Iranian folklore explained

Iranian folklore encompasses the folk traditions that have evolved in Greater Iran.

Oral legends

Folktales

Storytelling has an important presence in Iranian culture.^[1] In classical Iran, minstrels performed for their audiences at royal courts^[1] and in public theaters.^[2] A minstrel was referred to by the Parthians as in Parthian, and by the Sasanians as in Middle Persian.^[2] Since the time of the Safavid dynasty, storytellers and poetry readers appeared at coffeehouses.^[3]

The following are a number of folktales known to the people of Iran:^[4]

• ("Rolling Pumpkin")^[5]
• ("Moon-brow")^{[6] [7]}
• ("Bitter Orange and Bergamot Orange")^[8]
• ("Old Woman's Cold"), a period in the month of Esfand, at the end of winter, during which an old woman's flock is not impregnated. She goes to Moses and asks for an extension of the cold winter days, so that her flock might copulate.^[9]
• ("Shangul and Mangul")^[10]
• ("Auntie Cockroach")^{[11] [12]}
• The Wonderful Sea-Horse
• The Black Colt

Below are a number of historical tale books that contain Iranian folktales.

• ("Amir Arsalan the Famous"), a popular legend that was narrated to Naser-ed-Din Shah.
• ("Book of Darab"), a 12th-century book by Abu Taher Tarsusi that recounts a fiction about Alexander the Great and Darius III.^{[13] [14]}
• , also known as "The Persian Alexander Romances", an Iranianized version of The Romance of Alexander.^[15] Not to be confused with the classic book of Nezami.
• One Thousand and One Nights, the frame-story of which derives from the now lost Middle Persian work ("Thousand Nights").
• , a folktale about an Iranian that was written down during the 12th century.^[16], at times synonymous with ("young man"), referred to a member of a class of warriors in Iran from the 9th to the 12th century.^[17]
• ("Book of Kings"), the national epic of Iran, written by 10th-century Persian poet Ferdowsi, based on, a Middle Persian compilation of the history of Iranian kings and heroes from mythical times down to the reign of Chosroes II.^[18]
• , a derivation from the Greek romance of Metiochus and Parthenope that was written down by Persian poet Onsori in the 11th century.^{[19] [20]}

Heroes

Heroes in

• Arash the Archer, who shot his arrow from the peak of Damavand to settle a land dispute between Iran and Turan. The festival of Tirgan is linked to this epic, besides having roots in the ancient myth of archangel Tishtrya.
• Garshasp, a dragon-slaying hero in Iranian legends, now honored as ("chief hero").^[21]
• Gordafarid, praised for her daringly martial role in the tragedy of ("Rostam and Sohrab").
• Kaveh the Blacksmith
• Rostam, a celebrated ("border-guardian"), best known for his mournful battle with his son Sohrab. He was the son of Dastan.
• Zahhak

Other heroes

• Hossein the Kurd of Shabestar, a Kurdish warrior from Shabestar who devoted his life to fighting for justice, representing a ("young man").^[22]
• Koroghlu, a legendary hero who seeks to fight against the unjust, in the oral traditions of the Turkic-speaking peoples.
• Pourya-ye Vali, a 14th-century champion from Khwarezm, regarded as a role model by zurkhane athletes.^[23]
• Yaʿqub-e Leys, under the court of whom the Persian language reemerged after two centuries of eclipse by Arabic ("Two Centuries of Silence").^[24]

Characters in jokes

• Molla Nasreddin
• Dakho

Creatures

• : a scrawny old woman with a clay nose and red face who attacks pregnant women when they are alone and interferes with childbirth. It is believed that she carries a basket in which she puts the liver or lung of the mother,^[25] although a variety of other descriptions exist as well.^[26]
• Night hag : a ghost or an evil creature that causes sleep paralysis.^[27] It is believed that the creature knows about hidden treasures, and one would be told of one of them by grabbing the creature's nose. One can rescue themself from the creature by wiggling their fingers.
• Himantopodes : an evil creature that uses its flexible, leather-like legs as tentacles to grip and capture human beings. The captives will be enslaved and forced to carry the creature until they die of fatigue.^[28]
• Huma

a Griffin-like mythical bird said to never come to rest, living its entire life flying invisibly high above the earth, and never alighting on the ground (in some legends it is said to have no legs)^[29]

