Rafah offensive explained

Conflict:Rafah offensive
Place:Rafah Governorate, Gaza Strip
Date:6 May 2024 – present
Partof:the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war
Combatant1: Israel
Combatant2:
Units1:

Ministry of Defense Shin Bet[8]

Units2:
  • Rafah Brigade
    • Eastern Rafah Battalion
    • Shaboura Battalion
    • Tel al-Sultan Battalion
    • Yibna Battalion

Al-Quds Brigades
Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades[9]
National Resistance Brigades
Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades[10]
---- Palestinian Civil Police Force

Commander1: Yaron Finkelman[11]
Itzik Cohen
Liron Betito[12]
Benny Aharon[13]
Omer Cohen[14]
Yair Zuckerman[15]
Commander2: Mohammad Shabana[16]
Salame Muhammad Abu Ajaj
Mahmoud Hamdan
Yasser Natat
Israeli claim:
Mohammed Deif[17]
Yassin Rabia
Khaled Nagar---- Fares Abdel-Al
Strength1:Unknown
Strength2: 3,000–8,000[18]
Casualties1:Per Israel:
28 soldiers, 1 Defense Ministry contractor killed
74 soldiers, 1 Military Intelligence Directorate interrogator and 2 Defense Ministry employees injured
Casualties2:Per Israel:
1,000+ militants killed[19]
  • 900+ killed
Casualties3:209+ Palestinians killed, 286+ injured
1 UN staff member killed, 1 WHO staff member injured
2 Egyptian border guards killed
2 Israeli hostages killed (per Hamas), 3 civilians injured
1,000,000+ Palestinians displaced (est.)
Status:Ongoing

On 6 May 2024, Israel began a military offensive in and around the city of Rafah as part of its invasion of the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war.

Before the offensive, about 1.4 million displaced Palestinians from elsewhere in the Gaza Strip had sought shelter in Rafah. In February, Israel announced its intent to invade in order to eliminate Hamas brigades it said were in the city.[20] In early May, as ceasefire negotiations stalled, Israel prepared for an operation and ordered the evacuation of eastern Rafah.[21] [22] On 6 May, Hamas accepted a ceasefire deal proposed by Egypt and Qatar,[23] but Israel's war cabinet unanimously rejected it as "far from Israel's necessary demands", and indicated it would continue its operation. Israel initially planned to launch a two division sweep across the city, but U.S. President Joe Biden considered a major attack into Rafah a "red line" that could not be crossed. This forced Israel to reduce the operation to capturing the border to seal off arms smuggling into Gaza, and rely on targeted raids into Rafah.[24]

After the rejection, Israel conducted airstrikes on Rafah, entered the edges of the city, and seized the Rafah crossing, closing it.[25] The IDF entered populated areas of the city on 14 May.[26] Israel stated that the operation would not stop unless Hamas was eliminated or hostages were released.[25] On 24 May, the International Court of Justice ordered an immediate halt to the offensive, a position rejected by Israel.

The humanitarian impact of Israeli operations has been high. Over 1 million Palestinians were evacuated to zones alleged to be unsafe and lacking in supplies. Almost 210 Palestinians were killed and 280 injured by Israeli strikes. Hospitals were in poor condition due to Israeli attacks and lack of supplies. In addition, events relating to the offensive resulted in the temporary closures of the Kerem Shalom and Rafah crossings, further exacerbating the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.[27]

Background

See main article: Background of the Rafah offensive.

On 7 October 2023, Hamas and allied militants sparked the Israel–Hamas war by invading and attacking southern Israel, killing almost 1,200 people, mostly civilians, and taking more than 250 hostages. Following this, Israel retaliated by imposing a total blockade on Gaza, heavily bombing it, invading it, and conducting mass evacuations. Both Israel and Hamas were accused of war crimes.[28]

Since the start of the war, Palestinians in the Gaza Strip sought shelter in the southernmost area of Rafah, near the Egyptian border.[29] [30] With other cities in Gaza depopulated, Rafah became the most populous city in the Palestinian territories, with more than 1.4 million people.[31] Due to the large number of children among those displaced peoples, UNICEF termed Rafah "a city of children".[32]

Airstrikes on Rafah started on 8 October 2023,[33] and continued throughout the war.[34] Israel announced its intentions to invade Rafah in February 2024, which met backlash from the international community. The United States, Israel's largest military supplier, also opposed an offensive.

On 12 February, South Africa, as part of its genocide case against Israel, requested that the International Court of Justice impose additional measures on Israel to not invade Rafah.[35] Israel claimed it had a right to defend itself by entering Rafah to eliminate Hamas.[36] The court rejected the measure, saying its provisional measures already prevented Israel from an invasion.[37]

In advance of the offensive, the United States announced it had paused a weapons shipment, and that it wouldn't supply offensive weapons for Israel's assault.[38] In response, IDF spokesman Daniel Hagari stated, "The army has armaments for the missions it plans, and for the missions in Rafah too - we have what we need."[39]

Ceasefire negotiations

See main article: Ceasefire proposal for Israel–Hamas war (May 5). Ceasefire negotiations between Israel and Hamas had reached the closest to success in May. Hamas was expected to agree to a deal that resulted in the release of hostages and an end to the war. However, Israel and Hamas disagreed on the issue of ending the war completely after a hostage deal, with Israel saying it would "under no circumstances" accept a deal with such provisions. This led to the faltering of negotiations.[40] [41]

On 5 May, more than 10 rockets were launched from the Rafah area toward Kerem Shalom, killing four Israeli soldiers and wounding 11.[42] Hamas took responsibility for the attack. Negotiations collapsed, and Israel began to strike Rafah,[43] killing five people.[44] On 6 May, the IDF ordered the evacuation of civilians from eastern Rafah to parts of central Gaza and Khan Yunis.[45] An offensive seemed imminent, and the evacuation was condemned by multiple countries.[46] Later that day, Hamas accepted a ceasefire deal from Egypt and Qatar. The deal included a 6-week ceasefire and exchange of prisoners.[47] However, Israel rejected this deal.[48] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu commented that these terms were "far from Israel's basic requirements", while the Israeli war cabinet voted to invade Rafah.[49] Israel said it would send a delegation to continue ceasefire negotiations, while also continuing its offensive in the meantime.[47] Israel also claimed that the United States was aware of, but did not tell Israel about, the deal negotiated between Hamas, Egypt and Qatar.[50]

Timeline

6 May to 13 May

On 6 May, before and during the offensive, Israel struck Rafah at least 50 times.[51] Later that day, in a limited invasion, the IDF entered the outskirts of Rafah and approached the Rafah Border Crossing and the Egyptian border.[23] [52] 20 Hamas gunmen were killed in the operation, according to the IDF. In addition, it claimed to discover three tunnels and destroying an explosive-laden car.[53] [54] On the morning of 7 May, the IDF captured the Rafah Crossing.[55] Hamas continued to shell the Kerem Shalom Crossing from Rafah, launching six mortars and rockets.[56] The Givati Brigade separately seized the portion of Salah al-Din Road in eastern Rafah in an overnight operation.[57]

Haaretz reported that administration of the Rafah Crossing would be handed over to a private firm, and that the operation was limited and intended to exert pressure on Hamas.[58] John Kirby, the White House National Security Communications Advisor, similarly said that Israel had told the US that the operation was limited and intended to prevent smuggling of arms and money into the Gaza Strip, with negotiations for the release of Israeli hostages and a ceasefire resuming.[59] Israel's Minister of Defense, Yoav Gallant, said that the operation would not stop unless Hamas was eliminated or Israeli hostages were released.[25]

On 8 May, the IDF continued battles with Hamas in the outskirts of Rafah, killing multiple of the group's fighters.[60] It claimed to have killed around 30 Hamas fighters since the operation began.[61] Hamas meanwhile fired eight rockets at the Kerem Shalom crossing from Rafah, resulting in one soldier being wounded.[62] Later that day, Joe Biden, the President of the United States, threatened to cut off supplies of bombs and artillery to Israel if it went through with a full invasion, already partially withholding aid.[63]

On 9 May, Israel expressed disappointment with Biden's statements, saying they strengthened Iran, Hamas, and Hezbollah, and that they could not defeat Hamas without invading Rafah.[64] The IDF announced it had killed about 50 Hamas gunmen since the beginning of the operation. It also claimed to discover ten tunnel shafts, including a booby-trapped one that injured three soldiers.[65]

On 10 May, the Israeli war cabinet voted to expand the operation. Sources for Axios gave conflicting reports about whether or not the expansion would cross Biden's red line, but all said the cabinet also told the Israeli delegation to continue ceasefire negotiations.[66] Kirby meanwhile stated that Israel's operation had not crossed the U.S.' "red line" yet, although it was watching with "concern" and urged Israel to open up the Rafah crossing for aid.[67] Lebanese media reported that Israel was planning separate small-scale operations in different parts of Rafah so as to not upset the U.S.[68] South Africa again requested that the ICJ impose additional measures on Israel to prevent a full offensive.[69]

On 10 May, two soldiers belonging the 9th Battalion of the 401st Armored Brigade were "seriously injured" due to a Hamas attack, while 12 soldiers belonging to the Southern Battalion of the Gaza Division were injured due to wasp stings.[70] The 401st brigade also advanced on the Salah al-Din Road, encircling the evacuation zone. The IDF claimed it discovered more tunnels in eastern Rafah, struck several sites launching rockets and mortars, and killed several Hamas gunmen throughout the day.[71] Rockets from Rafah and central Gaza Strip were launched by Hamas towards Be'er Sheva, wounding a woman.[72] The World Health Organization stated that an Israeli airstrike wounded a staff member and killed his niece.[73] Ceasefire talks meanwhile broke down after Israel rejected the terms Hamas had agreed to.[74]

On 11 May, Israel ordered evacuation of additional parts of eastern Rafah, in preparation for a further advance. However, the U.S. said it would offer intelligence to locate senior Hamas officials if Israel avoided a full-scale invasion. The offer was part of secret diplomatic talks that had been ongoing to stave off an invasion. The U.S. was concerned about the scale of an invasion, preferring a limited operation with a safer relocation process for civilians. The U.S. and Egypt meanwhile co-operated to find and destroy tunnels located beneath the Egypt–Gaza border.[75] Egypt also refused to coordinate with the IDF at the Rafah crossing.[76] Israel claimed to destroy Hamas tunnel shafts in eastern Rafah, and Hamas attacked soldiers near the Rafah crossing.[77]

On 12 May, Israel claimed Hamas again struck Kerem Shalom with rockets. Hamas and PIJ claimed attacks on the IDF in Rafah, while Israeli tanks struck the area multiple times.[78] Meanwhile, it was reported that Egypt threatened to suspend its peace treaty with Israel if it expanded the offensive,[79] although the Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sameh Shoukry allayed concerns by saying that the treaty was a "strategic choice" and contained mechanisms for addressing violations.[80] It also announced its support for the South African genocide case.[81] The American secretary of state Antony Blinken stated that Israel had no "credible plan" for safeguarding civilians in Rafah and risked creating an insurgency, while the Israeli National Security Advisor Tzachi Hanegbi said that Israel was taking the U.S.' concerns into account about the Rafah offensive after they were raised by his American counterpart Jake Sullivan.[82]

On 13 May, Hamas stated that it had clashed with the IDF in a street to the east of Rafah. A UN staff member was killed when his vehicle was struck while travelling to the European Hospital in Rafah.[83] The UN later alleged that it was due to an IDF tank.[84] Per the Israeli investigation, the vehicle did not inform the IDF ground forces while traveling in a restricted area. It was then attacked along with its occupants, first by a tank and then by a drone, contrary to protocols, after ground forces noticed an armed individual inside. However, it stated that it was not clear as to whether the operators of the drone had noticed the UN markings on the vehicle.[85]

Meanwhile, eight soldiers of the Yahalom engineering unit, two Israeli Defense Ministry employees and a contractor who later succumbed to his wounds, were injured when Hamas shelled the Rafah Crossing.[86] Israel also proposed that the Palestinian Authority take part in operating the Rafah crossing.[87] Sky News however reported that the request was rejected by the Palestinian Authority, which conditioned its cooperation on Israel accepting a plan for creation of a Palestinian state by allied Arab countries.[88]

14 May to 21 May

On 14 May, the IDF entered the city proper, advancing into the Brazil, Jneina and al-Salam neighborhoods of eastern Rafah. Israel and Hamas intensified clashes, with Hamas claiming to have destroyed an IDF troop carrier in al-Salam, resulting in casualties. The IDF stated that it had killed militants around the Rafah Crossing and eastern Rafah, and destroyed a missile launching site.[89] [90] Six soldiers were wounded by an explosive device, while the IDF claimed to have killed more than 100 fighters and to have discovered ten tunnels since the offensive began. It also released a drone video alleging presence of militants at a UNRWA logistics center.[91] The UNRWA stated that it could not verify the authenticity, content, timing or exact location, but stated that it likely showed a warehouse which had been abandoned by their staff after IDF ordered evacuation in eastern Rafah. Hamas meanwhile stated that the men in the video belonged to the police force protecting aid centres.[92] [93] The IDF meanwhile announced its first fatality of the operation, as a soldier belonging to the 7th Armored Brigade's 75th Battalion was killed.[94] Qatari Prime Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani stated that Israel's Rafah offensive had lowered the chances of a ceasefire agreement.[90] The ICJ meanwhile said it would hold hearings on the attack throughout the week.[95] The US indicated that it would go through with a long-term weapons deal with Israel, while still blocking weapons it believed could be used in Rafah.[96]

On 15 May, the 162nd Division continued its operations in eastern Rafah,[97] with the IDF stating that the Givati Brigade had raided a Hamas training camp in eastern Rafah, killing several fighters and seizing weapons along with mock IDF vehicles.[94] It also stated that a rocket fired from Rafah towards the Kerem Shalom Crossing struck an open area, without causing casualties.[98] Meanwhile, South Africa presented arguments at the ICJ. It claimed Rafah was the last refuge for Palestinians and requested the court order Israel to pause its operations and withdraw from Rafah.[99] The International Rescue Committee stated that "the scale of the crisis defies imagination".[100] Netanyahu however denied that any humanitarian crisis existed in Rafah, while Blinken stated that the operation had caused a "negative impact".[101] Two Egyptian officials told Reuters that the Egyptian government had rejected a plan from Israel about both countries cooperating to reopen the Rafah Crossing, while it insisted that the crossing only be managed by Palestinian authorities. Israel stated that Egypt was refusing to open the crossing for fleeing civilians.[102]

On 16 May, Gallant announced deployment of additional troops for the offensive,[103] with the Oz Brigade being deployed to Rafah.[104] The IDF claimed that the 401st Armored Brigade with the support of 414th Combat Intelligence Collection Unit destroyed several rocket launchers armed with long-range projectiles, while the Shaked Battalion destroyed another site containing dozens of rocket launchers, including those used in the attack on Be'er Sheva.[105] Satellite imagery showed preparation for two Israeli logistical supply routes.[106]

On 17 May, Israel claimed at the ICJ that it had discovered 700 tunnel shafts used by Hamas in Rafah, including 50 that crossed into Egypt, in order to dissaude the court from ordering a halt to the offensive.[107] The foreign ministers of 13 Western countries signed a joint letter to Israel urging it to call off a large-scale Rafah offensive.[108]

On 18 May, Hamas claimed to have killed 20 Israeli soldiers during clashes in Rafah,[109] while the IDF announced the deaths of two soldiers of the Givati Brigade and injuries to three others due to a booby-trapped tunnel shaft. Separately, a soldier of the 5832nd Combat Engineering Battalion was injured when militants struck his D9 armored bulldozer.[110] The 401st Armored Brigade launched further raids against Hamas in Eastern Rafah, with the IDF claiming that about 50 fighters were killed,[111] while the Givati Brigade claimed to have killed more than 80 militants and seized anti-aircraft guns during the offensive.[112] It also claimed to have killed a senior PIJ member and two Hamas commanders in airstrikes during the day. Israeli media reported that Israel was attempting to persuade the U.S. for allowing an expanded operation.[113] [110] Two people were reported killed after Israel bombed a home in central Rafah.[114]

On 19 May, Sullivan held discussions with Netanyahu during which he called for a targeted operation in Rafah rather than a full-scale offensive.[115] Gallant however stated that Israel was committed to expanding the offensive.[116] The 162nd Division advanced further into Rafah, while the Oz Brigade was deployed into the Brazil neighborhood.[117] The IDF announced the killing of a PIJ commander along with three other members of the group in an airstrike in eastern Rafah, while the Maglan unit located tunnels and militants, and the Egoz Unit found weapons and cameras.[118] Two soldiers belonging to the Rotem Battalion of the Givati Brigade and a logistics crew of the 98th Division were meanwhile wounded.[119] Gaza's Civil Defence stated three people were killed and eight wounded in a bombing on the Tel al-Sultan neighborhood.[120]

