Intertrappean Beds Explained

Intertrappean Beds
Type:	Geological formation
Age:	Maastrichtian-Danian,
Period:	Maastrichtian
Region:	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
Country:	India
Coordinates:	17.2°N 77.9°W
Unitof:	Deccan Traps
Overlies:	Infratrappean Beds
Paleocoordinates:	-28°N 59°W

The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene geologic formation in India. The beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. The formation spans the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with a stratigraphic range of only a few hundred thousand years before and after the boundary, and a significant debate exists about whether specific sites belong to the Cretaceous or the Paleocene.^{[1] [2]}

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation. Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.^{[3] [4]} The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.^[5] The Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens. A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

Paleobiota

Fish

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anthracoperca	A. bhatiai	Naskal, Rangapur		Otolith.	A percoid otolith.
Apateodus	A. striatus	Asifabad^[6]			An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Ariidae	incertae sedis	Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar		Otolith.	An ariid catfish otolith.
?Belonostomus	B. indicus	Nagpur^[7]			An aspidorhynchid.
Coupatezia	C. sp	Asifabad			An eagle ray.
Cyprinidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A cyprinid.
Dapalis	D. erici	Rangapur		Otolith.	A serranid otolith.
"Eotrigonodon"	"E." wardhaensis	Asifabad			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.^[8]
Enchodus	E. sp	Asifabad			An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Horaclupea	H. intertrappea	Bamanbor^[9]		Complete skeleton.	A clupeid.
Igdabatis	I. indicus	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar^[10] ^[11]			An eagle ray.
Indiaichthys	I. bamanborensis	Bamanbor		Multiple complete skeletons.	A possible percoid.
"Indotrigonodon"	"I." ovatus	Asifabad			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.
"Lepidotes"	"L." sp	Asifabad			A lepisosteiform.
Lepisosteus	L. indicus	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar			A gar.
Nandidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A nandid.
Osteoglossidae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar			An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities.
Palaeolabrus	P. dormaalensis	Asifabad			A palaeolabrid.
Palaeopristolepis	P. chiplonkari	Bamanbor		Multiple partial skeletons.	A questionable leaffish.^[12]
	P. feddeni
"Perca"	"P." angusta	Bamanbor		Skull.	A possible percoid, classification very doubtful.
Percomorpha	incertae sedis	Bamanbor		Partial skeleton.	A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Phareodus	P. sp.	Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli			A bonytongue.
Polycanthidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A polycanthid.
"Pisdurodon"	"P." spatulatus	Asifabad			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.
Pycnodontidae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar			A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities.
"Pycnodus"	"P." lametae	Asifabad			A pycnodontid.
Raja	R. sudhakari	Asifabad			A skate.
Rhombodus	R. sp.	Asifabad			A stingray.
Serranidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A serranid.
Siluriformes	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar			A catfish of uncertain affinities.
Sphenodus	S. sp.	Asifabad			A shark.
Stephanodus	S. lybicus	Asifabad & Marepalli			A pycnodontid.

Invertebrate

Genus	Species	Material	Location	Time Period	Notes	Images
?Buprestidae	Indeterminate		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Jewel beetle.
Lomatus^[13]	L. hislopi		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Jewel beetle.
?Curculionidae	Indeterminate		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.
Meristos	M. hunteri		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.
Ostracoda	Indeterminate		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	An Ostracod.
Palaeotanymecides	P. hislopi		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.
Bivalvia	Indeterminate		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Clam.
Limnaea	sp.		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snail.
Valvata	sp.		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snail.
Paludina	sp.		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snail.
Physa	P. prinsepii		Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snail.