• Demon (; from Avestan ): an evil being, devil, ogre, or giant.^[30]
• Ghoul : a hideous monster with a feline head, forked tongue, hairy skin, and deformed legs that resemble the limp and skinny legs of a prematurely born infant.^[31]
• Genie : a supernatural creature, comparable to the elves and the goblins, that is believed to be created from smokeless fire and to be living invisibly alongside the visible world.^[32]
• Manticore (: from Middle Persian), a man-eater with the head of a human and the body of a lion, similar to the Egyptian sphinx.
• Amen Bird : a mythical bird in Persian literature that flies continuously and fulfills people's wishes.^{[33] [34]}
• : a type of exquisite, winged fairy-like spirit ranking between angels and evil spirits.
• Reera, Rayra or Raira: was a magical gorgeous woman that believed to have brought beauty to the Northern jungles of Iran.
• The Patient Stone : the most empathetic of listeners, that is believed to absorb the sorrows and pains of the person who confides in itself.^[35] It is said that when the stone can no longer contain the pain it harbors, it bursts into pieces.^[35] It is also a very famous folktale.^{[36] [37]}
• ("Chief of the Snakes"): the intelligent queen of snakes who has human features above her waist and those of a serpent below.
• (from Middle Persian, Avestan ; "raptor"): a benevolent mythical bird.^[38]
• : the king of goats, in the folklore of the Turkic-speaking people of Azerbaijan. Traditionally, the stories of takam are recited in public theaters by a minstrel called takamchi.
• : an evil spirit in the folklore of Iran's southern coastal regions who possesses individuals and harms them.

Locations

• Mount Damavand
• Mount Qaf
• Paristan

Social beliefs and practices

• Evil eye (; Pahlavi: {{transl|pal|duščašm^[39]), a curse believed to be cast by a malevolent glare.^[40] To protect one from it, a pendant, gemstone or likewise that depicts an eye is used as an amulet.^[41] Another way believed to protect one from an evil eye is to release a fragrant smoke of esfand (peganum harmala) and waft it around the head of those exposed to the gaze of strangers. As this is done, an ancient prayer is also recited.^{[40] [42]}
• Divination, including interpretation of objects which appear haphazardly, interpretation of involuntary bodily actions (sneezing, twitching, itches, etc.), observing animal behavior, playing cards or chick-peas, bibliomancy (e.g., using the poetry of Hafez Shirazi), mirrors and lenses, observation of the liver of a slain animal, the flame of a lamp, etc.
• ("coquetry and supplication"), a tradition between a lover and a beloved based on which the beloved hurts their lover by coquetry and the lover's response is supplication and insistence in love.^{[43] [44]}
• , a sort of etiquette, defined as "the active, ritualized realization of differential status in interaction".^[45]
• In Iranian wedding tradition, it is customary to buy a silver mirror and two candles and place it on the wedding sofra (a piece of cloth), next to foods and other traditional items. The first thing that the bridegroom sees in the mirror should be the reflection of his wife-to-be.^[46]

Ceremonies

See main article: Iranian festivals.

• Nowruz ("new day"), the Iranian New Year's day, celebrated on the vernal equinox.
  • Traditional heralds: Amu Nowruz and Haji Firuz
  • ("Red Wednesday"), celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz by performing rituals such as jumping over bonfires and lighting off firecrackers and fireworks.^{[47] [48]}
    • Problem-solving nuts ^[49]
    • , an act of fortune-telling on the occasion of .^[50]
  • , celebrated 13 days after Nowruz (Farvardin 13, usually coincided with April 1 or 2) by picnicking.
  • ("prince of Nowruz") or ("king of Nowruz"), a festival that used to be held six days after Nowruz for a period of one to five days, during which a temporary commoner was elected to rule over the country.^[51]
• ,^[52] marking "the longest night of the year" and commemorating the birth of the ancient goddess Mithra on the eve of the winter solstice (; usually falling on December 20 or 21).^{[53] [54] [55]}

Folk-games

• ("peg [and] bat"), identical to tip-cat.^[56]
• ("uncle chain-maker")^[57]
• , a counting-out game, used as a children's nursery rhyme.^[58]
• ("sunshine-moonlight")
• , a card game that is identical to poker.^[59]
• Tag ^{[60] [61]}
• , a trick-taking card game.^[62]
• Court piece, a trick-taking card game that is identical to whist.
• Hopscotch
• Backgammon, a two-player board game.^[63]
• , a fishing card game.
• Knucklebones ^[61]
• Hide-and-seek ^[61]
• , a trick-taking card game that is identical to rook.
• ^[61]

See also

• Iranian folk music
• Persian dance
• Persian theatre

Iranian folktales:

• The Black Colt
• Grünkappe
• Leaves of Pearls
• Molla Badji
• The Snake-Prince Sleepy-Head
• The Wonderful Sea-Horse
• Yasmin and the Serpent Prince