On 20 May, clashes continued along the Philadelphi Corridor, while the IDF stated that it had killed more than 130 fighters in the operation, in addition to discovering dozens of tunnel shafts and underground tunnels crossing into Egypt during the day in eastern Rafah. It also stated that it believed that some Palestinian militants had taken advantage of the civilian evacuation, fleeing with them towards the al-Mawasi humanitarian zone.[121] Journalist David Ignatius reported that Israel had agreed to a limited operation instead of a full-scale offensive involving deployment of two IDF divisions in Rafah, after Sullivan met with Saudi and Israeli officials.[122] A U.S. official expressed initial satisfaction with the reported Israeli decision, stating that it incorporated many American concerns and improved Israel's standing in the negotiations with Hamas. American officials also criticized Egypt for preventing aid delivery through the Rafah and Kerem Shalom crossings, as well as mishandling the negotiations.[123] CNN reported that Egyptian mediators had changed the terms of the deal Israel had agreed to, inserting more of Hamas' demands without informing the other parties. Egypt denied the allegations and threatened to withdraw from the talks.[124]

On 21 May, the IDF stated that the Givati Brigade and the 162nd Division had captured three militants exiting a tunnel, seized weapons, uncovered a weapons warehouse, and eliminated 20 other militants over the past day. It later stated that dozens of militants approaching IDF soldiers were eliminated.[125] Israeli tanks advanced into the Brazil, Jneina and al-Salam suburbs, with the IDF stating that it had taken out a militant firing mortars at soldiers with an airstrike, in addition to locating rockets and other military equipment.[126] An Israeli strike on the Yabna refugee camp in eastern Rafah reportedly killed five people, including three children.[127]

22 May to 29 May

On 22 May, Israeli tanks reached the westernmost point in their offensive, advancing to the outskirts of the Yibna suburb after heavy clashes overnight. IDF drones bombed Yibna and some fishing boats on Rafah's beach, while Hamas claimed to have struck two IDF troop carriers along the border with Egypt.[128] The IDF announced the deployment of the Nahal Brigade into Rafah, making it the fifth brigade deployed into the city, while troops advanced into the Brazil and Shaboura neighborhoods after a wave of airstrikes. IDF tanks advanced from the Brazil neighborhood towards the Bahlul gas station and the Zul-Nurein mosque, reaching behind the local Bank of Palestine branch and the cattle market of Rafah.[129] The IDF claimed to have reached the outskirts of the Rafah Camp in the center of Rafah, though not advancing into the city centre itself.[130] It also stated that the 401st brigade located and destroyed several armed rocket launchers along the Philadelphi Corridor,[131] while The Wall Street Journal cited an estimation by Egyptian officials about Israel controlling around 70% of the corridor.[132]

On 23 May, the IDF continued its advance towards Yibna,[133] while also advancing in the Brazil and Shaboura neighborhoods. The IDF claimed that the Givati Brigade found missiles and rocket launchers used by Hamas in a graveyard in eastern Rafah, while also eliminating multiple gunmen in the same area over the past week. It also stated that over the past day IDF sodiers uncovered rocket launchers, several tunnel shafts, and eliminated three militants launching mortars with an airstrike.[134] The Institute for the Study of War and Critical Threats Project stated half of Israel's brigades deployed in Gaza were deployed in Rafah.[135]

On 24 May, the IDF intensified airstrikes and shelling on the southern and central areas of Rafah.[136] The ICJ during the day ruled that Israel must halt military operations in Rafah which would risk destruction of its population contrary to the Genocide Convention, and keep the Rafah Crossing open. Four of the five judges who wrote opinions on the ruling stated that it did not require Israel to completely halt the offensive but only prevent genocidal acts, while the sole dissenting judge opined that it required a complete halt.[137] South Africa, the Palestinian Authority and Hamas welcomed the ruling, however the latter two also criticized the ICJ for not ordering a halt on fighting in other parts of the Gaza Strip.[138] Israeli government officials meanwhile rejected the ruling and IDF airstrikes struck the Shaboura camp shortly afterwards.[139] The IDF also claimed to have struck an underground structure containing Rafah Brigades members and several senior Hamas operatives.[140] Egypt and the U.S. meanwhile agreed to allow sending some of the food aid stuck at the former's border through the Kerem Shalom Crossing until the Rafah Crossing was re-opened from the Palestinian side.[141]

On 25 May, the IDF continued its airstrikes despite the ICJ ruling, while clashing with Hamas.[142] The New York Times meanwhile reported that condemnation by its allies had succeeded in causing Israel to "moderate" its offensive, citing IDF officers who stated that it was moving "more deliberately" by reducing the intensity of its attacks with lesser airstrikes and shelling, while also using a lesser number of and smaller bombs, causing soldiers to engage Hamas in close-quarters combat. Several Israeli officers also noted that the four Hamas battalions in Rafah were inferior in training compared to its battalions in the northern parts of Gaza Strip.[143] The IDF claimed to have eliminated Palestinian militants, discovered weapons and destroyed part of Hamas' tunnel system in Rafah.[144] It also withdrew the Givati Brigade from eastern Rafah, while four other units of the 162nd Division remained in the area.[145]

On 26 May, the IDF stated that it eliminated militants, found tunnel shafts, seized a large quantity of weapons and destroyed two rocket launchers that were targeting the Kerem Shalom crossing during the day. Hamas later launched eight rockets from Rafah towards Tel Aviv, the first such attack in four months. The IDF claimed to have shot down three rockets, with the other five landing in open areas. Two civilians in Herzliya were lightly wounded and a home was damaged due to shrapnel.[146] In response, Israeli ministers and politicians called for the offensive on Rafah to continue or be intensified.[147] The IDF later claimed to have struck a rocket launcher located near two mosques and used in the Tel Aviv attack, while also stating that the Givati Brigade had eliminated 30 fighters in the past few days. Gaza's Civil Defense Agency meanwhile stated that it had found six corpses from a house which had been struck in eastern Rafah.[148] The IDF later carried out airstrikes in Tel al-Sultan neighborhood. The attack killed at least 45 civilians and drew international criticism.[149] [150] The IDF stated that it has targeted a compound where Hamas officials Yassin Rabia and Khaled Nagar were present, while Netanyahu stated that it had made a "tragic mishap" although it was trying to avoid harming civilians.[151] Hamas later confirmed the deaths of two of its members in the airstrikes.[152] An IDF investigation found that the deaths were a result of poor planning and it not confirming the presence of civilians in the tents near the compound, with weapons or other flammable material nearby catching fire after the airstrike.[153]

IDF tanks intensified their assault on eastern and southern areas of Rafah on 27 May, killing eight people. Two medical workers were also killed by a drone while leaving the Kuwaiti Hospital.[154] Meanwhile, a skirmish between Israeli and Egyptian soldiers occurred near the Rafah crossing, resulting in one Egyptian soldier being killed.[155] Both countries accused each other of opening fire first.[156] Reuters however cited Egyptian sources as stating that the Egyptian soldier shot at IDF soldiers who crossed into Egypt while pursuing and killing several Palestinians. The IDF troops fired back, resulting in his death and sparking a clash between two sides which left several IDF soldiers and one Egyptian soldier wounded.[157] i24NEWS quoted IDF sources accusing Egyptian soldiers of firing at the Engineering Corps in Rafah first, resulting in several Egyptian soldiers being wounded while the IDF received no casualties.[158] The New Arab meanwhile reported that seven IDF soldiers were wounded.[159] An Egyptian soldier wounded in the clash later succumbed to his wounds, although the state-affiliated Al Qahera News cited a security source as denying it.[160] [161]

The Kuwaiti Hospital, one of the last functional medical facilities in Rafah, announced on 27 May that it was shutting down due to the Israeli drone strike on its workers on the previous day and the staff members were shifting to a field hospital.[151] The Indonesian Field Hospital was later attacked during the day, causing damage to its upper floors.[162] The IDF continued bombing Rafah overnight and stated that it pursued militants along the Philadelphi Corridor. At least 26 people were killed due to Israeli bombings according to the Gaza Health Ministry. The European Union meanwhile agreed to consider reviving the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Rafah, while stating that it would require agreements from the Palestinian Authority, Israel and Egypt.[163]

Residents told Reuters that IDF tanks and armored vehicles had entered central Rafah on 28 May, reaching near al-Awda mosque whilst soldiers clashed with Hamas fighters around the Zoroub Hill. Witnesses also stated that it had deployed unmanned ground vehicles based on the M113 APC. The IDF however refused to comment on the reports. The IDF also continued bombing the Tel al-Sultan neighborhood.[164] [165] During the day, it claimed that the Nahal Brigade found tunnel shafts, captured weapons and killed many militants. The IDF also advanced in the Tel al-Sultan neighborhood, while deploying the Bislamach Brigade under the command of the 162nd Division into Rafah.[166] The Gaza Health Ministry later stated that at least 21 people were killed and 64 wounded after Israel struck a tent camp in Al-Mawasi, with emergency services stating that the deaths were caused by four IDF tank shells. The IDF denied carrying out the attack.[167] [168] Al Qahera News reported that Egypt, the U.S. and Qatar were trying to revive ceasefire talks.[169] Rafah's field hospitals evacuated to the al-Mawasi area.[170]

IDF tanks continued their probing attacks on 29 May, entering Tel al-Sultan, Yibna and Shaboura neighborhoods before withdrawing to the border with Egypt. Hamas and PIJ claimed to have clashed with the IDF, while also detonating explosives. Three soldiers were killed and three others were seriously wounded during the day. Israel also implemented a communications blackout in some areas of eastern and southern Rafah, while Palestinian health officials reported that Israeli airstrikes wounded several people and caused fires that destroyed aid stores. Hanegbi stated that the IDF controlled 75% of the Philadelphi Corridor.[171] Hamas claimed that it killed seven IDF soldiers during clashes in al-Shawka neighborhood, while another soldier was shot by his own comrades. It also claimed killings of fifteen soldiers in al-Tanour neighborhood.[172] The IDF later declared it had seized complete control of the Egypt–Gaza border, uncovering 20 tunnels used by Hamas, while Egyptian media quoted sources denying existence of tunnels crossing into Egypt.[173] The Palestine Red Crescent Society meanwhile stated that two of its staff members were killed in Rafah.[174] The deputy director of emergency services in Rafah stated civilians evacuating Tel al-Sultan were targeted by Israeli drones.[175] The IDF also stated that it had taken "tactical control" of Tel al-Sultan.[176]

30 May to 5 June

12 civilians were killed in central Rafah on 30 May due to an Israeli airstrike when they tried to recover the corpse of another individual. The IDF continued to clash with Palestinian militants in Rafah[177] and claimed to have eliminated around 300 fighters.[178]

On 31 May, the IDF confirmed its presence in central Rafah, stating that it located rocket launchers, tunnel shafts, and weapons while dismantling a Hamas weapons depot.[179] Biden later presented an Israeli proposal for a temporary ceasefire to allow for return of Israeli hostages, both alive and dead, in exchange for Palestinian prisoners, entry of more humanitarian aid, and negotiations for a permanent ceasefire for withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip as well as allowing in material for reconstruction, as long as Hamas abided by the agreement. Hamas later expressed its readiness for the negotiations if Israel announced it would abide by the deal. Netanyahu's office stated that Israel was negotiating for a deal, while insisting on Hamas disbanding its military and administration for a permanent ceasefire.[180] The IDF meanwhile released footage of rocket launchers as well as tunnels it said were used by Hamas to smuggle weapons along the border with Egypt.[181] Residential buildings and public facilities were cleared in the as-Salam and al-Jenina neighborhoods in eastern Rafah.[182]

The IDF continued attacking Rafah on 1 June, shelling the eastern and central areas, while also bombing the Tel al-Sultan neighborhood.[183]

On 2 June, Gallant and Netanyahu's chief foreign policy advisor Ophir Falk maintained that Israel would insist on dismantling of Hamas and release of all hostages for a permanent ceasefire. The IDF meanwhile stated that it was operating in the Yabna camp in central Rafah, with the Givati Brigade killing several militants, locating military infrastructure, weapons and anti-aircraft guns, while the 9th Armored Battalion under its command uncovered several rocket-launching pits along the border with Egypt and the Nahal Brigade called in an airstrike to eliminate a rocket launcher.[184] [185] Egyptian officials met with American and Israeli officials during the day to negotiate the reopening of the Rafah crossing during the day. Two Egyptian security sources told Reuters that Egypt had agreed go the European Union's mission as long as Palestinian authorities agreed to resume operating the crossing.[186]

Shoukry on 3 June 2024 stated that Egypt wouldn't open the Rafah crossing unless Israel withdrew from the Palestinian side.[187] The IDF meanwhile stated that the 162nd Division continued its operations in Rafah alongside the Combat Engineering Corps, using tanks and intelligence information passed on to it. In addition, it claimed that the Maglan and Egoz units eliminated militants at a site being used for operations against the IDF, seized weapons, located tunnel shafts and destroyed military infrastructure, while an airstrike destroyed a weapons manufacturing facility used by Hamas.[188]

Two policemen guarding aid deliveries were killed due to Israeli strikes on 4 June, with a total of seven people killed by Israeli attacks in the preceding 24 hours.[189] [190] On 5 June, the IDF published a video of a 2km (01miles)-long tunnel along the border with Egypt it had recently discovered, and was purportedly used by Hamas to smuggle weapons, adding that it had destroyed it.[191] Israeli gunboats reportedly bombed the city's coast.[192]

6 June to 13 June

Four Hamas militants attempted to infiltrate into southern Israel near Kerem Shalom and Holit during the early morning of 6 June, with the IDF eliminating three of them with drone strikes and tank shelling, while one was believed to have escaped back to Rafah, after they were intercepted by the Desert Reconnaissance Battalion. An IDF officer was also killed in the clash.[193] [194] IDF tanks bombarded Rafah overnight and advanced westwards, reaching al-Izba area near the coastline, while also raiding into central Rafah. Palestinian health officials stated that two people were killed and several others were wounded due to tank shelling in western Rafah.[195] The IDF stated that the Tzabar Battalion of the Givati Brigade had discovered a weapons manufacturing facility during the day, while nearby the Givati Reconnaissance Battalion uncovered a booby-trapped home containing mortars using a drone.[196]

The IDF announced the killing of Salame Muhammad Abu Ajaj, a commander of the General Security Forces of Hamas in Rafah, and Eyad al-Maghari, a Hamas member and the mayor of Nuseirat refugee camp, in an airstrike on 7 June.[197] The 162nd Division continued its operations in Rafah on 8 June per the IDF, with the 401st Brigade raiding a training facility of Hamas' Tel al-Sultan Battalion, killing militants in addition to seizing weapons and locating tunnel shafts.[198] Israeli reportedly fired incendiary bombs in northern Rafah, setting homes and agricultural facilities on fire.[199]

IDF tanks advanced into two more neighborhoods on 9 June, apparently to complete the encirclement of eastern Rafah, triggering clashes with Palestinian militants. The IDF meanwhile stated that the 162nd Division had uncovered tunnel shafts, mortars and other weapons during their raids. An airstrike on a house in Tel al-Sultan killed two people according to Palestinian medics.[200] Palestinian media reported heavy bombardment of Urayba area to the north of Rafah by the IDF overnight.[201]

On 10 June, IDF tanks advanced northwards in Rafah and attempted to advance in the Shaboura neighborhood.[202] [203] The 162nd Division eliminated many militants during the day according to the IDF.[204] Four soldiers of the Givati Reconnaissance Battalion were meanwhile killed and seven wounded in Shaboura when Hamas blew up a booby-trapped building, with the IDF stating that it found a tunnel shaft in the home later on.[205] [206] One of the soldiers later succumbed to his wounds.[207]

On 11 June, the IDF stated that the Givati Brigade had eliminated a militant cell, while seizing intelligence documents and equipment during their raids in the city.[207] The IDF also bombed houses in Rafah during the day according to residents.[208] An Israeli official meanwhile claimed that Hamas had basically rejected the ceasefire proposal, though a Hamas official stated that it has only asked for the fulfillment of its longstanding demands.[209] Hamas and PIJ later stated that they had demanded a full Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, including from the Rafah crossing and the border with Egypt.[208] At least two farmers were killed, and a communications blackout prevented ambulances from reaching people buried under rubble.[210]

The IDF on 12 June stated that Battalion 890 of the Givati Brigade was operating in Shaboura and had eliminated many militants they encountered over the past week, discovering weapons and a tunnel shaft leading to their underground compound following the clash.[211] On 13 June, Israeli tanks advanced towards Al Mawasi after intensely bombing Rafah overnight according to residents, though the IDF denied bombing inside the designated humanitarian zone itself.[212] Western Rafah was intensely bombarded by the IDF during the day.[213]

14 June to 21 June

The Nahal Brigade eliminated militants, located weapons, several tunnel shafts and passages built by militants through walls of houses during its operations on 14 June according to the IDF, in addition to destroying stockpiled explosives they had found,[214] while the IAF took out a hostile drone approaching the Maglan unit.[215] Hamas meanwhile claimed that two Israeli hostages were killed due to an airstrike in Rafah a few days earlier.[216] Five rockets were fired from the Al-Mawasi humanitarian zone according to the IDF, with two falling in open areas in Israel and the other three falling short in the Gaza Strip.[217] Israeli helicopters with machine guns were reported in western Rafah.[218]

