| Country: | Iran |
| Type: | presidential |
| Previous Election: | 2001 Iranian presidential election |
| Previous Year: | 2001 |
| Next Election: | 2009 Iranian presidential election |
| Next Year: | 2009 |
| Election Date: | 17 June 2005 (first round) 24 June 2005 (second round) |
| Turnout: | 62.66% (first round) 59.84% (second round) |
| Image1: | President Ahmadinejad and cabinet members meet with Supreme Leader of Iran-October 9, 2005.jpg |
| Nominee1: | Mahmoud Ahmadinejad |
| Party1: | Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran |
| Colour1: | e70707 |
| Popular Vote1: | 17,284,782 |
| Percentage1: | 63.24% |
| Nominee2: | Akbar Rafsanjani |
| Party2: | Combatant Clergy Association |
| Colour2: | CF9 |
| Popular Vote2: | 10,046,701 |
| Percentage2: | 36.76% |
| President | |
| Before Election: | Mohammad Khatami |
| Before Party: | Association of Combatant Clerics |
| After Election: | Mahmoud Ahmadinejad |
| After Party: | Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran |
| Alliance1: | Principlists |
| Alliance2: | Reformists |
Presidential elections were held in Iran 17 June 2005, with a second round run-off on 24 June. Mohammad Khatami, the outgoing president of Iran, stepped down on 2 August 2005, after serving his maximum two consecutive four-year terms according to the Islamic republic's constitution.
As no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a run-off was held between the top two candidates, former president (1989–1997) Akbar Rafsanjanī and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the hardline mayor of Tehran. Although Ahmadinejad had finished second in the first round of voting, he won the second round with 63% of the vote. Factors thought to have contributed to Ahmadinejad's victory include mobilization of mosque networks and conservative/hardline voters, and a protest vote against corrupt elite insiders and for "new political blood".[1] He was a loyal supporter of conservative Supreme Leader Khamenei.[2] [3]
Schedule of the election had been decided between the Ministry of Interior and the Guardian Council for 17 June 2005. The election will continue as a runoff race, which will take place a week later than the first round of elections, on 24 June 2005. The registration of candidates began on 10 May 2005 and continued for five days, until 14 May. If the Guardian Council had requested, it may have been extended for five more days, until 19 May. The candidates were not allowed to do advertisements, until the final list of approved candidates are known. The official period for advertisement was from 27 May to 15 June.
In the first round, Iranian nationals born on or before 17 June 1990, residing in or outside Iran, were able to vote. The election in Iran began on 09:00 local time (04:30 UTC) and while the original deadline was ten hours later on 19:00 (14:30 UTC), the deadline was extended three times by the Ministry of Interior, finally until 23:00 (18:30 UTC). Outside Iran, different times are used as the opening and closing hours for the polling offices. On the same date, mid-term Majlis elections for Gachsaran, Garmsar, Ghazvin, Ilam, Iranshahr, Jolfa, Marand, Sarbaz, and Shiraz took place together with the runoff elections of Tehran for the Iranian Majlis election of 2004.
The first three suggestions by the Ministry, for 13 May, 20 May and 10 June 2005, had been rejected by the council. The Ministry had mentioned that it is concerned that an election later than 20 May may collide with the final exams of the elementary schools and high schools.
The second round of the election occurred on 24 June and Iranian nationals born on or before 24 June 1990 were able to vote. The election in Iran began at 09:00 local time (04:30 UTC) and the closing time of the voting polls was at 19:00 (14:30 UTC), but was subject to extension by the Ministry of Interior.
The registration of the candidates finished on 14 May 2005 and 1014 candidates had registered to run, including many people who did not have the qualifications required in the law. More than 90% of the candidates were men, and there were about ninety female candidates. The law about the election process does not include any requirements for people who want to register to run: it only provides qualifications that are to be checked by the Guardian Council.
The candidates must have first be approved by the Guardian Council before being put to public vote and it could be predicted that some of the candidates would not win the approval, especially Ebrahim Asgharzadeh and Ebrahim Yazdi, who were rejected by the Council in the parliamentary elections of 2004 and/or the presidential elections of 2001. There were also some people who expected Mostafa Moeen, the most controversial reformist candidate, to be disqualified as well. But the most unpredictable was the disqualification of conservative Reza Zavare'i, a former member of the Guardian Council and an approved presidential candidate for two previous elections.