Further reading

• Book: Daniel, Elton L. . Culture and customs of Iran . Greenwood Press . 2006 . 0-313-32053-5.
• Laurence Paul Elwell-Sutton . Elwell-Sutton . L. P. . Collecting Folktales in Iran . Folklore . 93 . 1 . 1982 . 98–104 . 10.1080/0015587X.1982.9716224 . 1260144.
• Book: 10.4159/harvard.9780674733091.c36 . 32. Women in Contemporary Persian Folktales . Women in the Muslim World . 1978 . 629–650 . 978-0-674-73309-1 . Erika . Friedl . Lois . Beck . Nikki . Keddie .
• Book: Friedl, Erika . Folktales and Storytellers of Iran: Culture, Ethos and Identity . London and New York . . 2014 . 9781780766690.
• Horálek . Karel .

  cs:Karel Horálek

  . 1969 . Aus dem persischen Märchenschatz . Ethnologia Europaea . 2 . 1 . 184–193 . 10.16995/ee.3146 . German . free .
• Khadish . Pegah . The Morphology of Persian Fairy Tales . . 50 . 3–4 . 2009 . 283–292 . 10.1515/FABL.2009.023. 162077992 .
• . Typologie des persischen Volksmärchens. Beirut: Orient-Inst. der Deutschen Morgenländischen Ges.; Wiesbaden: Steiner [in Komm.], 1984.
• Book: Marzolph, Ulrich . Storytelling as a Constituent of Popular Culture: Folk Narrative Research in Contemporary Iran . Conceptualizing Iranian Anthropology: Past and Present Perspectives . Shahnaz R. . Nadjmabadi . NED. 30–42 . Berghahn Books . 2009 . j.ctt9qd85z.5. 978-0-85745-651-9 .
• Marzolph, Ulrich. "Persian Popular Literature". In: Oral Literature of Iranian Languages. Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian & Tajik. Ed. P. G. Kreyenbroek and U. Marzolph. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010. pp. 208–364. (A History of Persian Literature. ed. E. Yarshater. vol. 18. Companion vol. 2).
• Marzolph . Ulrich . Cultural Property and the Right of Interpretation: Negotiating Folklore in the Islamic Republic of Iran . Journal of Folklore Research . 49 . 1 . 2012 . 1–24 . . 10.2979/jfolkrese.49.1.1 . 144964948 .
• Web site: Omidsalar . Mahmud . Mahmoud Omidsalar . 2005 . Magic in literature and folklore in the Islamic period .
• Book: Radhayrapetian, Juliet . Iranian Folk Narrative: A Survey of Scholarship . New York and London . Garland Publishing Inc. . 1990.

External links

• Iran: Daily life and social customs. From the Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Folklore studies of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. From the Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Folk poetry. From the Encyclopædia Iranica.
• The passion (taʿzia) of Ḥosayn by Peter Chelkowski. From the Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Lee Lee Hozak, on Iranian folkloric songs among Iranian Americans, from Homa Sarshar's In The Back Alleys of Exile (vol. 2; p. 304).