On 15 June, eight soldiers of the Combat Engineering Corps' 601st Battalion were killed after the Namer armored personnel carrier they were traveling in was targeted in Tel al-Sultan per the IDF, with Hamas claiming responsibility. The IDF also stated that the 401st brigade had eliminated around fifty militants during overnight clashes in Tel al-Sultan.[219] [220] Al Jazeera Arabic's correspondent reported Israeli forces were burning down homes in central Rafah.[221] The Palestinian Press Agency reported about IDF bombing the Saudi neighborhood in western Rafah, while Oz Brigade in cooperation with Yahalom seized many weapons over the past week in Rafah according to the IDF.[222] Hamas, Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades and the National Resistance Brigades attacked IDF forces in the Saudi neighborhood.[223]

The IDF on 16 June announced that it will hold daily tactical humanitarian pauses from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. along the stretch of Salah al-Din Road from Kerem Shalom bording crossing to the European Hospital near Khan Yunis in order to allow delivery of aid, while also stating that it would continue to attack militants in Rafah. Israeli media reported that Netanyahu and the Minister of National Security Itamar Ben-Gvir opposed the decision, and it was made without the former or Gallant being informed about it.[224] Meanwhile, it also announced that a soldier of the Nahal Brigade's reconnaissance unit was wounded, while two other soldiers and an interrogator of the Military Intelligence Directorate's Unit 504 were wounded.[225] Al Jazeera Arabic reported Israeli forces targeted ambulances responding to the death of two people in Tal as-Sultan.[226]

The IDF on 17 June claimed that it had dismantled half of Hamas' forces in Rafah, with the Yabna and eastern Rafah battalions almost completely destroyed, and the Tel al-Sultan and Shaboura battalions moderately dismantled. It also stated that the 162nd Division had gained control of 60–70% of Rafah, having killed at least 550 militants and destroying around 200 tunnel shafts, with control of the city expected to be complete in two weeks, while IDF troops also captured the NPK (Yabna) neighborhood, and discovered hundreds of rockets and many tunnels along the Philadelphi Corridor, including at least 25 tunnels going towards the Egyptian border.[227] Neighborhoods in eastern Rafah were "completely razed" by airstrikes and demolitions.[228] The 401st brigade meanwhile began deploying drones in its operations in the city, with the IDF reporting that it had used them to eliminate militants and a weapons warehouse in Tel al-Sultan.[229] The PIJ stated that it had targeted the IDF's Sufa outpost near the kibbutz of Sufa and its troops in several areas of Rafah, while the National Resistance Brigades stated that they had targeted IDF in Tel al-Sultan with mortars.[230] Philippe Lazzarini, the head of UNRWA, stated that "operationally, nothing has changed yet", following Israel's announcement of "operational pauses" the day prior.[231]

IDF tanks continued their offensive in Tel al-Sultan, al-Izba, Zurub and Shaboura neighborhoods on 18 June, while one person was killed due to IDF's attacks in eastern Rafah per Palestinian health officials.[232] The UN stated that it had been unable to distribute aid from the Kerem Shalom crossing due to fighting and lawlessness in the Gaza Strip.[233] The Washington Post reported that IDF's operation in Rafah was nearly complete and had destroyed 14 of the twenty tunnels it had found crossing into Egypt along the Philadelphi Corridor. The IDF stated that it had severely degraded three of the four Hamas battalions in Rafah.[234] Netanyahu meanwhile stated that he had criticized the U.S. for withholding weapons to Israel while meeting Blinken and was assured that all restrictions on weapons would be removed. Blinken for his part stated that Netanyahu was exaggerating, and the U.S. only withheld one shipment of 2,000-pound bombs for review due to concerns over their use in a densely populated area like Rafah.[235]

IDF tanks advanced further in western Rafah on 19 June, making incursions into five neighborhoods after midnight, while Israeli bombardment on Al-Mawasi killed eight Palestinians and forced people to flee northwards according to medics and media affiliated with Hamas. Palestinian militants meanwhile targeted the Kerem Shalom crossing with rockets. Reuters cited medical sources as stating that twelve Palestinians were killed due to an Israeli attack while awaiting aid from the crossing.[236]

Hamas on 20 June claimed to have targeted two IDF tanks with anti-tank rockets in Shaboura, causing soldiers to flee before being killed by its fighters.[237] The IDF meanwhile stated that two soldiers of the 401st brigade's 46th Battalion were wounded by anti-tank weapons.[238]

IDF tanks pushed into northern and western Rafah on 21 June after having captured the eastern, southern and central areas, with Israeli bombardment causing more people to flee the city.[239] Health officials and emergency workers meanwhile stated that at least 25 people were killed and 50 wounded after Israeli forces shelled a tent camp for displaced civilians near an ICRC field hospital outside the Al-Mawasi humanitarian zone. The IDF stated that it was investigating the incident but had not fired within the zone.[240]

22 June to 29 June

The IDF carried out airstrikes and bombardments from the ground on several areas in Rafah on 22 June, forcing Palestinians in the designated humanitarian zones to flee further north in the Gaza Strip.[241] The IDF meanwhile announced the death of a soldier from the Armored Corps' 205th Brigade in an operational accident in Rafah,[242] and also stated that it had eliminated two militants along the humanitarian aid route near the Kerem Shalom crossing where World Food Programme staff were present.[243]

Residents on 23 June reported that Israeli tanks had advanced to the outskirts of the camp for displaced people in the Al-Mawasi humanitarian zone amidst clashes with Palestinian militants.[244] Hamas and PIJ stated that they had targeted the IDF with anti-tank rockets, mortars and explosives.[245] The IDF meanwhile stated that the 401st brigade raided and demolished the Abu Said outpost belonging to Hamas' Tel al-Sultan Battalion, raiding the offices of the battalion's commander Mahmoud Hamdan as well as that of the Rafah Brigade's Rocket and Missile Fire commander Yasser Natat, in addition to discovering a weapons depot and several tunnel shafts. It added that the 401st Brigade also raided and destroyed a Hamas training complex in the area, in addition to locating weapons, tunnels, and intelligence materials.[246] [247]

IDF Chief of the General Staff Herzi Halevi on 24 June stated that the military had nearly dismantled the Rafah Brigade of Hamas and it was no longer capable of operating as a fighting unit. Hamas' deputy chief in Gaza Khalil al-Hayya denied Israeli claims that it was near to meeting the military goals of its invasion of the Gaza Strip.[248] The IDF meanwhile stated that its troops had disabled rocket launchers in Tel al-Sultan, eliminated militants, located large quantities of weapons and destroyed several tunnel shafts during their operations in Rafah.[249]

Israeli tanks advanced further in western Rafah overnight on 25 June, while Hamas and PIJ stated that they had attacked the IDF with mortars in Yibna.[250] Clashes intensified in Tel al-Sultan on 26 June as IDF tanks attempted to advance north, with Hamas and PIJ stating that they attacked them with mortars and anti-tank rockets. Medics in Rafah stated that two Palestinians were killed due to an Israeli missile strike, while the IDF stated that it had taken out a Hamas militant involved in smuggling weapons from Egypt.[251] Four Palestinians were killed due to bombardment by Israeli tanks in western Rafah on 27 June according to medics. A soldier of the Nahal Infantry's 931st Battalion meanwhile was killed in a sniper attack claimed by Hamas.[252]

Israeli tanks advanced further in the Shakoush neighborhood in western Rafah on 28 June.[253] Palestinian health officials stated that at least eleven people were killed due to tank bombardment in Rafah,[254] while the Nahal Reconnaissance Battalion uncovered many weapons in residential buildings during its operations in the city.[255] The IDF on 29 June stated that the 162nd Division killed several militants, while the IAF targeted many sites operated by them and tunnel shafts.[256] Several Palestinians were killed in Israeli operations according to medical officials and residents.[257]

30 June to 6 July

Israeli tanks advanced into eastern, central and western Rafah on 30 June, with medics stating that six people were killed in an Israeli attack on a house in Shaboura. Residents of the city accused the IDF of setting the Al-Awda mosque ablaze.[258] The IDF meanwhile stated that its troops killed several militants and destroyed multiple tunnels over the past day. It also stated that the 162nd Division killed several militants, located tunnel shafts and destroyed a mortar launcher, while the Negev Brigade uncovered a tunnel near a UNRWA school and destroyed a rocket launching site containing at least nine launchers.[259] [260]

On 1 July, Israeli tanks advanced in central and western Rafah, while the IDF stated that it eliminated a militant firing anti-tank rockets. Hamas claimed to have lured an IDF contingent into a booby-trapped home before blowing it up,[261] with the IDF stating that a soldier of the Nahal Brigade's 931st Battalion was killed and nine others were wounded.[262] In addition, it stated that the Oz Brigade, the 401st Brigade and the Yahalom unit, while being guided by the Military Intelligence Directorate raided and destroyed PIJ's underground rocket manufacturing facility in Tel al-Sultan, the largest such PIJ facility in Gaza Strip.[263]

The IDF on 2 July stated that the Nahal Briagde ambushed and took out a group of militants heading towards an area IDF troops were operating in, while a soldier of the 401st Armored Brigade's 52nd Battalion was wounded.[264] The ICRC announced that it was transferring its medical team at the European Hospital in Khan Yunis to a field hospital in the Rafah-Mawasi area, after the IDF issued an evacuation order to civilians in an area stretching from southern Rafah to eastern Khan Yunis.[265] Halevi meanwhile stated that the IDF had killed more than 900 Hamas fighters in Rafah, including at least one battalion commander and many company commanders.[266]

Residents on 3 July stated that the IDF carried out new attacks in Rafah amidst clashes and fought Palestinian militants overnight in central Rafah, with Hamas and the PIJ claiming that they had shelled two Israeli tanks and a military bulldozer respectively.[267] The IDF on 4 July stated that it had eliminated multiple militants in Rafah.[268] On 5 July, residents stated that Israeli tanks had advanced into Al-Nasser neighborhood in northern Rafah.[269] The IDF claimed that it eliminated dozens of militants in addition to dismantling multiple booby-trapped buildings in Rafah over the past day.[270]

On 6 July, the IDF bombed a vehicle carrying members of the Palestinian Civil Police Force in Tel al-Sultan, killing four policemen and wounding eight others according to medical officials. Hamas stated that the dead included Fares Abdel-Al, head of the police in western Rafah. The IDF meanwhile stated that its troops had destroyed several underground structures, uncovered weapons and miliary equipment, and killed several militants during the day. Hamas was reported to have dropped itd demand for Israel committing to a permanent ceasefire and withdrawal from the Gaza Strip.[271]

7 July to 14 July

Israeli tanks intensified their raids in central and northern Rafah on 7 July, with the IDF claiming that it had killed 30 militants in clashes and airstrikes over the past day and destroyed a primed rocket launcher, while an officer of the Combat Engineering Corps' 601st and the commander of the 401st brigade's 52nd Battalion was wounded during the fighting. Medical officials meanwhile stated that they had recovered corpses of three Palestinians killed due to IDF's attacks in eastern Rafah. Regarding a possible ceasefire agreement, Netanyahu stated that it must allow Israel to resume the war until its objectives were achieved.[272] [273] [274]

The IDF stated that the 162nd Division continued its operations in Rafah on 8 July, with troops directing airstrikes at militants and eliminating them in clashes. The PIJ and the National Resistance Brigades meanwhile stated that they had attacked soldiers with mortars.[275] The IDF on 9 July stated that it had eliminated dozens of militants in Rafah.[276]

On 10 July, the IDF claimed that the 162nd Division eliminated several militants, located weapons and demolished underground infrastructure.[277] Reuters meanwhile cited a US official as stating that it had decided to resume shipping the batch of 500-pound bombs to Israel it had earlier paused, but were still withholding the 2,000-pound bombs.[278]

Residents stated on 11 July that Israeli tanks continued to bomb houses in western and central Rafah while clashing with militants. Palestinian health officials stated that four people, including a child, were killed due to an IAF airstrike in Tel Al-Sultan.[279] The IDF meanwhile reported a rocket barrage from Rafah towards Israel's border communities in the south, stating that it successfully intercepted five and in response it killed the militants behind it using an airstrike, in addition to targeting areas near the launching site.[280] Hamas published a footage purporting to show it attacking the IDF headquarters in Rafah.[281]

The IDF stated on 12 July that its troops in Rafah targeted tunnel shafts for destruction and eliminated a number of militants, including eliminating three militants near a tunnel shaft by calling in an airstrike after they attacked IDF troops.[282]

On 13 July, Israeli airstrikes struck a displacement camp in al-Mawasi, in an alleged attempt to assassinate Mohammed Deif, the head of Al-Qassam Brigades, and Rafa Salama, a commander of Hamas' Khan Yunis Brigade and one of the people identified as masterminds of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.[283] The IDF later stated that both Deif and Salama had been killed, however this was not confirmed by Hamas.[284] [17] The Gaza Health Ministry stated that 141 civilians were killed in the attack while 400 others were wounded.[285] The IDF also stated that an IAF aircraft struck a paraglider storage facility in Rafah used by Hamas' Aerial Defense Unit in the morning.[282]

15 July to 22 July

Residents of Rafah reported renewed clashes on 15 July, with the IDF blowing up several homes in western and central areas. Medical officials reported that they had recovered bodies of ten Palestinians who were killed due to the IDF's attack in east Rafah. The PIJ meanwhile claimed that it was engaging the IDF in heavy clashes in Yibna.[286] The IDF meanwhile stated that the 162nd Division eliminated militants, with the Nahal Brigade killing a group of militants armed with RPGs, while the IAF struck dozens of targets and militants. The Israeli Navy also provided support to ground forces while bombarding militant infrastructure according to the IDF.[287]

Health officials on 16 July reported that five Palestinians were killed due to an Israeli airstrike on a home in Rafah. The IDF stated that it continued its operations in the city, eliminating militants, targeting tunnels and Hamas military infrastructure. Another Israeli airstrike on a car in the Attar Street in the Al-Mawasi humanitarian zone killed at least seventeen people and injured 26 others. The IDF claimed that it was targeting a senior Hamas member.[288]

Israeli tanks raided northern Rafah before retreating on 17 July, while two people were killed in an Israeli airstrike according to medical officials. The IDF stated that its troops eliminated a militant cell and a launcher used to attack Israeli soldiers.[289] The IDF meanwhile stated that combat engineers of the Gaza Division, the Desert Reconnaissance Battalion and the Yahalom unit destroyed a tunnel in the Rafah area used by Hamas to infiltrate into Israel in June 2024.[290] It also assessed that the Rafah Brigade of Hamas had been mostly destroyed, with all four of its battalions greatly degraded.[291]

Israeli tanks advanced further in western Rafah on 18 July and positioned themsemves on a hilltop according to residents. The IDF stated that its troops eliminated several militants and located several tunnels, while Hamas stated that it had bombed IDF soldiers in southwestern Rafah with mortars.[292] Netanyahu made a surprise visit to Rafah, calling Israel's control of the Egypt–Gaza border and the Rafah crossing "essential" in the future.[293]

The IDF clashed with Palestinian militants in central and western Rafah on 19 July according to residents, while five people were killed due to Israeli attacks according to medical officials.[294] Israel was reported to have paused the ceasefire negotiations in order to include Netanyahu's demands of it controlling the Egypt–Gaza border and the Rafah border crossing.[295]

Israeli tanks advanced deeper into northern and western Rafah on 20 July, taking control of a hilltop in the west according to residents.[296] The IDF stated that its troops killed multiple gunmen in Rafah, with the fighting being led by the Givati Brigade and the 401st Armored Brigade carrying out operations against Hamas members and infrastructure in Tel al-Sultan.[297]

Heavy clashes took place between the IDF and Palestinian militants in western and central Rafah on 21 July according to residents, with Hamas and PIJ stating that they attacked IDF troops with anti-tank rockets and mortars. The IDF meanwhile stated that its troops eliminated a group of militants approaching them, in addition to destroying ammunition, tunnel shafts and infrastructure in Tel al-Sultan.[298] Three Palestinians were meanwhile killed in an Israeli drone strike according to a medical official and witnesses.[299]

The IDF on 22 July stated that the 401st Armored Brigade killed dozens of militants in Tel al-Sultan,[300] while the Nahal Brigade performed its last operation in Rafah before being withdrawn; raiding a school near the Al-Mawasi humanitarian zone where it eliminated militants and located a tunnel shaft; destroyed a tunnel, located drills, rockets and tunnel shafts in the Brazil neighborhood; and eliminated militants and located ammunition dumps in Yibna.[301] [302] Israel reduced the size of the humanitarian zone during the day.[303]

23 July to 29 July

Residents stated that Israeli tanks bombed many homes in Rafah on 23 July.[304] A soldier of the Givati Brigade's Rotem Battalion was meanwhile wounded during clashes.[305] The IDF on 24 July stated that the 932nd Battalion had found a tunnel shaft, weapons and military equipment in a child's room in Shaboura, while the 52nd Battalion engaged in clashes with militants in Shaboura and Tel al-Sultan, eliminating them.[306] A soldier of the Paratroopers Brigade's reconnaissance unit was meanwhile wounded.[305]

The IDF intensified its bombardment on several areas of Rafah on 25 July according to residents and medical officials, while Israeli tanks operated in northern, western and central Rafah, advancing further in the centre. Several Palestinians were reported to have been injured in Israeli attacks, while the IDF stated that it had eliminated two militants.[307]

The IDF on 26 July stated that the 162nd Division eliminated multiple militants, in addition to locating weapons and tunnels over the past day, while four militants encountered by the 414th Combat Intelligence Collection Unit were killed in drone strikes. An engineering vehicle operator of the Givati Brigade was meanwhile killed after his D9 armored bulldozer was struck by Hamas.