Otolith-based taxa

Genus^[14]	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
"Ambassidarum"	A. cappettai	Nagpur		Otolith	An ambassid otolith.
"Apogonidarum"	A. curvatus	Naskal, Rangapur		Otolith	A cardinalfish otolith.
"Blenniidarum"	B. sp	Rangapur		Otolith	A blenny otolith.
?"Centropomidarum"	C. takliensis	Nagpur		Otolith	A possible snook otolith.
"Clupeidarum"	C. valdiyai	Nagpur, Rangapur		Otolith	A clupeid otolith.
	C. sahnii
"Gonorhynchidarum"	G. rectangulus	Nagpur, Rangapur		Otolith	A gonorynchid otolith.
"Heterotidinarum"	H. heterotoides	Naskal		Otolith	An arapaimine otolith.
"Notopteridarum"	N. nolfi	Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta		Otolith	A notopterid otolith.
"Osteoglossidarum"	O. deccanensis	Naskal,		Otolith	An osteoglossid otolith.
	O. intertrappus
"Percoideorum"	P. citreum	Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur		Otolith	Percoid otoliths.
	P. nagpurensis
	P. rangapurensis
?"Pristolepidinarum"	P. jaegeri	Nag		Otolith	A possible pristolepid otolith.
"Serranidarum"	S. sp.	Anjar		Otolith	A serranid otolith.

Amphibians

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Gobiatidae	incertae sedis	Naskal			A gobiatid frog.
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae"	incertae sedis	Naskal			A frog of uncertain affinities.
Indobatrachus	I. pusillus	Worli Hill		Multiple complete skeletons^[15]	A frog of uncertain affinities.
Pelobatidae	incertae sedis	Nagpur			A pelobatid frog.
Ranoidea	incertae sedis	Naskal			A ranoid frog.
Costata	incertae sedis				A costatan frog

Turtles

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Carteremys	C. leithii	Worli Hill		Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible	A turtle of uncertain affinities.
Sankuchemys	S. sethnai	Amboli Quarry^[16]		Skull	A bothremydid turtle.

Lepidosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acrosphenodontia	Incertae sedis	Naskal^[17]		Dentary with teeth.	An indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
"Agama"	A. sp.	Rangapur			An indeterminate agamid lizard.
Anguidae	Incertae sedis	Naskal			An indeterminate anguid lizard.
?Caudata	Incertae sedis				A possible salamander.
?"Contogenys"	?"C." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate scincomorph lizard.
Deccansaurus	D. palaeoindicus	Kesavi^[18]		Jaws & several osteoderms.	A scincoid lizard.
?"Exostinus"	"E." estestai	Nagpur			An indeterminate xenosaurid lizard.
"Eumeces"	"E." sp.	Rangapur			An indeterminate scincid lizard.
Indophis	I. sahnii	Naskal^[19]		Over 160 vertebrae.	A nigerophiid snake.
"Litakis"	"L." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate lizard.
"Pristiguana"	"P." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate iguanid lizard.
Serpentes	Incertae sedis	Naskal		A trunk vertebra & left dentary.	A snake.
Serpentes	Incertae sedis				Possibly a primitive form,
Madtsoiidae	Incertae sedis			Three individuals.	Madsoid snakes.
cf. Indophis	cf. I. sahnii				Nigerophiidae snake.
Booidea	Incertae sedis				Possibly a Booid snake.

Crocodyliforms

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Crocodylidae	incertae sedis	Worli Hill^[20]		Teeth and dentary.	A crocodylid crocodyliform.
Dyrosauridae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri^[21]		Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae	A dyrosaurid crocodyliform.
Crocodyliformes	incertae sedis	Naskal		Teeth.	Shows similarities to Hamadasuchus and perhaps Mahajangasuchus.

Dinosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
?"Hypselosaurus"	"H." sp	Mohgaon Kalan			A titanosaurian sauropod.
Massospondylus^[22]	M. rawesi			Tooth	Previously thought to be Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod.
Sauropoda	Incertae sedis	Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar		Bones	Sauropod bones.

Oogenera

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Megaloolithus	baghensis	Kisalpuri		Eggshell fragments	A Titanosaur egg.
Subtiliolithus	kachhensis	Kisalpuri		Eggshell fragments	A Enantiornithine bird egg.

