Iris × germanica explained

Iris × germanica is the accepted name for a species of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae commonly known as the bearded iris^[1] or the German bearded iris.^[2] It is one of a group of hybrid origin.^[3] Varieties include I. × g. var. florentina.

Description

Iris × germanica grows up to high and wide. The roots can go up to deep and it is a rhizomatous perennial that blooms mid to late spring. Hundreds of cultivars exist representing nearly every colour from jet black to sparkling whites and red.^[4] Some cultivars are known to re-bloom in the autumn (fall).^[5]

Biochemistry

It is known to produce the isoflavone irilone,^[6] and several analytical studies have been made from the rhizomes.^[7]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.^[8] It has had its chromosome counted several times; 2n=44, Banerji & Chaudhuri, 1972; 2n=28, Mao 1986; 2n=44 Sopova 1982; 2n=44, Váchová & Feráková, 1986 and 2n=44, Lovka, 1995.

Taxonomy

It is most commonly known as 'bearded iris' and in the UK occasionally as 'common German flag'.^[9]

It was first published and described as Iris germanica by Carl Linnaeus in his book 'Species Plantarum' on page 38 in 1753.^[10] It has since been shown to be a natural hybrid involving a cross between two other European species (Iris pallida and Iris variegata) rather than a true wild species of Iris, with both parent species having the same chromosome number (2n = 24) as the hybrid offspring.^{[11] [12]}

As a hybrid, according to correct scientific nomenclature, its official Latin name is Iris x germanica, according to Kew and many other botanical authorities where cross 'x' denotes its hybrid status.^{[13] [14] [15]} Despite this, Iris x germanica and its many named cultivars have been sold to gardeners under the name Iris germanica for many years, with some horticultural references, such as the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) continuing to use Iris germanica as the accepted name.

Distribution and habitat

Iris × germanica is thought to be originated in the Mediterranean region.^[9] It is widely naturalized across Europe.

Cultivation

It prefers to grow in full sun, with well-drained soil. It normally retains some of its leaves over the winter period. After it has flowered and during dry conditions through the summer is best time to divide and transplant.^[16]

Propagation

It can be propagated by seed and by division.^[11]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris × germanica has many cultivars,^[5] there are thought to be about 60,000 cultivars available.^[17] These are a few known named cultivars:^[16]

• 'Adriatic Shores'
• 'Amas'
• 'Askabadensis'
• 'Baveilles'
• 'Belouinii'
• 'Biliotti'
• 'Black Prince'
• 'Col Du Chat'
• 'Cretan'
• 'Crimson King'
• 'Croatica'
• 'Deflexa'
• 'Dominion'
• 'Dusky Challenger'
• 'Florentina'
• 'Fontarabie'
• 'Germanica'
• 'Germanica Alba'
• 'Germanica Caerulea'
• 'Germanica Major'
• 'Germanica Marmorata'
• 'Germanica Maxima'
• 'Germanica Violacea'
• 'Germanica Vulgaris'
• 'Gnome'
• 'Gypsy Queen'
• 'Istria'
• 'Junonia'
• 'Kharput'
• 'Kirman'
• 'Kochii'
• 'Kurdistan'
• 'Lemperg Purple'
• 'Macrantha'
• 'Nepalensis'
• 'Oriflamme'
• 'Paladin'
• 'Purple King'
• 'Seattle'
• 'Sivas'
• 'Srinagar'
• 'Thun'
• 'Titan's Glory'
• 'Turchino'
• 'Varbosiana'
• 'Varbossana'.