Four Palestinians were killed due to an Israeli airstike on a home in Rafah on 27 July.[308] An officer of the 401st Armored Brigade's 52nd Battalion who was injured due to anti-tank fire on 20 July succumbed to his wounds on 28 July,[309] while five Palestinians were killed due to an airstrike on a tented area in Al-Mawasi.[310]

The IDF on 29 July stated that many militants were killed in Rafah by the Givati Brigade and airstrikes.[311] It also stated that it was investigating the 401st Armored Brigade blowing up a water reservoir in Tel al-Sultan a week earlier with the permission of their commander.[312] The IDF had blown up over 30 water reservoirs in Rafah and Khan Yunis according to residents the head of the water networks of Khan Yunis municipality.[313]

30 July to 5 August

At least 20 corpses were recovered by the Palestinian Red Crescent Society on 30 July after the IDF withdrew from some areas in Rafah and eastern Khan Yunis.[314] The IDF meanwhile continued its operations in Tel al-Sultan.[315] The IDF engaged four militias in Rafah on 31 July, with the 401st Brigade raiding military infrastructure used by Palestinian militants in Tel al-Sultan and eliminating multiple fighters. Hamas and PIJ meanwhile targeted IDF troops with mortars and rocket-propelled grenades in Shaboura.[316]

The 162nd Division continued its advance in Rafah on 1 August, while also raiding Tel al-Sultan where soldiers destroyed a booby-trapped building.[317] [318] On 2 August, the IDF stated that the 162nd Division had eliminated around 30 militants in Rafah over the past day.[319]

Six people were killed in Rafah on 3 August due to Israeli attacks according to health officials, while the IDF stated that it had targeted militants and destroyed military infrastructure in Tel al-Sultan and Rafah.[320] [321] A soldier of the 401st Brigade's 9th Battalion was meanwhile wounded due to a sniper attack claimed by Hamas.

On 4 August, residents in northern Rafah received evacuation orders from the IDF as heavy clashes took place in the city.[322] The Nahal Brigade eliminated multiple militants and destroyed military infrastructure with the help of IAF, while the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades attacked IDF troops near the Rafah crossing with rockets.[323] The IDF also announced the discovery of a three-metre high cross-border tunnel located directly beneath a post of the Egyptian Army in the previous week.[324]

Three Palestinian militias attacked IDF troops stationed at the Rafah crossing with mortars on 5 August,[325] while Hamas claimed that it had attacked IDF troops in Zalata, located to the east of Rafah. Seven soldiers of the 205th Reserve Armored Brigade's 9215th Battalion meanwhile were wounded in a grenade attack, with the attacker later being eliminated.[326]

6 August to 13 August

Two people were killed in Rafah due to an Israeli attack in Rafah on 6 August according to medical officials, while Hamas claimed to have destroyed two armored personnel carriers of the IDF.[327] The IDF stated that 25 militants were killed in Rafah over the past day,[328] and temporarily closed its humanitarian route for aid to east of Rafah after an RPG attack by Hamas.[329]

The IDF on 7 August stated that the 162nd Division eliminated several militants and destroyed military infrastructure in Rafah.[330] On 8 August, the IDF stated that the Givati and Nahal Brigades conducted raids on sites used by militants in Rafah over the past day, with the Nahal Brigade eliminating militants and destroying military infrastructure in Tel al-Sultan.[331] The IDF also stated that it destroyed several rocket launchers near the border and an officer of the Nahal Brigade was wounded by an anti-tank missile.[332]

Israeli airstrikes in and around Al-Mawasi on 9 August killed ten people, including two journalists, according to medical officials.[333] The IDF stated that the 162nd Division eliminated dozens of militants over the past day,[332] while the Nahal and Givati brigades Brigades eliminated militants, destroyed weapons and military infrastructure. Hamas meanwhile attacked the IDF in Tel al-Sultan with thermobaric rockets.[334]

Three people were killed in Rafah due to an Israeli attack according to medical officials,[335] while the Nahal Brigade eliminated several militants and seized weapons per the IDF. In addition, it stated that a militant group monitoring IDF troops was eliminated by airstrikes,[336] while the 215th Artillery Division attacked militants who participated in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades meanwhile attacked IDF troops near Yibna.[337]

On 11 August, the IDF stated that the Nahal Brigade and the IAF had eliminated two militant cells in Rafah.[338] Palestinian militants meanwhile targeted IDF troops along the border with Egypt, Al Qarya as Suwaydiya, and in eastern Rafah. Hamas also claimed to have targeted IDF troops inside the Indonesian Hospital in Tel al-Sultan.[339]

Two people were killed due to an Israeli airstrike in Rafah on 12 August according to medical officials.[340] while Palestinian militants targeted IDF troops stationed near the border with Egypt, in Tel al-Sultan and eastern Rafah.[341]

The IDF on 13 August stated that its troops eliminated militants, destroyed military infrastructure, rocket launchers, sniper posts, and located weapons and explosives during the day.[342] It also stated that the Givati Brigade had killed around 100 militants during their operations in Shaboura in past days and had eliminated a miltant cell.[343] Hamas meanwhile targeted IDF troops in Tel al-Sultan and Zalata.[344] The IDF shut the humanitarian aid route near Rafah after Hamas attacked it.[345]

14 August to 21 August

The Nahal Brigade clashed with Palestinian militants and seized weapons in Tel al-Sultan on 14 August, while the National Resistance Brigades attacked IDF troops near the Rafah crossing with mortars.[346] The IDF on 15 August stated that its troops had eliminated around 20 militants in the past few days, destroyed a structure containing a tunnel shaft,[347] and had destroyed 50 tunnels under the Egypt–Gaza border in the past month.[348]

The Palestinian Mujahideen Movement attacked IDF troops in eastern Rafah on 16 August, while Palestinian militants shelled IDF troops along the western part of the Egypt–Gaza border.[349] The PFLP shelled IDF troops in Tal Zoroub to the west of Rafah on 17 August, while the National Resistance Brigades attacked an IDF bulldozer with an RPG in the Saudi neighborhood of Tel al-Sultan.[350] The IDF meanwhile stated that its troops had eliminated several militants and destroyed miliary sites in Tel al-Sultan over the past day.[351]

The IDF on 18 August stated that the Nahal Brigade had eliminated more than 20 militants, attacked military infrastructure, discovered weapons and military equipment over the past day in Rafah.[352] On 19 August, it stated that troops eliminated dozens of militants, located weapons and destroyed military infrastructure.[353] Hamas meanwhile targeted Israeli tanks in Tel al-Sultan.[354]

The IDF on 20 August stated that an IAF airstrike had eliminated around 40 militants in Tel al-Sultan.[355] Palestinian militias meanwhile attacked IDF troops in Tel al-Sultan, Yibna and Al-Salam.[356]

The IDF on 21 August stated that the 162nd Division had eliminated dozens of militants, destroyed military infrastructure and uncovered weapons in Tel al-Sultan during the day. Gallant meanwhile declared that the Rafah Brigade of Hamas had been defeated and added that over 150 tunnels along the Egypt–Gaza border were destroyed in the operation.[357]

22 August to present

On 22 August, the IDF stated that the 162nd Division had eliminated around 50 militants over the past day in Tel al-Sultan,[358] with the Nahal Brigade's 50th Battalion uncovering weapons inside UNRWA bags.[359]

Humanitarian impact

Approximately 150,000 people resided in the area of eastern Rafah that Israel initially ordered evacuated.[360] When Israel ordered the evacuation, it extended the al-Mawasi "humanitarian zone" to other parts of central Gaza and Khan Yunis. Israel said the zone comprised field hospitals, tents, and enhanced provisions of food, water, medicine, and other essential supplies. However, Palestinians and aid groups say that designated safe zones have previously been bombed by the Israeli military.[361] Refugees in the area also warned that the area was overcrowded and still lacking supplies.[362] UN and European officials said the safe zone was neither safe nor properly equipped and warned that the order to evacuate Rafah may amount to a war crime.[363] Hospital records showed at least 25 people were wounded in areas not under evacuation orders.[364] A Rafah resident said Israel bombed the zone during the offensive.[365] The village of Al Qarya as Suwaydiya was meanwhile wiped out during the offensive.[366]

Four days later, UNRWA reported that 80,000 people had left the area.[360] Israeli army sources estimated that 150,000 people had fled, and The Guardian reported that more than 100,000 people fled.[367] [65] During the second evacuation, Israel ordered people to evacuate from adjacent areas of eastern Rafah. By then, around 300,000 people had fled the area,[368] [369] with officials estimating as many as 500,000 people have been displaced.[370] By 28 May, over 1 million people were estimated to have been displaced from Rafah by the UNRWA.[371]

Because of events relating to the offensive, Israel temporarily closed Kerem Shalom and Rafah crossings, both key for aid into Gaza. Aid agencies said the closures worsened the ongoing humanitarian crisis.[27] The UN called for the crossings to be reopened immediately.[372] Israel re-opened the Kerem Shalom crossing on 8 May,[60] but Blinken said that aid was not getting through.[373] On 14 May, the Palestine Red Crescent Society stated that famine was imminent because of the closure of the Rafah crossing.[374] Israel denied the UN access to the crossings.[375] [376] On 21 May, the UN stated it had run out of supplies and was ceasing food distribution in Rafah, warning of the possible failure of the Gaza temporary pier.[377] On 24 May, the ICJ ruled that Israel must re-open the Rafah crossing.[137]

The offensive took a toll on hospitals in Rafah. On 8 May, the World Health Organization said that south Gaza hospitals only had three days left of fuel due to the closures.[378] On 14 May, the European Hospital announced it would shortly go out of service due to the fuel shortage. The Kuwaiti and Abu Yousef Al Najjar hospitals were ordered to evacuate during the second evacuation. Hospital director Marian Hams stated that Israel targeted hospitals and that they threatened staff with death if they did not vacate.[379] On the same day, Doctors Without Borders was forced to leave the Indonesian Hospital because of Israeli bombing.[374] Medics have warned that all healthcare in Rafah was at risk because of the offensive.[380] Wounded people were prevented from leaving Gaza for medical treatment when the Rafah crossing was closed.[381] American doctors were reportedly trapped in hospitals due to the offensive.[382] Ambulances and rescue teams struggled to rescue people injured in confrontation zones.[383]

At the end of May 2024, the United Nations stated that humanitarian aid supply flows had dropped 67 percent since the start of the offensive at the beginning of the month.[384] In mid-June 2024, the head of the World Health Organization stated Israel's offensive had "severely crippled" health operations, with the last medical facility in Rafah increasingly difficult to reach.[385] In late-June 2024,the WHO stated that at least 2,000 patients were estimated to be unable to leave the Gaza Strip due to the closure of the Rafah crossing since the offensive began.[386]

In July 2024, foreign reporters were allowed to enter Rafah for the first time since the start of the offensive, describing the city as a "flattened wasteland" and "unrecognizable".[387] The International Committee of the Red Cross on 18 July stated that its field hospital in Rafah had reached the breaking point of its response capacity.[292]

Civilian casualties

After the initial Israeli strikes, the Kuwaiti Hospital in Rafah reportedly received 27 dead and 150 wounded people.[388] Israeli media reported that more than 30 people died in the airstrikes.[389] Medics reported sixteen people killed in two airstrikes, including nine from one family and seven from another.[390] CNN reported that of the dead, 6 were women and 9 were children. Al Jazeera English reported the "nonstop bombing of residential houses".[391] By June 2024, rescue teams were reportedly unable to reach wounded people in Rafah.[392]

More than 35 civilians were killed and nearly 130 people were injured on 7 May.[393] 19 people, including five children and a woman, were killed on 8 May. 15 civilians were killed and 5 injured on 9 May.[394] On 10 May, 1 Israeli civilian was injured by Hamas rocket fire from central Gaza and Rafah,[72] 1 Palestinian was killed and one child injured.[395] 9 civilians were killed on 11 May.[396] Multiple civilians and a UN staff member were killed in intensified airstrikes on 13 May.[397] [83] 5 civilians were killed on 15 May. 4 civilians were killed in central Rafah on 16 May.[398] 3 civilians were killed on 18 May.[399] 9 people were killed on 19 May, including six children and two women. 24 people were killed on 20 May, including sixteen children and six women.[400] 18 people were killed on 21 May.[401] 13 people were killed in the 48 hours after the 24 May ICJ ruling.

On 26 May, Israel bombed a displacement camp in Rafah, reportedly killing 35-45 people and wounding 60, while targeting two Hamas commanders.[402] Israel claimed it carried out a "precise" strike on a Hamas compound, and that a fire possibly harmed several civilians nearby.[403] [404] Survivors of the attack claimed it burned people alive and destroyed an entire block. The bombing was described as a massacre by Palestinian officials.[405] [406] On 30 May, Save the Children stated that 66 people had been killed in safe zones over a four-day period.[407]

Medics warned that thousands of civilians could die in the offensive.[408] [363] The UN warned the Israeli offensive risked killing hundreds of thousands of people.[409]

International reactions

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Middle East

Oceania

International organizations

Humanitarian aid groups

Save the Children stated, "Where is there left for the population to go? They have been already moved from the north of Gaza, from the central areas of Gaza – moved around like pieces on a chess board to achieve military objectives. There is nowhere left for them to move."[465] The Norwegian Refugee Council stated, "An expansion of hostilities could turn Rafah into a zone of bloodshed and destruction that people won't be able to escape. There is nowhere left for people to flee to."[466] Omar Shakir, the Human Rights Watch director for Israel and Palestine stated, "There's nowhere safe to go in Gaza. The ICJ has ordered Israel to prevent genocide. The [international] community should act to prevent further atrocities."[467]

Al Mezan Center stated, "The international community must act now to halt the ground invasion of Rafah."[468] The Carter Center stated "Ordering this new wave of displacement of Palestinians will further exacerbate the humanitarian crisis".[469] Doctors Without Borders stated, "Israel's declared ground offensive on Rafah would be catastrophic and must not proceed".[470] The International Committee of the Red Cross called on Israel to "spare and protect civilian lives and infrastructure".[471] On 13 February, the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention issued an SOS alert, stating the attacks on Rafah had "worsened the already horrific humanitarian situation".[472]

A joint statement signed by Oxfam, Amnesty International, ActionAid, War Child, the Danish Refugee Council and Handicap International stated, "We are appalled by the harrowing developments in Rafah, Gaza's most populated area where 1.5 million people are sheltering as their last resort – over half a million of them children".[473] In an interview, the president of the American Near East Refugee Aid stated, "If a Rafah operation happens, I just can't imagine how anything survives."[474]

United Nations

In advance of an expected ground invasion of Rafah, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres stated, "Such an action would exponentially increase what is already a humanitarian nightmare with untold regional consequences."[475] The UN General Assembly President Dennis Francis stated, "I am shocked and deeply dismayed by the news of an Israeli military offensive into the south of the Gaza Strip. I join the Secretary-General in pleading on behalf of the multitudes of innocent civilians with nowhere safe to go".[476] The World Food Programme stated it was deeply concerned by a military offensive in Rafah.[477]

Catherine M. Russell, the president of UNICEF, stated, "Some 1.3M civilians are pushed into a corner, living on streets or shelters. They must be protected. They have nowhere safe to go".[478] Martin Griffiths, the UN humanitarian aid coordinator, stated, "The scenario we have long dreaded is unraveling at alarming speed... Military operations in Rafah could lead to a slaughter in Gaza."[479] Sigrid Kaag stated an offensive on Rafah would be disastrous.[480] On 14 February, the World Health Organization stated an attack on Rafah would "expand the humanitarian disaster beyond imagination [and] push the health system closer to the brink of collapse".[481]

The International Court of Justice rejected a request by South Africa for additional provision measures preventing a Rafah offensive but urged Israel to adhere to existing provisional measures while expressing concern over a "humanitarian nightmare".[482] [483] Alice Wairimu Nderitu, the UN's special adviser on the prevention of genocide, stated that the risk of atrocities during an Israeli offensive on Rafah were "serious, real and high".[484] Filippo Grandi, the UN's high commissioner for refugees, stated an exodus of Palestinians from Gaza would be "a disaster for the future of peace".[485]

Subsequently, on 10 May 2024, South Africa requested additional provisional measures that would protect the population of Rafah in the face of Israeli attack in that area.[486] South Africa's arguments for these provisional measures were presented orally on 16 May,[487] and Israel's arguments were presented the following day.[488] Before closing the hearing on 17 May, the ICJ requested Israel provide more information about humanitarian conditions in its declared "evacuation zones" in Gaza. Judge Georg Nolte asked Israel to clarify the conditions in these zones, including how it plans to ensure the safe passage of evacuees and the provision of essential supplies such as food and shelter. Israel has been asked to submit a written reply to the question by 18 May at 4 pm.[489] On 24 May 2024, the court ruled that the Rafah offensive constituted a violation of the Palestinians' right for safety and therefore must cease immediately.[490] [491] [492]