Mammals

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bharattherium	B. bonapartei	Kisalpuri			A sudamericid mammal.
Deccanolestes	D. hislopi	Naskal microvertebrate site		Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna.	A eutherian mammal.
	D. robustus	Naskal microvertebrate site		"Dental material and an astragalus".	A eutherian mammal.
	D. narmadensis	Kisalpuri			A eutherian mammal.
Indoclemensia	I. naskalensis	Naskal microvertebrate site			A eutherian mammal.
	I. magnus	Naskal microvertebrate site			A eutherian mammal.
Indotriconodon	I. magnus	Kutch^[24]			A eutriconodont mammal.
Kharmerungulatum	K. vanvaleni	Kisalpuri^[25]			A eutherian mammal.
Sahnitherium	S. rangapurensis	Rangapur microvertebrate site^[26]		Upper Molar.	A eutherian mammal.

Flora

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Connaroxylon	C. dimorphum	Dhagaon, Mandla district^[27]		Wood	Affinities with Connaraceae.
Euphorbiotheca	E. deccanensis				Fruit, member of Euphorbiaceae.^[28]
Hyphaeneocarpon					Fruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.^[29]
Palmocarpon					Fruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.^[30]
Palmoxylon	P. dindoriensis				Wood, member of palm subfamily Coryphoideae.^[31]
Pantocarpon					Fruit, member of Torricelliaceae.^[32]
Phyllanthocarpon	P. singpurensis				Fruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.^[33]
Rhizopalamoxylon					Palm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.^[34]
Pediastrum					Algae.^[35]
Lecaniella					Algae.
Pierceites	P. deccanensis				A Dinocyst.
Aulacoseira					A Diatom.
Azolla					Member of Salviniaceae.
Crybelosporites					Member of Marsileaceae.
Sparganiaceaepollenites					Pollen grains, Member of Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae.
Marsilea					Member Marsileaceae.
Regnellidium					Member of Marsileaceae.
Nymphaeaceae indet.
Typhaceae indet.
Liliaceae indet.
Acanthaceae indet.
Pontederiaceae indet.
Ovoidites					Member of Zygnemataceae.
Gabonisporis					Pollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.

See also

• Lameta Formation
• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
  • List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils
• List of pterosaur-bearing stratigraphic units

References

• Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. .

Notes and References

1. Khosla . Ashu . Verma . Omkar . Kania . Sachin . Lucas . Spencer . 2023 . Microbiota from the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene Boundary Transition in the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India . Topics in Geobiology . 54 . en . 10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5 . 978-3-031-28854-8 . 0275-0120.
2. Wilson Mantilla . Gregory P. . Renne . Paul R. . Samant . Bandana . Mohabey . Dhananjay M. . Dhobale . Anup . Tholt . Andrew J. . Tobin . Thomas S. . Widdowson . Mike . Anantharaman . S. . Dassarma . Dilip Chandra . Wilson Mantilla . Jeffrey A. . 2022-04-01 . New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 591 . 110857 . 10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857 . 2022PPP...59110857W . 0031-0182.
3. Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
4. Barrett, P.M., Butler, R.J., Edwards, N.P., & Milner, A.R. Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas. p61-107. in Flugsaurier: Pterosaur papers in honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp.http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12007/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_05.pdf
5. Web site: MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory . 2008-05-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110607225340/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/basepi.htm . 2011-06-07 .
6. Prasad . G. V. R. . 1989-08-01 . Vertebrate Fauna From the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications . Geological Society of India . en . 34 . 2 . 161–173 . 0974-6889.
7. Web site: Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas . 2024-03-07 . www.mineralienatlas.de . en.
8. Verma . Omkar . Khosla . Ashu . Kaur . Jasdeep . Prashanth . M. . 2017-02-17 . Myliobatid and pycnodont fish from the Late Cretaceous of Central India and their paleobiogeographic implications . Historical Biology . en . 29 . 2 . 253–265 . 10.1080/08912963.2016.1154954 . 2017HBio...29..253V . 0891-2963.
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