Also, there was a high probability of rejection of women, because of an ambiguous term ("rejāl", رجال) in the Constitution of Iran, a requirement for presidential candidates, which may be interpreted as either "men" or "nobles". The Guardian Council, who is also the official interpreter of the constitution, has mentioned on previous elections that the restriction has not been considered in depth yet, since according to the council's opinion there were no women registered to run for presidency who fulfilled the other requirements of the constitution; but still, the Council believes that the requirement of rejal would not match women.
There had also been discussions for a new law proposed in the Majlis, restricting the maximum age of the candidates for the presidential elections. This was widely seen as an attempt to limit the participation of Akbar Rafsanjanī and Mehdi Karroubi. The attempt failed with no proposal appearing.
The list of all the people who have officially registered to run for the post is not available to the public, but the Guardian Council published a final list of six approved candidates on 22 May rejecting all independent candidates and some candidates from the both wings, specially the reformist candidates Mostafa Moeen and Mohsen Mehralizadeh. This raised many objections among the general public and the political parties, including student protests in the Tehran University, among other universities. This, and the objections of some of the approved candidates, led to a letter from Ayatollah Khamenei, the Supreme Leader, to the Guardian Council asking for the approval of Moeen and Mehralizadeh (this had apparently been because of a request by Haddad-Adel, the conservative Speaker of the Parliament).[4] It is unknown if that letter meant that the Guardian Council must have approved these two, or it should have only reconsidered their case. The next day, on 23 May, the Guardian Council announced the approval of Moeen and Mehralizadeh.
Mohsen Rezaee, one of the approved conservative candidates, who is the Secretary of Expediency Discernment Council and a previous commander of the Iran–Iraq War, withdrew in the evening of 15 June.
These were the candidates approved by the Council of Guardians:
The most important withdrawal was that of Mohsen Rezaee, one of the candidates who was approved by the Guardian Council and participated in the race until the evening of 15 June 2005, two days before the election and only a few hours before the final deadline allowed for advertisements. Rezaee mentioned he was withdrawing from the race for "the integration of the votes of the nation" and "their effectiveness". He did not endorse any candidate. https://web.archive.org/web/20051122095149/http://isna.ir/Main/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-541885
Also, several people were considered possible candidates for the post, who later declined to run early in the race or at the final moments before registration. A list of the ones considered seriously in the media includes:
See also: Front for Democracy and Human Rights. The best financed candidate, Rafsanjani, campaigned with an entourage of bullet-proof Mercedes limousines. While he usually did not emphasize issues in his campaign Rafsanjani did tell voters that "there is no use imposing tastes, being strict, and going backward. ... Whoever becomes president cannot work without considering the demands and conditions of society."[6] He also indicated a liberalizing in his views on proper Islamic dress. Where in 2002 he had said that exposing a single strand of a woman's hair from behind hejab was "a dagger drawn toward the heart of Islam," in 2005 he described his red line as "no nudity," in a campaign meeting with Iranian youth.[6] [7]
Ahmadinejad used mosque networks and his personal ties to the Revolutionary Guards and Basij for his campaign. In TV advertisements he was shown praying and praising veterans of the Iran–Iraq War for their sacrifices. He campaigned in an old 1977 Peugeot 504 car.[8]
Some voters, including exiled citizens belonging to opposition political groups or monarchists (both living outside Iran), some parts of the intellectual community living in Iran, and even a few reformists boycotted the election as a symbol of not supporting the current regime and its practices. The boycotters' reasons included the massive rejection of registered candidates, that they believed that the role of the Iranian president is insignificant in the power structure and overshadowed by those of the supreme leader who is practically elected for life, and that they believed that all the candidates had already helped the regime in the oppression of its political opposition or would do so if elected. The most famous boycott leader was Akbar Ganji, imprisoned in Evin prison for his journalism and in a hunger strike.
While some members of the intellectual community in Iran supported the boycott, some key figures, residing inside Iran or exiled to Europe or North America, had asked their readers and the general population to vote in the election, reasoning that not voting in the election would result in the election of one of the three conservative candidates, who were all military people with a background in Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The most famous supporters of voting in the intellectual community included Ebrahim Nabavi, Masoud Behnoud, and Khashayar Deyhimi. These people were mostly supporting Moeen as their preferred candidate who is considered to be the least aligned with Ayatollah Khamenei, but a few have also talked or written in support of Rafsanjanī or Karroubi. Emadeddin Baghi, the President of the Iranian Association for Supporting Prisoners' Rights and one of the boycotters, has also spoken in support of Rafsanjani and mentioned that while he still considers Rafsanjani a conservative, he prefers his traditional conservatism to Ahmadinejad's fundamentalism.