Notes and References

1. Encyclopedia: DĀSTĀN-SARĀʾĪ . Encyclopædia Iranica . VII . 102–103 . November 18, 2011.
2. Encyclopedia: GŌSĀN . Encyclopædia Iranica . Xi . 167–170 . February 17, 2012.
3. Encyclopedia: COFFEEHOUSE . Encyclopædia Iranica . VI . 1–4 . October 26, 2011.
4. Book: Gaffary, Farrokh . Farrokh Ghaffari . Iranien (folklore) . Dictionnaire universel des litteratures . 2: G-O . Paris . . 1994 . 1703 . FR . Parmi les contes les plus célèbres [de Iran], citons: ... «La Citrouille qui roule» (Kaduy-e qelqelehzan), «Tante Scarabée» (Khâleh suskeh), ... «Orange amère et bigarade» (Nârendj va torandj) ... «Le Poulain marin» (Korre-ye daryâ’i) ... «Fronte de lune» (Mâh-pishâni) ....
5. Book: McDonald, Margaret Read . Celebrate the World . The Old Woman in a Pumpkin Shell . New York . 1994 . H.W. Wilson . 61–70. 9780824208622 .
6. Book: Zipes, J. . The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World 2e . 2016 . Springer . 190. 9781137098733 .
7. Explanation and Analysis of Mythical Themes in the Structure of the Tale of "MahPishani" . Morteza . Heidari . 2017 . University of Isfahan . 9 . 1 . 10.22108/LIAR.2017.21405.
8. Encyclopedia: FICTION . ii(d). THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY SHORT STORY . Encyclopædia Iranica . IX . 597–599 . January 26, 2012.
9. Encyclopedia: Omidsalar . Mahmoud . ČELLA In Persian Folklore . Encyclopædia Iranica . December 21, 2011 .
10. Encyclopedia: HEDAYAT, SADEQ . iii. Hedayat and Folklore Studies . Encyclopædia Iranica . XII . 121–135 . October 1, 2017.
11. News: New films to hit Iranian silver screens . Mehr News Agency . December 18, 2010 . (...) the story of Auntie Cockroach, as narrated by grandmas and published in storybooks over the years (...).
12. News: The best children's books on Iran. Golbarg . Bashi . October 28, 2014 . The Guardian .
13. Book: van Zutphen, Marjolijn . Farāmarz, the Sistāni Hero: Texts and Traditions of the Farāmarznāme and the Persian Epic Cycle . BRILL . 2014 . 70. 9789004268289 .
14. Encyclopedia: HANAWAY . WILLIAM L . ĀBĀN DOKHT . Encyclopædia Iranica . 2009-01-25.
15. Encyclopedia: HANAWAY . WILLIAM L . ESKANDAR-NĀMA . Encyclopædia Iranica . 2009-01-25 .
16. Encyclopedia: SAMAK-E ʿAYYĀR . Encyclopædia Iranica . July 20, 2009.
17. Encyclopedia: ʿAYYĀR . Encyclopædia Iranica . 159–163 . III . August 18, 2011.
18. Encyclopedia: Ferdowsī . Boyle, John Andrew . . July 18, 2017.
19. Encyclopedia: Davis . Richard . Greece ix. Greek and Persian Romances . Encyclopædia Iranica . February 23, 2012 .
20. Book: The Virgin and Her Lover: Fragments of an Ancient Greek Novel and a Persian Epic Poem . Tomas . Hägg . Bo . Utas . Leiden . . 2003. 9789004132603 .
21. Encyclopedia: Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica . Encyclopædia Iranica . III . 191–205 . August 18, 2011.
22. Encyclopedia: ḤOSAYN-E KORD-E ŠABESTARI . Encyclopædia Iranica . XII . 515–516 . March 23, 2012.
23. Encyclopedia: ZUR-ḴĀNA . Encyclopædia Iranica . August 15, 2006.
24. Web site: Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2007-07-15.
25. Asatrian . Garnik . 2001 . Āl Reconsidered . Iran & the Caucasus . 5 . 1 . 150 . Brill Publishers . Leiden . 1609-8498 . 10.1163/157338401X00189 . 4030855.
26. Encyclopedia: ĀL . Encyclopædia Iranica . I . 741–742 . July 29, 2011.
27. Encyclopedia: BAḴTAK . Encyclopædia Iranica . III . 539 . December 15, 1988.
28. Encyclopedia: DAVĀL-PĀ(Y) . Encyclopædia Iranica . VII . 128–129 . November 18, 2011.
29. .
30. Encyclopedia: Omidsalar . Mahmoud . DĪV . Encyclopædia Iranica . November 28, 2011 . VII . 428–431.
31. Encyclopedia: Mahmoud . Omidsalar . Teresa P. . Omidsalar . ḠUL . Encyclopædia Iranica . February 24, 2012 . XI . 393–395.
32. Encyclopedia: GENIE . Encyclopædia Iranica . X . 418–422 . February 7, 2012.
33. Book: Essays On Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism In Persian Poetry . Brill Publishers . 2004 . Ahmad . Karimi-Hakkak . Kamran . Talattof . 128 . ...reflexivity defines the amen bird's mythic role: the bird verbalizes the people's wish and they respond with "Amen" ("So shall it be"), thereby echoing the bird's name and making the wish come true... . 9004138099.