The Inter-Agency Standing Committee – a coalition of UN agencies and non-UN humanitarian organization – stated that an Israeli attack on Rafah would "deal a death blow to a humanitarian response that is already on its knees".[493] Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the secretary-general of WHO, stated he feared a ground-scale invasion of Rafah, since people sheltering there were "out of options for where to go".[494] Volker Turk, the UN human rights chief, stated a Rafah offensive "would take the nightmare being inflicted on people in Gaza into a new, dystopian, dimension".[495] Paula Gaviria Betancur, the UN special rapporteur on the rights of internally displaced persons, stated, "Any evacuation order imposed on Rafah under the current conditions, with the rest of Gaza lying in ruins, would be in flagrant violation of international humanitarian law".[496] A group of 50 UN experts called for sanctions and an arms embargo on Israel due to the Tel al-Sultan massacre.[497]

International Court of Justice

South Africa, the Palestinian Authority, Hamas, the Egyptian, Turkish, and Saudi Arabian foreign ministries, Canadian Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland, EU High Representative of Foreign Affairs Josep Borrell, the Jordanian, Belgian, and Norwegian foreign ministers, war crimes prosecutor Reed Brody, Global Rights Compliance, and the Council on American–Islamic Relations welcomed the ruling, while the United States and Israel rebuked it.[498]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Israel takes control of Rafah crossing after deadly overnight assault. 7 May 2024. 8 May 2024. EFE.
  2. Web site: Israel takes control of Rafah crossing, Gaza's lifeline: What's going on?. Al Jazeera.
  3. Web site: 4 August 2024 . IDF soldier critically injured in Rafah fighting yesterday . The Times of Israel.
  4. https://aje.io/kqar79?update=3029830
  5. Web site: IDF Deploys Fifth Brigade to Rafah as operation expands in southern city . i24news.tv . I24 . 23 May 2024.
  6. Web site: 7 July 2024 . IDF major killed during fighting in Rafah today, says military . .
  7. Web site: Iran Update, February 12, 2024 . Institute for the Study of War. 15 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215142438/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-12-2024 . live .
  8. Web site: IDF says around 30 gunmen killed in ongoing Rafah operation so far. Emanuel. Fabian. The Times of Israel. 8 May 2024. 9 May 2024.
  9. Web site: Institute for the Study of War .
  10. Web site: 18 July 2024 . IRAN UPDATE, JULY 18, 2024 . ISW Press.
  11. News: Or Heller . 16 May 2024 . בצה"ל מעריכים: סינוואר עדיין בעזה; כ-950 אלף התפנו מרפיח Rafah. 28 May 2024 . Channel 13 . Hebrew .
  12. News: Emanuel . Fabian . 19 June 2024 . In Rafah, IDF focuses on tunnels with aim of destroying Hamas brigade within a month . 19 June 2024 . The Times of Israel.
  13. News: Ben van der Merwe . Sam Doak . Olive Enokido-Lineham . 7 May 2024 . How Israel launched its Rafah offensive and seized key border crossing . 28 May 2024 . Sky News .
  14. News: Yonah Jeremy Bob . 15 July 2024 . How IDF commandos destroyed Hamas recruitment center, PIJ rocket factory . 17 July 2024 . The Jerusalem Post .
  15. News: Tovah . Lazaroff . 19 June 2024 . In Rafah, 'there is almost no home without a tunnel,' says Nahal Brigade Commander . 19 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  16. News: Who are the top Hamas leaders and commanders now?. Reuters. Nidal Al-Mughrabi. 1 August 2024. 2 August 2024.
  17. News: Mohammed Deif: Hamas military leader and Oct 7 mastermind was killed in Gaza airstrike, Israel says. Reuters. Nidal Al-Mughrabi. Maayan Lubell. 1 August 2024. 2 August 2024.
  18. News: Yonah Jeremy Bob . 2 July 2024 . IDF, Netanyahu fought over PA in Gaza, now its about withdrawal - Analysis . 3 July 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  19. Web site: Over 1,000 named terrorists killed in Rafah: What are the IDF's next steps? - analysis. The Jerusalem Post. Amir. Bohbot. 30 June 2024. 1 July 2024.
  20. News: Netanyahu Asks Military for Plans to Evacuate Rafah, Where 1.4 Million Are Sheltering . The New York Times . 9 February 2024 . 10 February 2024 . Boxerman . Aaron . Abuheweila . Iyad . 10 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210010123/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/02/09/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news . live .
  21. Web site: 2024-05-06 . IDF begins evacuating civilians from eastern Rafah northward . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506081751/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-800026 . 6 May 2024 . 2024-05-06 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . en.
  22. Web site: Gaza war: Where has Israel told Rafah displaced to go? . 7 May 2024 . 7 May 2024 . BBC.
  23. Web site: Hamas accepts Gaza cease-fire; Israel says it will continue talks but is conducting strikes in Rafah . apnews.com . 6 May 2024 . AP News . 6 May 2024 . 6 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506053607/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-humanitarian-aid-8659eae6e0a7362504f0aa4aa4be53e0 . Hamas said Monday it accepted an Egyptian-Qatari cease-fire proposal, but Israel said the deal did not meet its core demands and it was pushing ahead with an assault on the southern Gaza city of Rafah. Still, Israel said it would continue negotiations.. live . Sam . Mednick . Josef . Federman . Bassem . Mroue.
  24. News: Lieber . Michael R. Gordon and Dov . How Israel Avoided Biden's Red Line . 2 June 2024 . WSJ.
  25. News: Fabian . Emanuel . 2024-05-07 . Gallant: Rafah op will continue until Hamas rooted out or hostage deal reached . 2024-05-07 . Times of Israel.
  26. Web site: Soldier killed in south Gaza fighting, in first Israeli fatality of Rafah offensive . Times of Israel . 15 May 2024.
  27. News: Israel's Closures of 2 Gaza Border Crossings Prompt Alarm Over Humanitarian Aid. Cassandra. Vinograd. The New York Times . 7 May 2024. NYTimes.com.
  28. Web site: Israel-Gaza war in maps and charts: Live tracker . aljazeera.com . Aljazeera . 20 May 2024.
  29. News: IDF: Completed Siege of Khan Yunis; Hezbollah: Attacked Airbase in Israel's North. Haaretz. 10 February 2024. 2 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240202013303/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-23/ty-article-live/three-israeli-officers-killed-in-southern-gaza-strip-combat/0000018d-345d-d6df-adcf-35dd49d60000?liveBlogItemId=483252928. live.
  30. News: Kim . Victoria . Israel Orders Evacuation of Packed Gaza Area With 2 Major Hospitals . The New York Times . 24 January 2024 . 25 January 2024 . 23 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240223234422/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/world/middleeast/israel-evacuation-hospitals-gaza-khan-younis.html . live .
  31. Web site: ActionAid: Conditions in Rafah at breaking point, with over one million displaced people . wafa agency.
  32. Web site: UNICEF: 'Nowhere safe to go' for 600,000 children in Rafah . VOA . 6 May 2024 . 11 May 2024.
  33. Web site: An Israeli airstrike kills 19 members of the same family in a southern Gaza refugee camp . apnews.com . 8 October 2023 . AP News . 11 February 2024 . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009140359/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-gaza-war-2d122e27e095bd7fc8528319ea8f708c . live .
  34. Web site: Dozens killed in Israeli air strikes on Rafah ahead of ground assault . france24.com . 10 February 2024 . France24 . 11 February 2024 . 11 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240211020015/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240210-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-israel-intensifies-air-strikes-on-rafah-ahead-of-ground-assault . live .
  35. News: Chutel . Lynsey . South Africa Asks Top U.N. Court to Act Against Israel's Plans for Rafah . The New York Times . 13 February 2024 . 14 February 2024.
  36. Web site: Observations of the State of Israel on the Republic of South Africa's "Urgent Request for Additional Measures Under Article 75(1) of the Rules of Court". International Court of Justice . 17 February 2024 . The Hague . 3. 12 February 2024.
  37. Web site: Corder. Mike . Top UN court rejects South African request for urgent measures to safeguard Rafah . ABC News . 2024-02-16 . 2024-02-18.
  38. Web site: Miller . Zeke . Biden says U.S. won't supply offensive weapons for Israel to assault Rafah . PBS . 8 May 2024 . Associated Press . 14 May 2024.
  39. Web site: Israel-Hamas war: Netanyahu vows his country will 'stand alone' if it has to after Biden's weapons supply threat . Yahoo! News . 10 May 2024 . Sky News . 14 May 2024.
  40. Web site: Hamas indicates it may agree to deal; Israeli official insists truce won't end war . Times of Israel . 6 May 2023 . 5 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021944/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-indicates-it-may-agree-to-deal-israeli-official-insists-truce-wont-end-the-war/amp/ . live .
  41. Web site: Netanyahu: Ending war as part of hostage deal would keep Hamas as threat to Israel . timesofisrael.com . Times of Israel . 7 May 2024 . 6 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506023240/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-ending-war-as-part-of-hostage-deal-would-keep-hamas-as-threat-to-israel/ . live .
  42. News: Kraus . Yair . 2024-05-05 . Injuries in rocket strike to south, power outages after rockets hit Galilee . 2024-05-05 . Ynetnews . en . 5 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240505122013/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byujb1sga . live .
  43. Web site: 2024-05-05 . Seven wounded in Hamas rocket barrage toward Kerem Shalom, aid crossing closed . 2024-05-05 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . en . 5 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240505122944/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-799923 . live .
  44. Web site: Five civilians, including woman and a child, killed in Israeli bombing in Rafah . english.wafa.ps . Palestine News and Info Agency . 6 May 2024.
  45. Web site: 2024-05-06 . IDF begins evacuating civilians from eastern Rafah northward . 2024-05-06 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . en . 6 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506081751/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-800026 . live .
  46. News: Hamas says it approves a cease-fire proposal; Israel is 'considering' its response . Washington Post . 6 May 2024 . 7 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240507095339/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/05/06/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-palestine/#author-box . live .
  47. Web site: Hamas accepts Gaza ceasefire proposal from Egypt and Qatar . 6 May 2024 . CNN . 6 May 2024 . 6 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506170143/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2024/05/06/middleeast/hamas-agrees-ceasefire-proposal-israel-gaza-latam-intl . live .
  48. Sources:
    1. News: Hamas says no budging from already-rejected hostage deal offer as Cairo talks break up . 10 May 2024 . . 10 May 2024 . Jerusalem swiftly rejected the proposal for falling short of its "vital demands," but okayed dispatching a working-level delegation to the indirect talks in Cairo..
    2. News: Alghoul. Fares . Dana . Khraiche . Galit . Altstein . 8 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240508033814/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-06/hamas-says-accepts-proposal-for-cease-fire-with-israel . Israel Says a Cease-Fire Plan Backed by Hamas Falls Short . 10 May 2024 . . 7 May 2024 . The Palestinian militant group Hamas said it had agreed to a cease-fire proposal for the Gaza Strip, but Israel's war cabinet unanimously rejected it as "far from Israel's necessary demands,"….
    3. News: Osborne . Samuel . Israel claims control of key Rafah crossing after rejecting ceasefire deal with Hamas . 10 May 2024 . . 7 May 2024 . The Israeli military claims it has taken control of the vital Rafah border crossing between Gaza and Egypt - hours after rejecting a ceasefire deal accepted by Hamas..
    4. News: Srivastava . Mehul . Zilber . Neri . England . Andrew . Jalabi . Raya . Khaled . Mai . Saleh . Heba . Schwartz . Felicia . Israel sends troops into Rafah . 10 May 2024 . . 7 May 2024 . https://archive.today/20240507111559/https://www.ft.com/content/69b23775-8dd5-4141-8071-fdf927cfd26c . 7 May 2024 . …Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected Hamas's proposal, which he said fell "far from Israel's requirements", but said the government's mediators would engage in further talks….
    5. News: Israel rejects Hamas ceasefire offer . 10 May 2024 . . Nataliya . Vasilyeva . Tony . Diver . 10 May 2024 . Israel rejected a ceasefire offer from Hamas on Monday night, vowing to continue with its invasion of the southern Gazan city of Rafah and saying a last-minute proposal had failed to meet its key demands. . https://archive.today/20240507095258/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/05/06/israel-rejects-hamas-ceasefire-offer-benjamin-netanyahu/ . 7 May 2024.
  49. News: Gritten . David . Hamas says it accepts Gaza ceasefire proposal . May 9, 2024 . BBC News . May 6, 2024.
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  55. Web site: Samy Magdy . Melanie Lidman . Lee Keath . Israel seizes Gaza's vital Rafah crossing, but the US says it isn't the full invasion many fear . Associated Press . 7 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
  56. Web site: Julia Frankel . Melanie Lidman . Jack Jeffrey . Israeli tanks have rolled into Rafah. What does this mean for the Palestinians sheltering there? . Associated Press . 7 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
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  68. News: Israel planning separate, smaller operations in Rafah to preserve relations with US — Lebanese report . The Times of Israel . 10 May 2024 . 11 May 2024.
  69. Web site: South Africa asks ICJ to order Israel to withdraw from Gaza's Rafah . aljazeera.com . Aljazeera . 11 May 2024.
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  81. Web site: Egypt deals 'diplomatic blow' to Israel by joining ICJ genocide case . aljazeera.com . Aljazeera . 13 May 2024.
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  99. News: U.N. Court Hears Arguments From South Africa on Israel's Push Into Rafah . The New York Times . 16 May 2024 . 19 May 2024 . Gupta . Gaya . Bigg . Matthew Mpoke .
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  103. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Emily Rose . Israel moves into north Gaza Hamas stronghold, pounds Rafah without advancing . Reuters . 17 May 2024.
  104. News: IDF sends additional brigade to Gaza's Rafah, as Israel prepares to expand offensive . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 16 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
  105. Web site: IDF locates and destroys long-range rocket launchers in Rafah . i24news.tv . i24News . 16 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
  106. Web site: Satellite images show preparation of Israeli logistical supply routes for Rafah crossing . Al Jazeera . 22 May 2024.
  107. News: Israel to South Africa at UN top court: 700 tunnel shafts found in Rafah, 50 cross into Egypt . Itamar Eichner . Ynetnews . 17 May 2024 . 18 May 2024.
  108. Web site: 13 Countries Urge Restraint From Israel Over Rafah . Barron's . Agence France Presse . 23 May 2024.
  109. Web site: UN says 800,000 people have fled Rafah as Israel kills dozens in Gaza . Al-Jazeera . 18 May 2024 . 19 May 2024.
  110. News: IDF says 2 soldiers killed, 4 seriously wounded during fighting in southern Gaza . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 19 May 2024 . 19 May 2024.
  111. Web site: WATCH: IDF destroys terror infrastructures, kills 50 Hamas terrorists in Rafah . jpost.com . The Jerusalem Post . 18 May 2024 . 19 May 2024.
  112. Web site: IDF kills over 80 terrorists, seizes anti-aircraft guns in eastern Rafah . jpost.com . The Jerusalem Post . 18 May 2024 . 19 May 2024.
  113. News: IDF announces death of officer seriously wounded fighting in northern Gaza . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 19 May 2024 . 19 May 2024.
  114. Web site: Israeli military bombs house in central Rafah, killing two . Al Jazeera . 24 May 2024.
  115. Web site: Sullivan Meets Netanyahu as Israel Ramps Up Military Actions in Gaza . The Media Line . 20 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
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  117. News: IDF controls half of Philadelphi Corridor: This is how Israel's operation in Rafah is progressing . Yoav Zitun . Ynetnews . 20 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
  118. News: WATCH: IDF discovers weapons in UNRWA facility, kills Hamas terrorists . Darcie Grunblatt . The Jerusalem Post . 20 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
  119. Web site: IDF says two troops seriously wounded fighting in southern Gaza . i24news.tv . i24News . 21 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
  120. Web site: Palestinians killed in Israeli bombing of Rafah . Al Jazeera . 25 May 2024.
  121. News: Fabian . Emanuel . 2024-05-20 . IDF estimates 950,000 Gazans have evacuated from Rafah amid offensive . 2024-05-21 . The Times of Israel.
  122. News: Report: Israel Adjusts Gaza Strategy After US Consultations, Plans Limited Rafah Offensive . The Media Line . 21 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
  123. News: US indicates initial satisfaction with changes to Israeli military plans for Rafah . The Times of Israel . 22 May 2024 . 22 May 2024 . Jacob . Magid.
  124. News: Egypt changed terms of Gaza ceasefire deal presented to Hamas, surprising negotiators, sources say . CNN . 22 May 2024 . 23 May 2024 . Alex . Marquardt . Jeremy . Diamond .
  125. News: IDF kills terrorists in Rafah, finds numerous weapons . The Jerusalem Post . 21 May 2024 . 21 May 2024.
  126. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli forces raze parts of Gaza's Jabalia, hit Rafah with airstrikes . Reuters . 21 May 2024 . 22 May 2024.
  127. Web site: Five killed in Israeli attack on Rafah's Yabna camp . Al Jazeera . 29 May 2024.
  128. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli forces move deeper into Rafah in night of heavy battle . 22 May 2024 . Reuters . 23 May 2024.
  129. Web site: Stephen Kalin . Summer Said . Some European Countries Move to Recognize Palestinian State . 22 May 2024 . Wall Street Journal . 23 May 2024.
  130. News: Intense fighting as IDF advances to heart of Rafah . Ynetnews . 22 May 2024 . 23 May 2024.
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  132. News: Some European Countries Move to Recognize Palestinian State . . 22 May 2024 . Stephen . Kalin . Summer . Said . Anat . Peled . 23 May 2024 . limited.
  133. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli forces kill dozens of Palestinians in Gaza strikes, battle Hamas in Rafah . 23 May 2024 . Reuters . 24 May 2024.