After the first round of the election, some people, including Mehdi Karroubi, the pragmatic reformist candidate who ranked third in the first round but was the first when partial results were first published, have alleged that a network of mosques, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps military forces, and Basij militia forces have been illegally used to generate and mobilize support for Ahmadinejad. Karroubi has explicitly alleged that Mojtaba Khamenei, a son of the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei, was involved. Ayatollah Khamenei then wrote to Karroubi and mentioned that these allegations are below his dignity and will result in a crisis in Iran, which he will not allow. As a reply, Karroubi resigned from all his political posts, including an Advisor to the Supreme Leader and a member of Expediency Discernment Council, on both of which he had been installed by Khamenei. The day after, on 20 June, a few reformist morning newspapers, Eghbal, Hayat-e No, Aftab-e Yazd, and Etemaad were stopped from distribution by the general prosecutor of Tehran, Saeed Mortazavi, for publishing Karroubi's letter.
Akbar Rafsanjanī, the leading candidate, has also pointed to organized and unjust interventions by "guiding" the votes, and has supported Karroubi's complaint.
A suspicious election result pointed out by Western journalist Christopher de Bellaigue was a 95% voter turnout and first-place result for Ahmadinejad in the province of South Khorasan. This despite that region's large numbers of disgruntled Sunni Muslims, and Ahmadinejad's association with "intrusive Shia Islamism."[12]
Also, some political groups, including the reformist party Islamic Iran Participation Front, have alleged that Ahmadinejad had only ranked second because of the illegal support and advertising activities for him during the voting by the supervisors selected by the Guardian Council, while the supervisors should have remained impartisan according to the election law. Also, the reformist newspaper Shargh has pointed to an announcement by Movahhedi Kermani, the official representative of the supreme leader in Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, mentioning "vote for a person who keeps to the minimum in his advertisements and doesn't lavish", which uniquely pointed to Ahmadinejad.
Some of the controversies involve activities of the Guardian Council such as the publishing an opinion poll before the election giving Ahmadinejad front-runner status. It also announced the partial results of the election on the day after the election, putting Ahmadinejad on the second rank while he was still in the third rank in the partial statistics published by the Ministry of Interior, which led to President Khatami going to the Ministry several times and explicitly asking the council to not announce any more partial results.
The Islamic Republic government of Iran, especially the Supreme Leader and the higher offices, publicly considers the turnout of the voters, which was about 64% in the first round, to resemble the support of the population for the regime, while some voters consider voting for the candidates less aligned with the supreme leader as a vote against the current practices of the regime. Comparative to other elections, there does not seem to be any major drop in number of votes caused by boycott. The turnout in the previous election, i.e. Khatami's second term, was at 67%.[13]
The first round of the election was a very close race with minor differences in the number of votes won by each candidate which led to a run-off a week later with Ahmadinejad and ex-president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani participating. There were seven people running for the post out of more than a thousand initial candidates, most of whom were disqualified by the Guardian Council, which is responsible for vetting by constitution for election. Rafsanjani, who had been regarded as the front-runner and had positioned himself as a centrist, was defeated by Ahmadinejad in the run-off, while reformist candidate Mostafa Moeen fared poorly and finished only fifth in the first round.
After the results of the first round, many of the supporters of the boycott supported Rafsanjani, and many of the supporters of the reformist candidates, including many supporters of Moeen, are doing the same. Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF) and Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO), as the two main parties who supported Moeen, are included, with IIPF asking for "uniting against the rise of religious fascism" and MIRO telling about the rival "Führer-istic mindset". Moeen himself has mentioned that he will not personally vote in the second round, but that his supporters "should take the danger of fascism seriously" and should not think about a boycott in the second round.
This was the first presidential runoff in the history of Iran. Before the run-off took place, it was compared to the 2002 French presidential election, where the splintering of the left-wing vote similarly led to a run-off between the moderate Jacques Chirac and the far-right Jean-Marie Le Pen. The comparison was made because of the unexpected votes in favor of Ahmadinejad, the very close race, and the comparability of the political standings of Rafsanjani and Ahmadinejad to those of Chirac and Le Pen. But after the results for the run-off were made public, the comparison was considered void due to the loss of the moderate candidate Rafsanjani, although Ahmadinejad's opponents formed an alliance against him.