34. Book: Recasting Persian Poetry: Scenarios of Poetic Modernity in Iran . The University of Utah Press . 1995 . 268 . 0874804922 . Karimi-Hakkak, Ahmad . He does so initially by setting up a series of connections between the amen bird and other mythical birds known or imaginable to the poem's readers..
35. Encyclopedia: Habibi . Faranguis . SYNGUÉ SABUR: PIERRE DE PATIENCE . Encyclopædia Iranica . August 30, 2011 .
36. Saadat . Mostafa . Khosrawy . Ahmad Reza . Clustering of narratives of the 'Sang-e Saboor' folktale . Journal of Iranian Studies . 22 August 2020 . 19 . 37 . 163–184 . 10.22103/jis.2020.13108.1891 . 31 January 2024 .
37. Book: Gaffary, Farrokh . Farrokh Ghaffari . Iranien (folklore) . Dictionnaire universel des litteratures . 2: G-O . Paris . Presses universitaires de France . 1994 . 1703 . FR . Parmi les contes les plus célèbres [de Iran], citons: «La Pierre patiente» (Sang-e sabur).... Among the most famous tales [of Iran], we cite: "The Stone of Patience"....
38. Encyclopedia: SIMORḠ . Encyclopædia Iranica . Hanns-Peter . Schmidt . July 20, 2002.
39. Book: The Indo-European Languages . Mate . Kapovi . Anna Giacalone . Ramat . Paolo . Ramat . Taylor & Francis . 2017 . 447. 9781317391531 .
40. Encyclopedia: Šakūrzāda, Omidsalar . Ebrāhīm, Mahmoud . ČAŠM-ZAḴM . Encyclopædia Iranica . June 30, 2009 .
41. Book: Moin, M. . A Persian Dictionary . 3rd . 4752 . fa.
42. Web site: اسفند . Esfand . https://web.archive.org/web/20101218100703/http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=3410 . December 18, 2010 . Great Islamic Encyclopedia . fa.
43. Encyclopedia: Orsatti . Paola . ḴOSROW O ŠIRIN . Encyclopædia Iranica . 2011-02-13 .
44. Book: de Fouchécour, Charles-Henri . Nâz-o niyâz, ou l'amour et l'Orient . Luqmân . 5/2 . 1989 . 77–86.
45. Encyclopedia: TAʿĀROF . online . Encyclopædia Iranica . December 5, 2017.
46. Encyclopedia: Omidsalar. Mahmoud . SOFRA . Encyclopædia Iranica . November 15, 2006.
47. News: Call for Safe Yearend Celebration . March 12, 2017 . Financial Tribune . The ancient tradition has transformed over time from a simple bonfire to the use of firecrackers....
48. News: Light It Up! Iranians Celebrate Festival of Fire . March 19, 2014 . NBC News.
49. Book: Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals . Jain . Chanchreek . K. L. . Chanchreek . M. K. . Jain . 2007 . Shree Publishers & Distributors . 150. 9788183291910 .
50. Encyclopedia: OMIDSALAR . MAHMOUD . DIVINATION . Encyclopædia Iranica . 2009-04-05 .
51. Encyclopedia: MIR-E NOWRUZI . Michèle . Epinette . Encyclopædia Iranica . online . September 15, 2014.
52. News: Yalda: Iranian celebration of winter solstice. Rezaian, Lachin . . December 20, 2015 .
53. Book: No More "us" and "them": Classroom Lessons and Activities to Promote Peer Respect . Roessing, Lesley . 2012 . 89 . R&L Education . 9781610488129.
54. News: In ancient tradition, Iranians celebrate winter solstice . Hamedy, Saba . . December 20, 2013.
55. Book: Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present . Foltz, Richard . Richard Foltz . Oneworld Publications . October 22, 2013 . 29 . 9781780743073.
56. Encyclopedia: ALAK-DOLAK . Encyclopædia Iranica . online . July 29, 2011.
57. Web site: بازی‌های بومی و محلی ایران . Iranian National Commission for UNESCO . 42 . 2011 . fa . 2018-02-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161020094311/http://www.irunesco.org/images/baziha-lowdpi.pdf . 2016-10-20 . dead .
58. Book: Contemporary master's lesson from Darius Safvat . 1 . Jean . During . Zia . Mirabdolbaghi . Dariush . Safvat . Mage Publishers . 1991 . 89. 9780934211222 .
59. Encyclopedia: Jacoby . Oswald . Morehead . Albert . poker Origin and spread . Encyclopædia Britannica . January 18, 2008 . (...) Poker is virtually indistinguishable from an older Persian game called as nas, a four-hand game played with a 20-card pack, five cards dealt to each player. This coincidence led some students of games to call poker a derivative of as nas, but this theory has been discredited. (...).
60. Book: دانشنامۀ فرهنگ مردم ایران . Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia . fa . 2014 . 56.
61. Encyclopedia: BĀZĪ . Encyclopædia Iranica . IV . 60–65 . December 15, 1989.
62. Encyclopedia: CARD GAMES . Encyclopædia Iranica . IV . 802–803 . December 15, 1990.
63. Encyclopedia: BOARD GAMES in pre-Islamic Persia . Ulrich . Schädler . Anne-Elizabeth . Dunn-Vaturi . Encyclopædia Iranica . online . 2016.