  134. News: IDF finds rockets in Rafah graveyard as troops push deeper into south Gaza city . The Times of Israel . 23 May 2024 . 24 May 2024 . Emanuel . Fabian.
  135. Web site: Half of all Israeli military brigades in Gaza deployed to Rafah battle: Monitors . Al Jazeera . 1 June 2024.
  136. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Strikes continue in Gaza, as UN court orders Israel to halt Rafah assault . 24 May 2024 . Reuters . 25 May 2024.
  137. Web site: ICJ orders Israel to halt Rafah operations that risk destruction of civilian population . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Jeremy . Sharon . Sam . Sokol . 24 May 2024 . 25 May 2024.
  138. Web site: Stephanie van der Berg . Anthony Deutsch . World Court orders Israel to halt assault on Gaza's Rafah . 24 May 2024 . Reuters . 25 May 2024.
  139. Web site: Top UN court orders Israel to stop Rafah offensive . Raffi . Berg . BBC . 25 May 2024.
  140. Web site: IDF intensifies Rafah offensive amid ICC warrant discussions . Amir . Bohbot . The Jerusalem Post . 26 May 2024 . 28 May 2024.
  141. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Emma Farge . Food bound for Gaza rots in the sun as Egypt's Rafah crossing stays shut . 24 May 2024 . Reuters . 25 May 2024.
  142. Web site: Israel strikes Rafah after top UN court orders it to halt offensive . 25 May 2024 . Arab News . Agence France-Presse . 25 May 2024.
  143. Web site: Condemnation Slows, but Does Not Stall, Israel's Assault on Rafah . Steven. Erlanger. Isabel. Kershner . Natan. Odenheimer . 25 May 2024 . The New York Times . 27 May 2024.
  144. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Gaza ceasefire talks could soon resume but Israel-Hamas war rages on . 26 May 2024 . Reuters . 27 May 2024.
  145. Web site: IDF reduces troops in eastern Rafah; Givati Brigade withdraws . i24 . 27 May 2024 . 26 May 2024.
  146. Web site: Rafah rocket volley targets Tel Aviv area, in first such attack in 4 months . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Emanuel . Fabian . 26 May 2024 . 27 May 2024.
  147. Web site: Ministers say rocket barrage from Rafah proves need for IDF operation in city . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Emanuel . Fabian . 26 May 2024 . 27 May 2024.
  148. Web site: As fighting rages in Rafah and Jabaliya, IDF announces deaths of 2 soldiers . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Emanuel . Fabian . 26 May 2024 . 27 May 2024.
  149. Web site: Dozens reported killed in Israeli strike on Rafah . Thomas . Mackintosh . David . Gritten . www.bbc.com . BBC . 27 May 2024 . 27 May 2024.
  150. Web site: Israel promises investigation of deadly Rafah airstrike after international outrage. Reuters. CBC. 27 May 2024. 29 May 2024.
  151. Web site: Netanyahu says deadly Israeli strike in Rafah was the result of a 'tragic mistake'. Tia . Goldenberg . Melanie . Lidman . Samy . Magdy. www.apnews.com . Associated Press . 27 May 2024 . 27 May 2024.
  152. Web site: Hunnicutt . Trevor . 27 May 2024 . US says latest Rafah deaths won't change Israel policy, military aid . 29 May 2024 . Reuters.
  153. Web site: Kubovich . Yaniv . Scharf . Avi . 3 June 2024 . Bad Planning and Intel: How Israel Struck Crowded Rafah Refugee Camp, Killing Dozens . 11 June 2024 . Haaretz . subscription . https://archive.today/20240603045618/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-06-03/ty-article-magazine/.premium/bad-planning-and-intel-how-israel-struck-crowded-rafah-refugee-camp-killing-dozens/0000018f-d90e-d673-ab8f-ffcef88d0000 . 3 June 2024.
  154. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Dan Williams . Israeli attack on Rafah tent camp kills 45, prompts international outcry . 27 May 2024 . Reuters . 27 May 2024.
  155. Web site: 2024-05-27 . Doha . Madani . Chantal . Da Silva . World leaders condemn Israeli strike after 45 are reported killed in Gaza tent camp . 2024-05-27 . NBC News . en.
  156. Web site: 2024-05-27 . Egypt, Israel: Egyptian and Israeli soldiers exchange fire near Rafah May 27 . 2024-05-29 . Crisis24 . GardaWorld . en.
  157. Web site: James Mackenzie . Nafisa Eltahir . Jana Choukeir . Egyptian guard killed in shooting on Rafah border, Israel and Egypt investigating . 27 May 2024 . Reuters . 27 May 2024.
  158. Web site: Matthias Inbar . Egyptian guard killed in shooting on Rafah border, Israel and Egypt investigating . 27 May 2024 . i24NEWS . 29 May 2024.
  159. Web site: Nabila El-Gaffary . Border clash erupts between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers, injuries and deaths reported . 27 May 2024 . The New Arab . 29 May 2024.
  160. Web site: Shahenda . Naguib . Egyptians mourn soldier killed by Israelis at Rafah border amid official silence . 28 May 2024 . Middle East Eye . 29 May 2024.
  161. Web site: Shahenda . Naguib . Second Egyptian soldier dies after Rafah border shootout with Israeli forces . 28 May 2024 . Middle East Eye . 29 May 2024.
  162. Web site: Rafah residents face further danger as Israel hits city's two hospitals . 28 May 2024 . Al Jazeera . 28 May 2024.
  163. Web site: Gray . Andrew . Irish . John . 27 May 2024 . EU agrees to revive Rafah mission, Borrell criticises Israel's Netanyahu . 28 May 2024 . Reuters.
  164. Web site: Al-Mughrabi . Nidal . 28 May 2024 . Israeli tanks advance into Rafah's centre despite global outcry . 28 May 2024 . Reuters.
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  167. Web site: Hiba Yazbek . Abu Bakr Bashir . IDF tanks roll into Rafah center—report . 28 May 2024 . The New York Times . 29 May 2024 . limited.
  168. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . 29 May 2024 . Israel denies strike on camp near Rafah that Gaza officials say killed 21 people . 29 May 2024 . Reuters.
  169. Web site: Abdallah . Nahera . 28 May 2024 . Egypt trying with Qatar, US to revive Gaza truce talks, Al-Qahera News says . 29 May 2024 . Reuters.
  170. Web site: Mahmoud . Hani . Rafah field hospitals forced to evacuate as Israeli offensive deepens . Al Jazeera . 6 June 2024.
  171. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . 29 May 2024 . Israel says Gaza war likely to last another seven months as tanks probe Rafah . 29 May 2024 . Reuters.
  172. Web site: Mohammad Sio . 29 May 2024 . Hamas claims to have killed 8 Israeli soldiers in Rafah . 29 May 2024 . Anadolu Agency.
  173. Web site: Kathryn . Armstrong . 30 May 2024 . Israel extends control of Gaza's entire land border . 30 May 2024 . Reuters.
  174. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . 30 May 2024 . Israel seizes Gaza's entire border with Egypt, presses with raids into Rafah . 30 May 2024 . Reuters.
  175. Web site: Israeli drones open fire on fleeing Palestinians in Rafah . Al Jazeera . 7 June 2024.
  176. Web site: Tia . Goldenberg . Wafaa . Shurafa . Samy . Magdy . Israel says it's taken control of key area of Gaza's border with Egypt awash in smuggling tunnels . Al Jazeera . 30 May 2024 . 9 June 2024.
  177. Web site: Dan . Williams . 30 May 2024 . Israeli airstrike on Rafah kills 12 Palestinians, Gaza medics say . 31 May 2024 . Reuters.
  178. Web site: 30 May 2024 . Israel Says Killed 300 Militants In Rafah Operation . Agence France-Presse . Barron's . 2 June 2024.
  179. News: Michaelis . Tamar . Picheta . Rob . Israeli troops are in central Rafah, IDF confirms . 31 May 2024 . CNN . 31 May 2024 . en.
  180. Web site: Steve . Holland . James . Mackenzie . 31 May 2024 . Israeli airstrike on Rafah kills 12 Palestinians, Gaza medics say . 1 June 2024 . Reuters.
  181. Web site: IDF releases footage of Gaza-Egypt border tunnels used by Hamas to smuggle weapons . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Emanuel . Fabian . 31 May 2024 . 1 June 2024.
  182. Web site: Mahmoud . Hani . Israel 'demolishing' homes, public facilities in eastern Rafah neighbourhoods . Al Jazeera . 9 June 2024.
  183. Web site: Israel pounds Gaza after Biden outlines ceasefire plan . Agence France-Presse . The Hindu . 1 June 2024 . 2 June 2024.
  184. Web site: Dan . Williams . 2 June 2024 . Biden's Gaza plan 'not a good deal' but Israel accepts it, Netanyahu aide says . 2 June 2024 . Reuters.
  185. Web site: Gallant vows war won't end until Hamas is destroyed; IDF advances further in Rafah . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Emanuel . Fabian . 2 June 2024 . 3 June 2024.
  186. Web site: 2 June 2024 . Egypt demands Israel withdraws from Rafah crossing for it to operate again, sources say . 2 June 2024 . Reuters.
  187. Web site: 3 June 2024 . Rafah border crossing can't reopen unless Israeli forces quit Gaza side, Egypt says . 4 June 2024 . Reuters.
  188. Web site: 3 June 2024 . IDF discovers rockets, explosives under child's bed amid continued Rafah operations . 4 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  189. Web site: 4 June 2024 . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Henriette Chacar . Israel strikes, shelling kill 19 in Gaza amid manoeuvring on ceasefire quest . 5 June 2024 . Reuters.
  190. Web site: Israeli attacks kill at least 45 Palestinians in 24 hours in Gaza . Al Jazeera . 14 June 2024.
  191. Web site: IDF reveals 2 km Hamas tunnel running adjacent to Egypt border crossing in Rafah . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Emanuel . Fabian . 6 June 2024 . 6 June 2024.
  192. Web site: Israeli gunboats bomb the coast of Rafah . Al Jazeera . 15 June 2024.
  193. Web site: 6 June 2024 . Avi . Ashkenazi . Gazan terrorists attempt to infiltrate Israel, evading IDF security buffer before being spotted . 9 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  194. Web site: IDF soldier killed by terrorists trying to infiltrate Israel from south Gaza . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Emanuel . Fabian . 6 June 2024 . 9 June 2024.
  195. Web site: 7 June 2024 . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli forces batter central, south Gaza with renewed truce bid at impasse . 7 June 2024 . Reuters.
  196. Web site: 6 June 2024 . Yonah Jeremy Bob . In major discovery, IDF locates one of Hamas's last weapons factories in Rafah . 9 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  197. Web site: 7 June 2024 . IDF eliminates top Hamas terrorist in Rafah . 9 June 2024 . i24News.
  198. Web site: 7 June 2024 . IDF secures US humanitarian pier, kills Hamas terrorists throughout Gaza Strip . 9 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  199. Web site: Another Israeli army attack in Rafah . Al Jazeera . 16 June 2024.
  200. Web site: 9 June 2024 . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israel keeps pounding central Gaza as Palestinian death toll in hostage rescue raid rises to 274 . 10 June 2024 . Reuters.
  201. Web site: 9 June 2024 . Palestinian report: Intensive shelling in Rafah, attack in Deir al-Balah . 10 June 2024 . Maariv . The Jerusalem Post.
  202. Web site: 10 June 2024 . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Hamas official urges US to pressure Israel to end Gaza war . 11 June 2024 . Reuters.
  203. Web site: 10 June 2024 . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Daphne Psaledakis . Gaza war: Blinken in Middle East to push ceasefire while Israeli troops advance . 11 June 2024 . Reuters.
  204. Web site: 10 June 2024 . IDF troops kill Nukhba terrorists in central Gaza, continue operations in Rafah . 11 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  205. Web site: 11 June 2024 . Erika Solomon . Abu Bakr Bashir . Aaron Boxerman . 4 Israeli Soldiers Are Killed in Rafah in Apparent Ambush . 11 June 2024 . The New York Times.
  206. Web site: Four troops killed in booby-trapped building as fighting rages in Rafah, central Gaza . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . Emanuel . Fabian . 11 June 2024 . 11 June 2024.
  207. Web site: 15 June 2024 . Sgt. Yair Roitman succumbs to wounds from Monday Rafah incident - IDF . 16 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  208. Web site: Four troops killed in booby-trapped building as fighting rages in Rafah, central Gaza . www.aljazeera.com . Al Jazeera . Emanuel . Fabian . 11 June 2024 . 11 June 2024.
  209. Web site: 11 June 2024 . Maayan Lubell . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Gaza war: Blinken in Middle East to push ceasefire while Israeli troops advance . 12 June 2024 . Reuters.
  210. Web site: Khoudary . Hind . Rafah still a battlefield as rescuers struggle to reach victims . Al Jazeera . 20 June 2024.
  211. Web site: 12 June 2024 . WATCH: IDF soldiers reveal Hamas underground compound in Rafah . 13 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  212. Web site: 13 June 2024 . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli forces thrust deeper into Rafah as diplomacy falters . 13 June 2024 . Reuters.
  213. Web site: 14 June 2024 . Battles rage in Rafah as Biden called Hamas the 'biggest hang-up' to Gaza truce . 13 June 2024 . France 24 .
  214. Web site: 14 June 2024 . WATCH: IDF discovers Hamas tunnels for passage between civilian houses in Rafah . 15 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  215. Web site: IDF troops locate, destroy explosives stockpiled by Hamas in Rafah . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 14 June 2024 . 15 June 2024.
  216. Web site: Enas . Alashray . Hamas' armed wing says Israeli airstrike killed two hostages in Rafah . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 14 June 2024 . 15 June 2024.
  217. Web site: James Mackenzie . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Eight Israeli soldiers killed as fighting continues in Rafah . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 15 June 2024 . 16 June 2024.
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  220. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . Eight troops killed in Rafah explosion, in deadliest incident for IDF in 6 months . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 15 June 2024 . 17 June 2024.
  221. Web site: Israeli forces raze homes in Rafah . Al Jazeera . 23 June 2024.
  222. Web site: 15 June 2024 . Sam . Halpern . Amir . Bohbot . IDF elite Commando, Yahalom units raid Hamas weapons storage in Rafah . 16 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  223. Web site: Lyndal . Rowlands . Urooba . Jamal . 16 June 2024 . IED on armoured car possible cause of high Israeli death toll in Rafah: Monitors . 18 June 2024 . Al Jazeera.
  224. Web site: 16 June 2024 . Kathryn . Armstrong . Israel announces military pause on Gaza road to let in aid . 17 June 2024 . BBC.
  225. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . Fighting will continue in Rafah until Hamas is defeated there, says IDF general . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 17 June 2024 . 17 June 2024.
  226. Web site: Israeli attacks kill 2 in Rafah, ambulances targeted . Al Jazeera . 25 June 2024.
  227. Web site: IDF has destroyed half of Hamas's fighting forces in Rafah . www.jns.org . Jewish News Syndicate . 17 June 2024 . 18 June 2024.
  228. News: War on Gaza: Neighbourhoods 'completely razed' in eastern Rafah . MSN . Al Jazeera . 26 June 2024.
  229. News: 17 June 2024 . IDF clashes with terrorists in Rafah as drones strike insurgents from above . 18 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  230. Web site: Seth J. Frantzman . 17 June 2024 . Hamas sees daily small attacks as success in Gaza - analysis . 18 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  231. Web site: Gaza fighting continues despite Israeli 'pauses' announcement: UNRWA . Al Jazeera . 25 June 2024.
  232. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli forces deepen Rafah invasion, kill 17 in central camps . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 18 June 2024 . 18 June 2024.
  233. Web site: Michelle . Nichols . UN says lawlessness in Gaza impedes aid via Kerem Shalom despite Israel's military pause . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 18 June 2024 . 19 June 2024.
  234. News: Steve . Hendrix . Hajar . Harb . 18 June 2024 . Israel says Rafah attack near completion, in potential shift for war . 19 June 2024 . The Washington Post.
  235. Web site: Lazar . Berman . Jacob . Magid . Fighting will continue in Rafah until Hamas is defeated there, says IDF general . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 17 June 2024 . 17 June 2024.
  236. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli tanks push deeper into Rafah, forcing people to flee again . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 19 June 2024 . 19 June 2024.
  237. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israel pounds central Gaza camps, deepens invasion of Rafah . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 20 June 2024 . 21 June 2024.
  238. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . Two IDF reservists killed, 3 seriously hurt in Hamas mortar attack in central Gaza . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 21 June 2024 . 21 June 2024.
  239. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israel pounds central Gaza camps, deepens invasion of Rafah . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 21 June 2024 . 22 June 2024.
  240. Web site: Shurafa . Wafaa . Israeli strikes on tent camps near Rafah kill at least 25 and wound 50, Gaza health officials say . Associated Press . 21 June 2024 . 21 June 2024.
  241. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli strikes kill at least 42 in Gaza, enclave's government media office says . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 22 June 2024 . 23 June 2024.
  242. Web site: 23 June 2024 . Israeli Soldier Killed in Operational Accident in Southern Gaza, IDF Announces . Yaniv . Kubovich . 23 June 2024 . Haaretz.
  243. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . Israeli strike said to target Hamas operations chief Raad Saad in Gaza; unclear if he died . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 22 June 2024 . 23 June 2024.
  244. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israel strikes kill at least 11 in Gaza, tanks push further into Rafah . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 24 June 2024 . 24 June 2024.
  245. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli airstrike kills eight at Gaza aid centre, witnesses say . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 23 June 2024 . 23 June 2024.
  246. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . IDF: Troops in Rafah raze Hamas training facility, raid senior commanders' offices . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 23 June 2024 . 23 June 2024.
  247. Web site: 23 June 2024 . WATCH: IDF raids senior Hamas officials' offices in Rafah training compound . 23 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  248. Web site: Ari . Rabinovitch . Netanyahu says he is committed to truce proposal, army cites advances in Rafah . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 24 June 2024 . 25 June 2024.