| Province | Ahmadinejad | Karroubi | Larijani | Mehralizadeh | Moeen | Ghalibaf | Rafsanjanī | Total votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ardabil | 34,090 | 53,906 | 7,766 | 111,465 | 67,134 | 106,272 | 95,490 | 476,123 | |
| Azarbaijan, East | 198,417 | 121,969 | 28,075 | 378,604 | 190,211 | 122,160 | 268,954 | 1,308,390 | |
| Azarbaijan, West | 75,319 | 99,766 | 15,435 | 163,091 | 146,941 | 141,289 | 151,525 | 793,336 | |
| Bushehr | 82,376 | 98,148 | 8,207 | 4,942 | 68,547 | 46,962 | 97,412 | 406,594 | |
| Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiar | 90,960 | 75,044 | 23,127 | 5,051 | 48,356 | 64,068 | 59,521 | 366,128 | |
| Fars | 242,535 | 546,633 | 61,383 | 22,440 | 217,122 | 273,542 | 403,074 | 1,766,729 | |
| Gilan | 149,026 | 203,941 | 50,070 | 33,996 | 182,321 | 171,562 | 215,478 | 1,006,394 | |
| Golestan | 56,776 | 193,570 | 42,334 | 8,283 | 156,862 | 87,522 | 155,498 | 700,845 | |
| Hamadan | 195,030 | 218,018 | 24,002 | 20,496 | 84,424 | 72,986 | 175,997 | 790,953 | |
| Hormozgan | 80,154 | 177,413 | 78,161 | 9,679 | 153,648 | 25,326 | 75,601 | 599,982 | |
| Ilam | 32,383 | 108,627 | 6,783 | 3,026 | 56,526 | 41,082 | 40,580 | 289,007 | |
| Isfahan | 801,635 | 196,512 | 73,452 | 30,325 | 196,261 | 198,409 | 260,858 | 1,757,452 | |
| Kerman | 129,284 | 152,764 | 221,219 | 9,697 | 52,896 | 112,056 | 480,271 | 1,158,187 | |
| Kermanshah | 70,117 | 254,780 | 22,033 | 12,516 | 106,804 | 115,439 | 137,010 | 718,699 | |
| Khorasan, North | 22,954 | 89,551 | 16,900 | 8,209 | 37,330 | 100,091 | 70,407 | 345,442 | |
| Khorasan, Razavi | 377,732 | 297,967 | 78,976 | 33,488 | 325,281 | 877,665 | 527,707 | 2,518,816 | |
| Khorasan, South | 101,638 | 27,705 | 5,716 | 4,958 | 39,276 | 49,043 | 57,244 | 285,580 | |
| Khuzestan | 232,874 | 538,735 | 58,564 | 20,164 | 148,529 | 148,234 | 319,921 | 1,467,021 | |
| Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 34,396 | 96,459 | 20,306 | 1,572 | 50,954 | 52,259 | 56,154 | 312,100 | |
| Kurdistan | 22,353 | 111,249 | 7,785 | 10,261 | 92,884 | 48,913 | 54,004 | 347,449 | |
| Lorestan | 69,710 | 440,247 | 31,169 | 6,865 | 53,747 | 70,225 | 121,130 | 793,093 | |
| Markazi | 161,669 | 104,522 | 17,258 | 14,058 | 65,592 | 71,828 | 143,118 | 578,045 | |
| Mazandaran | 159,291 | 103,229 | 464,891 | 18,467 | 148,408 | 116,763 | 311,949 | 1,322,998 | |
| Qazvin | 118,414 | 81,569 | 18,078 | 24,649 | 68,366 | 77,399 | 108,928 | 497,403 | |
| Qom | 256,110 | 25,282 | 10,894 | 14,451 | 27,824 | 25,792 | 104,004 | 464,357 | |
| Semnan | 98,024 | 25,899 | 20,190 | 3,873 | 26,572 | 37,059 | 69,773 | 281,390 | |
| Sistan and Baluchestan | 47,743 | 77,017 | 24,954 | 7,312 | 479,125 | 68,605 | 155,147 | 859,903 | |
| Tehran | 1,500,829 | 415,187 | 246,167 | 281,748 | 648,598 | 614,381 | 1,274,276 | 4,981,186 | |
| Yazd | 175,206 | 58,132 | 9,317 | 5,186 | 60,510 | 66,892 | 77,924 | 453,167 | |
| Zanjan | 93,309 | 62,845 | 22,869 | 18,568 | 68,649 | 71,365 | 110,698 | 448,303 | |
| Total | 5,710,354 | 5,056,686 | 1,716,081 | 1,287,440 | 4,069,698 | 4,075,189 | 6,179,653 | 28,095,072 | |
| Source: Iran Data Portal | |||||||||