in the Alto Paraná Atlantic forests.[1]
The speakers of Hório and Ebidóso were estimated to be 800 in 1970. Fewer than 200 people spoke Tomaráho then. Back in 1930, over 2000 people were estimated to speak Chamacoco.[1]
Verb inflection is based on personal prefixes and the language is tenseless.[4] For example, chɨpɨrme teu dosh means "the kingfisher eats fish", while chɨpɨra teu wichɨ dosht means "the kingfisher will eat fish." Nouns can be divided into possessable and non-possessable. Possessable nouns are characterized by a prefixation whereby the noun agrees with the possessor or genitival modifier.[5] There is no difference between nouns and adjectives in suffixation.[6] The syntax is characterized by the presence of para-hypotactical structures.[7] The comparison of inflectional morphology has shown remarkable similarities with Ayoreo and Ancient Zamuco.[8]
An Ɨshɨr (Chamacoco) Living Dictionary is currently under construction,[9] spearheaded by Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. This project is being curated in close collaboration with Ɨshɨr language activists such as Andres Ozuna Ortiz.
| Close | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Near-close | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Mid | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Open | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ |
| Stop/Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| Approximant | plain | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| lateral | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||