  249. Web site: 23 June 2024 . WATCH: 'Significant' Hamas operative Muhammad Salah eliminated in Israeli strike . 25 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  250. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli airstrikes kill at least 24 in Gaza City, health officials say . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 25 June 2024 . 26 June 2024.
  251. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Israeli forces pound north and south Gaza, battle Hamas in Rafah . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 26 June 2024 . 26 June 2024.
  252. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . IDF infantryman killed in southern Gaza, bringing ground op toll to 316 . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 28 June 2024 . 29 June 2024.
  253. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Doaa Rouqa. Israeli forces push deeper into southern and northern Gaza . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 28 June 2024 . 29 June 2024.
  254. Web site: Battles rage in north Gaza as Palestinian fighters ambush Israeli troops . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 28 June 2024 . 29 June 2024.
  255. Web site: 28 June 2024 . 'Snakes and Ladders': IDF recovers children's game encouraging terrorism in Gaza . 29 June 2024 . The Jerusalem Post.
  256. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . IDF says troops kill numerous terrorists in Shejaiya, Rafah and central Gaza battles . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 29 June 2024 . 30 June 2024.
  257. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . No progress in Gaza ceasefire talks with Israel, says Hamas official . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 29 June 2024 . 30 June 2024.
  258. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Kamel Hamadan . Israeli tanks advance into areas in north and south Gaza . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 30 June 2024 . 1 July 2024.
  259. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . IDF says at least 40 Hamas operatives killed as it advances in Gaza's Shejaiya . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 30 June 2024 . 1 July 2024.
  260. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . Gallant: IDF's Rafah campaign choking Hamas by blocking crossing, destroying tunnels . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 30 June 2024 . 1 July 2024.
  261. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Mohammad Salem . Palestinian militants fire rockets into Israel, tanks advance in Gaza . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 1 July 2024 . 1 July 2024.
  262. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . 20 rockets fired from Gaza in largest barrage in months; soldier killed in Rafah . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 1 July 2024 . 1 July 2024.
  263. Web site: WATCH: IDF destroys Palestinian Islamic Jihad's largest long-range rocket production site . www.jpost.com . The Jerusalem Post . 1 July 2024 . 2 July 2024.
  264. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . Two soldiers killed in Gaza combat as IDF strikes terror targets in Khan Younis . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 2 July 2024 . 2 July 2024.
  265. News: Annabelle . Timsit . Louisa . Loveluck . Rachel . Pannett . Hazem . Balousha . Sarah . Dadouch . Israel orders Palestinians to evacuate parts of Khan Younis once again . The Washington Post . 2 July 2024 . 3 July 2024.
  266. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . IDF chief tallies 900 terror operatives killed in Rafah . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 2 July 2024 . 3 July 2024.
  267. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Mohammad Salem . Israel carries out new strikes in Gaza, warns Lebanon's Hezbollah . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 3 July 2024 . 3 July 2024.
  268. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Mohammad Salem . Maayan Lubell . Israel sends delegation to negotiate hostage release deal with Hamas . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 4 July 2024 . 4 July 2024.
  269. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Mohammad Salem . Maayan Lubell . Efforts to secure Gaza ceasefire and hostage release gain momentum . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 5 July 2024 . 5 July 2024.
  270. Web site: Killed in two minutes: IDF eliminates terrorists, continues Gaza activity . www.jpost.com . The Jerusalem Post . 5 July 2024 . 5 July 2024.
  271. Web site: Samia Nakhoul . Mohammad Salem . Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Hamas accepts US proposal on talks over Israeli hostages, Hamas source says . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 6 July 2024 . 6 July 2024.
  272. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Maayan Lubell . Dawoud Abu Alkas . Netanyahu: Gaza deal must let Israel resume fighting until war goals met . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 7 July 2024 . 7 July 2024.
  273. Web site: IAF strikes Khan Yunis municipality building, IDF kills over 30 Rafah terrorists . www.jpost.com . Reuters . 7 July 2024 . 7 July 2024.
  274. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . IDF major killed in Rafah; military orders fresh evacuations as fighting continues . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 7 July 2024 . 8 July 2024.
  275. Web site: IRAN UPDATE, JULY 9, 2024 . Kathryn Tyson . Kelly Campa. Annika Ganzeveld. Siddhant Kishore. Alexandra Braverman. Katherine Wells . Johanna Moore . Brian Carter . www.understandingwar.org . Institute for the Study of War . 9 July 2024 . 12 July 2024 .
  276. Web site: IDF kills dozens of terrorists in Gaza City after reinvasion, dozens more in Rafah . www.jpost.com . The Jerusalem Post . 9 July 2024 . 9 July 2024 . Sam . Halpern.
  277. Web site: IDF kills dozens of terrorists in Gaza City after reinvasion, dozens more in Rafah . www.jpost.com . The Jerusalem Post . 10 July 2024 . 11 July 2024 . Yael . Halfon.
  278. Web site: Steve . Holland . US to resume shipping 500-pound bombs to Israel, US official says . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 10 July 2024 . 11 July 2024.
  279. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Dawoud Abu Alkas . Bodies trapped in Gaza City under Israeli assault as mediators push for truce . www.reuters.com . Reuters . 11 July 2024 . 11 July 2024.
  280. Web site: Emanuel . Fabian . IDF says it killed terrorists behind rocket barrage from Rafah . www.timesofisrael.com . The Times of Israel . 11 July 2024 . 11 July 2024.
  281. Web site: Hamas Publishes Footage Of Attack On IDF Command HQ In Rafah City Of Gaza . The Times of India . 12 July 2024 . 12 July 2024.
  282. Web site: Israel strikes Hamas paraglider facility, pushes further into Rafah . www.jpost.com . The Jerusalem Post . 13 July 2024 . 13 July 2024 .
  283. News: Israeli strikes targeting Hamas military leader kill 90 in Gaza. Kareem Fahim. Mohammad El Chamma. Hajar Harb. Jonathan Baran. Louisa Loveluck. Victoria Bissett. The Washington Post. 13 July 2024. 13 July 2024.
  284. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Maayan Lubell . 14 July 2024 . Hamas says it has not left ceasefire talks after Israeli attacks . 15 July 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
  285. Web site: Hamas-run health ministry says 141 killed in Israeli strikes. Lucy . Clarke-Billings . Tom . McArthur . BBC . 13 July 2024. 14 July 2024.
  286. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Ramadan Abed . 15 July 2024 . Israel launches new Gaza strikes after weekend attack kills scores in safe zone . 16 July 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
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  299. Web site: Mohamed . Majid . 21 July 2024 . 3 Gazans killed in Israeli drone strike in Rafah . 22 July 2024 . aa.com.tr . Anadolu Agency.
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  308. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Emily Rose . Ramadan Abed . 27 July 2024 . Israeli forces advance in southern Gaza, tanks active in Rafah . 27 July 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
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  313. Web site: Hatem . Khaled . 30 July 2024 . Destruction of Gaza water wells deepens Palestinian misery . 1 August 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
  314. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . 30 July 2024 . Israeli strikes hit Gaza schools, hospital compound after talks fail . 5 August 2024 . www.middleeasteye.net . Middle East Eye.
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  318. News: Israel Air Force targets Hamas terrorists in Shejaiya school in Gaza . The Jerusalem Post . 1 August 2024 . 2 August 2024 .
  319. News: IDF kills Palestinian Islamic Jihad deputy weapons production head Mohammed al-Jabari . The Jerusalem Post . 2 August 2024 . 3 August 2024 .
  320. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Ali Sawafta . 3 August 2024 . Israeli strikes kill 15 Palestinians in Gaza school, nine West Bank militants . 3 August 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
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  322. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . 4 August 2024 . Israeli strikes hit Gaza schools, hospital compound after talks fail . 5 August 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
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  324. News: IDF discovers more tunnels in Rafah under border with Egypt, including truck-sized tunnel . Jewish News Syndicate. 4 August 2024 . 6 August 2024 .
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  326. News: Seven IDF soldiers wounded in Rafah blast . Jewish News Syndicate. 5 August 2024 . 6 August 2024 .
  327. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . James Mackenzie . 6 August 2024 . Israel says dozens of Palestinian fighters killed in Gaza over past 24 hours . 7 August 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
  328. News: IAF strikes Hamas smuggler Mohammed Mahasneh as forces kill 45 Gazan terrorists . The Jerusalem Post . 6 August 2024 . 7 August 2024 .
  329. News: IDF shuts Gaza humanitarian route after Hamas RPG attack . Jewish News Syndicate. 6 August 2024 . 7 August 2024 .
  330. News: IDF destroys Hamas arms production plant, launchers found in humanitarian areas . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 7 August 2024 . 8 August 2024 .
  331. News: IDF combat teams destroy booby-trapped building in Rafah, kill Hamas terrorists . The Jerusalem Post . 8 August 2024 . 9 August 2024 .
  332. News: IDF launches new offensive in Khan Younis; officer seriously hurt in Rafah . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 9 August 2024 . 10 August 2024 .
  333. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Hatem Khaled . 9 August 2024 . Families flee new Israeli assault in Gaza's Khan Younis . 10 August 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
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  335. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . 10 August 2024 . Families flee new Israeli assault in Gaza's Khan Younis . 12 August 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
  336. News: IDF: We've eliminated senior Hamas official in southern Gaza . Yoav . Zitun . Ynet . 10 August 2024 . 11 August 2024 .
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  338. News: IDF eliminates terror cells, strike Gaza area from which rockets were launched . The Jerusalem Post . 11 August 2024 . 11 August 2024 .
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  340. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . 12 August 2024 . Israel keeps up strikes in Gaza as fears of wider war grow . 12 August 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
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  342. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Maytaal Angel . 13 August 2024 . Gaza ceasefire: Hamas says again it wants implementation, not more talks . 13 August 2024 . www.reuters.com . Reuters.
  343. News: WATCH: IDF kills 100 Hamas terrorists, destroys terror tunnels in extended Rafah operations . The Jerusalem Post . 13 August 2024 . 13 August 2024 .
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  346. News: Iran Update, August 14, 2024 . Andie . Parry . Alexandra . Braverman . Kathryn . Tyson . Kelly . Campa . Ria . Reddy . Carolyn . Moorman. Katherine . Wells . Siddhant . Kishore . Brian . Carter . Institute for the Study of War . 14 August 2024 . 15 August 2024 .
  347. News: IDF kills 20 terrorists in Rafah as Gaza-wide ops continue . Jewish News Syndicate . 15 August 2024 . 16 August 2024 .
  348. News: IDF: We destroyed 50 tunnels at Philadelphi Corridor in past month . Jewish News Syndicate . 15 August 2024 . 16 August 2024 .
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  350. News: Iran Update, August 17, 2024 . Johanna . Moore . Alexandra . Braverman . Ria . Reddy . Nicholas . Carl . Institute for the Study of War . 17 August 2024 . 18 August 2024 .
  351. News: 2 IDF reservists killed by bomb during logistics supply mission in central Gaza . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 17 August 2024 . 18 August 2024 .
  352. News: IDF kills 20 Hamas terrorists in Rafah, destroys rocket launchers aimed at Israel . The Jerusalem Post . 18 August 2024 . 18 August 2024 .
  353. News: IDF destroys Gaza terror infrastructure, kills Hamas terrorist who fired projectiles at Israel . The Jerusalem Post . 19 August 2024 . 19 August 2024 .
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  355. News: IDF strikes Gaza City school from which Hamas terrorists operated, finds weapons in Rafah . The Jerusalem Post . 20 August 2024 . 21 August 2024 .
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  357. News: Gallant: IDF razed 150 tunnels on Egypt-Gaza border, defeated Hamas's Rafah Brigade . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 21 August 2024 . 21 August 2024 .
  358. News: IDF says troops killed around 50 terrorists in Rafah neighborhood over past day . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 22 August 2024 . 22 August 2024 .
  359. News: IDF troops find explosives in UNRWA bags in Gaza's Rafah . Emanuel . Fabian . The Times of Israel . 22 August 2024 . 22 August 2024 .
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  363. News: Live Updates: Israeli Tanks Enter Rafah and Take Control of Border Crossing. Isabel. Kershner. Cassandra. Vinograd. The New York Times . 7 May 2024. NYTimes.com.
  364. Web site: 'Extreme fear and endless anxiety' as Israel moves into Rafah . Al Jazeera . 13 May 2024.
  365. Web site: Israel Pounds Gaza As Truce Talks Resume . Barron's . Agence France Presse . 15 May 2024.
  366. Web site: Israel storms Gaza City neighbourhood, orders Palestinians to go south. Nidal Al-Mughrabi. . 27 June 2024. 27 June 2024.
  367. News: More than 100,000 flee Rafah as Israel steps up strikes, says UN . . 9 May 2024 . 10 May 2024 . Burke . Jason . Tantesh . Malak A. .
  368. Web site: About 300,000 Gazans Have Fled Rafah, U.N. Says . Mike . Ives . 12 May 2024 . The New York Times . 13 May 2024.
  369. Web site: Israel's war on Gaza live: Israel orders further Rafah evacuation . Aljazeera . 11 May 2024.
  370. Web site: Israel PM Says No 'Humanitarian Catastrophe' In Rafah As Almost 500,000 Evacuated . barrons.com . Barron's . 23 May 2024.
  371. Web site: UNRWA says forced displacement has pushed over 1 million away from Rafah . Reuters. 3 June 2024. 4 June 2024.
  372. Web site: UN Chief calls on Israel to reopen Rafah and Karm Abu Salem crossings immediately. WAFA.
  373. Web site: Israel-Gaza live updates: Israel has amassed enough troops for full-scale incursion of Rafah, US officials . ABC News . 15 May 2024.
  374. Web site: Israel's war on Gaza live: 80% of healthcare centres in Gaza out of service . Aljazeera . 14 May 2024.
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  376. News: Gritten . David . Gaza: Israel takes Rafah crossing as truce talks continue . May 8, 2024 . . May 7, 2024.
  377. News: UN suspends Rafah aid distribution and warns US pier may fail . The Guardian . 21 May 2024 . Associated Press . 22 May 2024.
  378. Web site: WHO claims south Gaza hospitals have three days left of fuel . Times of Israel . 8 May 2024.
  379. Web site: Gaza's hospitals warn of catastrophe as fuel runs out and borders remain shut . 14 May 2024 . The National News . 14 May 2024.
  380. Web site: Israeli operation leaves Rafah's hospitals overwhelmed . 10 May 2024 . 14 May 2024.
  381. Web site: Eight-year-old girl wounded in Israeli attack denied treatment after Rafah crossing seizure . Al Jazeera . 14 May 2024.
  382. News: American doctors trapped in Gaza hospital after Rafah border closing . Washington Post . 14 May 2024.
  383. Web site: Abu Azzoum . Tareq . Rescuers struggle to reach injured Palestinians in embattled Rafah neighbourhoods . Al Jazeera . 11 June 2024.
  384. Web site: Amid ongoing Israeli incursions into Gaza, aid facilities shut 'one after another' . UN News . 30 May 2024 . United Nations . 6 June 2024.
  385. Web site: Altalebi . Lamees . Rapid displacement of Gazans 'having deadly effect' . BBC . 15 June 2024.
  386. Web site: Eltaheer . Nafisa . At least 2,000 medical evacuations from Gaza prevented by Rafah crossing closure, says WHO . 25 June 2024 . Reuters . 26 June 2024.
  387. Web site: Capelouto . J.D. . Foreign reporters visit 'unrecognizable' Rafah for the first time . Semafor . 13 July 2024.
  388. News: Two Dozen Bodies Brought to Rafah Hospital, Doctor Says. Liam. Stack. Rawan Sheikh. Ahmad. The New York Times . 7 May 2024. NYTimes.com.
  389. Web site: IRAN UPDATE, MAY 6, 2024 . understandingwar.org . ISW . 8 May 2024.
  390. Web site: 16 People Killed In Israeli Air Strikes In Rafah: Medics, First Responders . Barron's . Agence France Presse . 11 May 2024.
  391. Web site: Abu Azzoum . Tareq . 'Nonstop' bombing of eastern Rafah ongoing . Al Jazeera . 10 May 2024.
  392. Web site: Khoudary . Hind . Health workers unable to rescue people in Rafah . Al Jazeera . 23 June 2024.
  393. Web site: Israeli strike kill at least 35 in Rafah . 8 May 2024 . EFE . 8 May 2024.
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  395. Web site: Gaza Field Update: 8-11 May 2024 . reliefweb.int . 16 May 2024 . ReliefWeb . 22 May 2024.
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  397. Web site: Nidal Al-Mughrabi . Middle East Crisis; Anger and Protests Shadow Israel's Memorial Day . reuters.com . Reuters . 13 May 2024.
  398. Web site: Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #167 . 17 May 2024 . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 19 May 2024.
  399. Web site: Three Palestinians killed in an Israeli airstrike on Rafah . english.wafa.ps . PNIA . 19 May 2024.
  400. Web site: UN Human Rights Chief deplores harrowing killings of children and women in Rafah [EN/AR] ]. reliefweb.int . 23 April 2024 . ReliefWeb . 22 May 2024.
  401. Web site: Israeli strikes on Rafah kill 18, as Gaza death toll tops 34,000 . politico.eu . 21 April 2024 . Politico . 22 May 2024.
  402. https://www.timesofisrael.com/no-longer-justifiable-israel-faces-international-condemnation-for-strike-in-rafah/ 'No longer justifiable': Israel faces international condemnation for strike in Rafah