I. × germanica var. amas was one of the most important cultivars in the creation of the modern tetraploid tall-bearded Irises.^[16]

In Italy and Thailand, the leaves can be affected by a fungus, Torula masonii.^[18]

In culture

In Iran and Kashmir,^[19] Iris kashmiriana and Iris × germanica^[20] are commonly grown in Muslim places of burial such as cemeteries.^{[21] [22] [23]}

It has frequently been painted including 'Irises' (see right) and 'Irises' both by Vincent van Gogh in 1890.^[24]

See also

• Orris root

Sources

• Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage Note: = species
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Iris germanica L.
• Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
• Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 25–28.
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
• Personal Care Products Council. INCI
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica. Note: lists as Iris germanica L.
• Stace, C. 1995. New flora of the British Isles. Note: natzd.
• Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq. Note: = Iris germanica L.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Iris germanica L.*
• Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China
• Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–2000. European garden flora

Notes and References

1. Web site: BSBI List of British & Irish Vascular Plants and Stoneworts .
2. Rudy J. Favretti and Joy P. Favretti
3. Book: Stace, C. A.. Stace, C. A.. 2010. New Flora of the British Isles . Third. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K.. 9780521707725.
4. Ashtakala . S. S. . Forward . D. F. . Pigmentation in iris hybrids: Occurrence of flavonoid pigments in six cultivars of Iris germanica . Canadian Journal of Botany . January 2011 . 49 . 11 . 1975–1979 . 10.1139/b71-276.
5. Web site: Iris Germanica (Bearded Iris) . Gardenia.net . 29 July 2021.
6. Lipase-catalyzed regioselective protection/deprotection of hydroxyl groups of the isoflavone irilone isolated from Iris germanica. 27. 2.
7. Shahid Akbar
8. Book: Austin, Claire . Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia . Timber Press, Incorporated . 978-0881927306 . 2005 . OL8176432M . .
9. Web site: Iris germanica bearded iris . rhs.org.uk . 4 May 2020.
10. Web site: Iris germanica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 38 (1753) . ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) . 4 May 2020.
11. Web site: FNA Vol. 26 Page 373, 375, 376 . 4 May 2020 . efloras.org (Flora of North America).
12. Web site: Garden Bearded Irises . Pacific Bulb Society . 25 November 2014.
13. Web site: Iris × germanica L. Plants of the World Online Kew Science . Plants of the World Online . 29 July 2021 . en.
14. Web site: Iris × germanica – Species Details . Atlas of Florida Plants . 29 July 2021.
15. Web site: Iris x germanica (IRIGE)[Overview] EPPO Global Database ]. 2024-09-23 . gd.eppo.int.
16. Web site: Laurin . T. . (SPEC) Iris germanica L. . 4 May 2020 . 6 May 2019.
17. News: McIntosh . Jamie . 9 Top Types of Iris for the Flower Garden . 29 July 2021 . The Spruce . 21 June 2021 . en.
18. Li . Jun-Fu . Phookamsak . Rungtiwa . Jeewon . Rajesh . Bhat . Darbhe J. . Mapook . Ausana . Camporesi . Erio . Shang . Qiu-Ju . Chukeatirote . Ekachai . Bahkali . Ali H. . Hyde . Kevin D. . Molecular taxonomy and morphological characterization reveal new species and new host records of Torula species (Torulaceae, Pleosporales) . Mycological Progress . 2017 . 16 . 4 . 447–461. 10.1007/s11557-017-1292-2 .
19. Web site: Chapter I Rhizomatous Iris (part 2) . irisbotanique.over-blog.com . 20 October 2015.
20. Web site: Gurcharan . Singh . Kashmir Iris . flowersofindia.net . 22 October 2015.
21. British Iris Society (1997)
22. Trak . Touseef Hussain . Upadhayay . Ravi . April 2015 . Ethnobotanical And Taxonomic Study of Members of Iridaceae Family of Kishtwar, (Jammu And Kashmir) India . International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences . 6 . 2 . 779–793 . 22 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160802023343/http://ijpbs.net/cms/php/upload/4265_pdf.pdf . 2 August 2016 . dead .
23. Book: Stebbings, Geoff . 1997. The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . registration . Newton Abbot . David and Charles . 23 . 0715305395 .
24. Jennifer Helvey