  403. https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byzna6bec EU to pressure Israel to align with ICJ ruling on Rafah operation
  404. Emanuel Fabian, IDF says it targeted Hamas as Palestinians claim 45 dead in strike on Gaza's Rafah The Times of Israel 27 May 2024
  405. Web site: Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'More than 30' killed in Rafah strike . aljazeera.com . Aljazeera . 27 May 2024.
  406. Web site: Live: Gaza officials call Israeli airstrike on Rafah displacement centre a 'massacre' . france24.com . 26 May 2024 . France24 . 27 May 2024.
  407. Web site: Lilieholm . Lucas . 66 people including children killed in Gaza safe zones over four days, Save the Children says . CNN . 30 May 2024 . 8 June 2024.
  408. Web site: Israeli seizure of Rafah crossing could lead to thousands of deaths, say Gaza medics . The Irish Times . 7 May 2024.
  409. Web site: U.N. Aid Office Warns That An Israeli Assault On Rafah Would Risk Killing Hundreds Of Thousands . Associated Press . 3 May 2024 . 14 May 2024.
  410. Web site: South Africa urges ICJ to consider action on Israel's planned Rafah assault . 2024-02-14 . Al Jazeera . en . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214091652/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/13/south-africa-asks-icj-to-help-halt-israels-planned-rafah-offensive . live .
  411. Web site: 'Genocide is under way in the Palestinian territories': South Africa . Al Jazeera . 17 February 2024 . 17 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217165156/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-four-dead-as-israel-hits-city-in-lebanons-south?update=2709590 . live .
  412. Web site: South African Statement on the situation in Rafah . dirco.gov.za . 6 May 2024 . Department of International Relations & Cooperation . 8 May 2024.
  413. Web site: Israel's war on Gaza live: Full Rafah invasion a 'humanitarian nightmare' . Al Jazeera.
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  415. Web site: 2024-02-10 . Canada warns Israel of 'devastating impact' of planned offensive in Rafah . 11 February 2024 . Al Jazeera . 10 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210062012/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-death-toll-nears-28000-as-rafah-assault-looms?update=2695955 . live .
  416. Web site: Joly says Israeli Rafah invasion would be 'unacceptable,' urges ceasefire . 8 May 2024 . globalnews.ca . Global News.
  417. News: Mexico condemns Israel's assault on Rafah, calls for ceasefire. Al Jazeera. 8 May 2024.
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  419. Web site: Israel determined to take Rafah despite 'potential breach' with U.S. . reuters.com . Reuters . 22 March 2024.
  420. Web site: US has agreed to send more bombs and warplanes to Israel, sources say . Reuters.
  421. Web site: Regan . Helen . 2024-02-12 . Israeli airstrikes kill more than 100 in Rafah as international alarm mounts over anticipated ground offensive . 2024-02-12 . CNN . 15 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215171333/https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/12/middleeast/israel-airstrikes-rafah-ground-offensive-looms-intl-hnk/index.html . live .
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  423. Web site: Ward . Alexander . US won't punish Israel for Rafah op that doesn't protect civilians . Politico . 13 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214024017/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/02/13/us-wont-punish-israel-for-rafah-op-that-doesnt-protect-civilians-00141013 . live .
  424. Web site: Ward . Alexander . If Israel invades Rafah, Biden will consider conditioning military aid to Israel . Politico . 14 March 2024 . 14 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240314022652/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/11/biden-may-condition-aid-for-israel-after-a-rafah-invasion-00146340 . live .
  425. Web site: Scoop: U.S. put a hold on an ammunition shipment to Israel . axios.com . 8 May 2024.
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  427. Web site: Kim. Seung Min. Knickmeyer. Ellen. Miller. Zeke. Biden administration is moving ahead on new $1 billion arms sale to Israel, congressional aides say. Associated Press. 15 May 2024. 15 May 2024.
  428. Web site: Pressure mounts on Israel for Gaza ceasefire as China warns of 'serious humanitarian disaster' . South China Morning Post . 13 February 2024 . Agence France-Presse . 14 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214013657/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3251828/pressure-mounts-israel-gaza-ceasefire-china-warns-serious-humanitarian-disaster . live .
  429. 1787869147080343568 . Kemlu_RI . Indonesia strongly condemns the Israeli military attack in the Palestinian city of Rafah and its control of the Palestinian side of the Rafah border crossing. . MoFA . Indonesia . 7 May 2024 . 28 May 2024 . en.
  430. Web site: Japan 'deeply concerned' about Israel's operations in Rafah . Al Jazeera . 14 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214044228/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-planning-rafah-assault-as-talks-continue?update=2702113 . live .
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  432. Web site: Malaysia vehemently condemns latest Israeli attack on Rafah . Bernama . 8 May 2024 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia . 8 May 2024 .
  433. Web site: EU foreign policy chief expresses alarm over planned Israeli assault on Rafah . Al Jazeera . 10 February 2024 . 9 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240209184434/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2695182 . live .
  434. Web site: EU countries, except Hungary, urge 'immediate' pause in Gaza war . Al Jazeera . 20 February 2024 . 20 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220014833/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-food-trucks-surrounded-as-hunger-spreads-in-gaza?update=2718979 . live .
  435. Web site: EU calls on Israel to halt Rafah operation . Voice of America . 15 May 2024 . 16 May 2024 .
  436. Web site: Adler . Nils . Osgood . Brian . 2024-02-13 . Israeli snipers kill three at Nasser Hospital: Gaza Health Ministry . 2024-02-14 . Al Jazeera . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214064506/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting . live .
  437. Web site: Denmark shares EU's concern over potential Israeli military offensive in Rafah . 2024-02-14 . www.aa.com.tr . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214095120/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/denmark-shares-eu-s-concern-over-potential-israeli-military-offensive-in-rafah/3134208 . live .
  438. News: Samuels . Ben . U.S. Opposes Israeli Rafah Raid Without Plan for Displaced Gazans; EU Chief Diplomat Urges Aid Cut . Haaretz . 13 February 2024 . 19 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240319214824/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-12/ty-article/u-s-opposes-rafah-raid-without-plan-for-displaced-gazans-eu-chief-diplomat-urges-aid-cut/0000018d-9ef4-d747-a78f-fefcefdd0000 . live .
  439. Web site: Ngendakumana . Piere Emanuel . Macron tells Netanyahu France is against Israeli offensive in Rafah . Politico . 14 February 2024 . 16 February 2024 . 7 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240507095429/https://www.politico.eu/article/macron-tells-netanyahu-france-is-against-israeli-offensive-in-rafah/ . live .
  440. Web site: Israeli attack on Rafah would be 'turning point': Macron . Al Jazeera . 17 February 2024 . 17 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217192650/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/16/israels-war-on-gaza-live-17000-children-torn-from-parents-un-says?update=2712009 . live .
  441. Web site: Yadav . Danita . Germany Warns Israel Against Offensive In Rafah – The Last 'Refuge' For Gazans . . 3 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240203061224/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/germany-warns-israel-against-offensive-in-rafah-the-last-refuge-for-gazans-article-107375972 . 4 February 2024. 3 February 2024 .
  442. Web site: Germany says Israeli assault on Rafah would be 'humanitarian catastrophe' . Al Jazeera . 16 February 2024 . 16 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240216034726/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-afraid-to-leave-as-israel-fires-on-hospital?update=2708617 . live .
  443. Web site: Marsi . Federica . Siddiqui . Usaid . Israel unleashes wave of strikes on central Gaza, kills 8 Palestinians . 2024-02-17 . Al Jazeera . en . 17 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217154753/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-icj-warns-of-perilous-situation-in-rafah . live .
  444. Web site: Germany calls for large-scale aid access to Gaza; no Rafah attack . Al Jazeera . 19 March 2024 . 19 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240319002128/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/16/israels-war-on-gaza-live-will-the-netanyahu-government-attack-rafah?update=2776512 . live .
  445. Web site: Assault on Rafah would entail 'grave violations' of international law: Irish foreign minister . Al Jazeera . 13 February 2024 . 13 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213025032/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2698365 . live .
  446. Web site: PM says Italy opposed to Israeli ground operation in Rafah . Al Jazeera . 22 March 2024 . 22 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240322024836/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-holds-al-jazeera-reporter-for-12-hours?update=2783826 . live .
  447. Web site: Irish FM: EU 'must do everything possible' to stop Rafah attack . Al Jazeera . 21 February 2024 . 21 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240221062750/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2719291 . live .
  448. Web site: Israeli offensive in Rafah would be 'unjustifiable': Dutch minister . Al Jazeera . 11 February 2024 . 10 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210232324/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-death-toll-nears-28000-as-rafah-assault-looms?update=2698243 . live .
  449. Web site: Dutch PM Rutte calls on Netanyahu to step up humanitarian aid into Gaza . Al Jazeera . 16 March 2024 . 16 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240316020556/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah?update=2770911 . live .
  450. Web site: 'We should do everything we can to prevent attack on Rafah': Slovenian PM . Al Jazeera . 18 February 2024 . 18 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240218002729/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-icj-warns-of-perilous-situation-in-rafah?update=2714250 . live .
  451. News: O'Carroll . Lisa . Ireland and Spain demand EU reviews Israel trade deal over rights obligations . The Guardian . 14 February 2024 . 16 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215190753/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/14/ireland-and-spain-demand-eu-reviews-israel-trade-deal-over-rights-obligations . live .
  452. Web site: Braithwaite . Sharon . Israel should "stop and think" before Rafah offensive, UK foreign secretary says . CNN . 12 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214011218/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-02-12-24/h_9283282b9f5f7932e435ae6d1d4d3548 . live .
  453. Web site: Arab League chief warns Israel against forcefully displacing Palestinians . Al Jazeera . 15 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215053728/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2704722 . live .
  454. News: Ebrahim . Nadeen . Egypt on edge as Israel's war presses more than a million Palestinians up against its border . 13 February 2024 . CNN . 13 February 2024 . en . 13 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213152333/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/13/middleeast/egypt-boosts-security-border-gaza-israel-war-mime-intl/index.html . live .
  455. News: Hassan . Ahmed . Lewis . Aidan . Egypt steps up security on border as Israeli offensive in Gaza nears . 10 February 2024 . Reuters.
  456. Web site: Egypt warns of 'dire consequences' of Rafah assault . Al Jazeera . 11 February 2024 . 11 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240211192122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2700672 . live .
  457. Web site: Egypt probes shooting of Israeli-Canadian businessman . 2024-05-09 . www.bbc.com . en-GB.
  458. Web site: Rafah invasion plans 'blatant violation of international law': GCC chief . Al Jazeera . 13 February 2024 . 13 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213032637/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2698299 . live .
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  460. Web site: Oman warns against Israel's plans to storm Rafah . Al Jazeera . 13 February 2024 . 13 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213012633/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2699604 . live .
  461. Web site: PA President Abbas says Israel planning to force Palestinians out of Gaza with Rafah plan . Al Jazeera . 11 February 2024 . 9 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240209172620/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2695083 . live .
  462. Web site: Saudi Arabia warns of 'dangerous repercussions' of attacking Rafah . Al Jazeera . 11 February 2024 . 10 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210112820/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-death-toll-nears-28000-as-rafah-assault-looms?update=2696488 . live .
  463. Web site: No: 28, 12 February 2024, Regarding the Israeli Attacks on Rafah City in Gaza . Turkish Embassy in Washington, D.C. . Republic Of Türkiye Ministry Of Foreign Affairs . 14 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214033358/https://washington-emb.mfa.gov.tr/Mission/ShowAnnouncement/408801 . live .
  464. Web site: 刘小卓 . 2024-05-27 . Protests erupt in Istanbul against Israeli bombing of civilians . 2024-05-29 . China Daily.
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  468. Web site: Gaza rights group says 'time is running out' to stop Rafah incursion . Al Jazeera . 11 February 2024 . 9 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240209170632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2695038 . live .
  469. Web site: Former US president's non-profit joins calls for Israel to abort Rafah assault . Al Jazeera . 11 February 2024 . 10 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210042131/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-death-toll-nears-28000-as-rafah-assault-looms?update=2695815 . live .
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  472. Web site: Genocide think-tank condemns attacks on Rafah, UNRWA funding cuts . Al Jazeera . 15 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215192525/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2704241 . live .
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  474. Chotiner . Isaac . Why Biden's Floating Pier Is Unlikely to Meet Gaza's Needs . The New Yorker . 14 March 2024 . 18 March 2024 . 17 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240317101258/https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/why-bidens-floating-pier-is-unlikely-to-meet-gazas-needs . live .
  475. Web site: UN chief warns Israeli assault on Rafah would have 'untold' consequences . Al Jazeera . 8 February 2024 . 7 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207155250/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/7/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-pounds-gaza-as-truce-diplomacy-continues?update=2687384 . live .
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  477. Web site: World Food Programme says relief efforts 'constantly hampered' . Al Jazeera . 14 February 2024 . 13 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213220413/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2706065 . live .
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  482. News: ICJ demands implementation of Gaza measures, but no new action on Rafah . 17 February 2024 . Al Jazeera . en . 16 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240216234013/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/16/icj-demands-implementation-of-gaza-measures-but-no-new-action-on-rafah . live .
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  486. Web site: South Africa asks ICJ to order Israel to withdraw from Gaza's Rafah. . 10 May 2024. Al Jazeera. https://web.archive.org/web/20240510210409/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/10/south-africa-asks-icj-to-order-israel-to-withdraw-from-gazas-rafah. 10 May 2024. live. 16 May 2024.
  487. News: South Africa asks U.N. court to order Israel to halt Rafah assault. Rauhala. Emily. 16 May 2024. The Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20240516143617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/05/16/south-africa-israel-rafa-genocide-icj/. 16 May 2024. live. 16 May 2024.
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  491. News: Middle East Crisis: Top U.N. Court Orders Israel to End Rafah Operation. Gaya. Gupta. The New York Times . 24 May 2024. NYTimes.com.
  492. Web site: UN's top court orders Israel to 'immediately' halt its operation in Rafah. Abbas Al. Lawati. 24 May 2024. CNN.
  493. Web site: Civilians in Gaza in extreme peril while the world watches on . World Health Organization . 24 February 2024 . 25 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225093523/https://www.who.int/news/item/21-02-2024-statement-by-principals-of-the-inter-agency-standing-committee-(iasc)-on-gaza . live .
  494. Web site: WHO chief says Palestinians sheltering in Rafah 'out of options' . Al Jazeera . 29 February 2024 . 29 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240229014030/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-comments-turn-focus-back-to-gaza-ceasefire?update=2734737 . live .
  495. Web site: Israeli ground assault in Rafah would be 'nightmare' for people there . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2024 . 2 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240302041053/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2740042 . live .
  496. Web site: Gaza: Israel's dehumanisation of displaced persons must end, says UN expert . Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . United Nations . 10 March 2024 . 10 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240310021343/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/03/gaza-israels-dehumanisation-displaced-persons-must-end-says-un-expert . live .
  497. Web site: Over 50 UN experts demand sanctions, arms embargo on Israel . Al Jazeera . 8 June 2024.
  498. News: 25 May 2024 . Reaction to World Court's order for Israel to halt Rafah assault in Gaza . Reuters.

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