International recognition of Israel explained

See also: Foreign relations of Israel.

As of June 2024, the State of Israel is recognized as a sovereign state by 164 of the 192 member states of the United Nations. The State of Israel was formally established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948, and was admitted to the United Nations (UN) as a full member state on 11 May 1949.[1] [2] It also maintains bilateral ties with all of the Permanent Five. 28 member states have either never recognized Israel or have withdrawn their recognition; others have severed diplomatic relations without explicitly withdrawing their recognition. Additionally, many non-recognizing countries have challenged Israel's existence—predominantly those in the Muslim world—due to significant animosity stemming from the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Arab–Israeli conflict.[3]

History

On 14 May 1948, the Israeli Declaration of Independence[4] formally established a Jewish state in part of the former British Mandate of Palestine, in accordance with the United Nations Partition Plan. The Arab League was opposed to any partition and to the establishment of Israel, and an Arab coalition jointly invaded the territory of the newly formed country one day after its independence, sparking the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Following Israel's establishment, the Israeli provisional government was established to govern the Yishuv; and while military operations were still in progress, it was promptly granted de facto recognition by the United States,[5] [6] followed by Iran (which had voted against the Partition Plan), Guatemala, Iceland, Nicaragua, Romania, and Uruguay. The Soviet Union was the first country to grant de jure recognition to Israel on 17 May 1948,[7] followed by Nicaragua, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Poland.[8] The United States extended de jure recognition after the first Israeli election,[9] on 31 January 1949.[10]

By the late 1960s, Israel had established diplomatic relations with almost all of the countries of Western Europe, North America, South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa combined.

To put additional diplomatic, economic, and military pressure on Israel in the wake of the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, oil-producing Arab countries imposed an oil embargo on countries that had bilateral relations with Israel. As a result, many African and Asian countries broke off their ties with Israel. The Soviet Union also shifted its support in favour of the Arab cause against Israel during this time, leading most countries of the Eastern Bloc to sever diplomatic ties in 1967; these included the Soviet Union itself, as well as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria. Other countries in the Soviet sphere of influence, such as the People's Republic of China and Mongolia, also did not establish relations with Israel. Diplomatic relations with these countries were restored or established following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and new countries that had gained independence after the Soviet Union's dissolution also recognised Israel in their own right.

On 1 September 1967, the then-eight members of the Arab League issued the Khartoum Resolution, which included three pledges that forbade recognition, peace, and negotiations with Israel. However, Egypt, Jordan, and Mauritania gradually recognized Israel, though Mauritania broke off ties and withdrew recognition in 2010. As part of the 2020 Abraham Accords, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco all established normalized bilateral ties with Israel.[11] [12] Pressure was again exerted by the Arab League after the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, which led Cuba, Mali, and the Maldives to break off ties with Israel. Niger severed bilateral ties with Israel during the Second Intifada, and Venezuela broke off ties after the 2008–2009 Gaza War.

Following Israel's recognition of and entering into negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), many African, Asian, and Arab countries either restored or established diplomatic relations with Israel. The Vatican began a bilateral relationship with Israel in 1994. Some countries broke or suspended relations during the 2006 Lebanon War and after the blockade of the Gaza Strip. Although Guinea broke diplomatic ties with Israel in 1967, Israel's extensive support for Guinea during its fight against an Ebola virus epidemic led to the re-establishment of bilateral relations in 2016.[13] Nicaragua restored relations in March 2017; Chad did likewise in January 2019.[14] The most recent country to establish diplomatic relations with Israel was Bhutan, on 12 December 2020.[15]

United Nations membership

On 15 May 1948, one day after its independence, Israel applied for membership with the United Nations (UN), but the application was not acted on by the Security Council. Israel's second application was rejected by the Security Council on 17 December 1948 by a 5-to-1 vote, with 5 abstentions. Syria was the sole negative vote; the United States, Argentina, Colombia, the Soviet Union, and the Ukrainian SSR voted in favour; and Belgium, the United Kingdom, Canada, China, and France abstained.

Israel's application was renewed in 1949 after the first Israeli election. By Security Council Resolution 69 on 4 March 1949, the UN Security Council voted 9-to-1 in favour of Israeli membership, with Egypt voting against and the United Kingdom abstaining.[16] Those voting in favour were China, France, the United States, the Soviet Union, Argentina, Canada, Cuba, Norway, and the Ukrainian SSR.

On 11 May 1949, the UN General Assembly, by the requisite two-thirds majority of its then-58 members, approved the application to admit Israel to the UN by General Assembly Resolution 273.[17] [18] The vote in the General Assembly was 37 to 12, with 9 abstentions. Those that voted in favour of Israel were: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, the Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, the Ukrainian SSR, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. Those that voted against were six of the then-seven members of the Arab League (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen) as well as Afghanistan, Burma, Ethiopia, India, Iran, and Pakistan. Those abstaining were: Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, El Salvador, Greece, Siam, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.[19] Many of the countries that voted in favour or had abstained had already recognized Israel before the UN vote, at least on a de facto basis. Of these countries, Cuba and Venezuela have since withdrawn recognition.

Present situation

, 165 of the total member states of the United Nations (UN) recognize Israel. 28 UN member states do not recognize Israel: 15 members of the Arab League (Algeria, Comoros, Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen); ten non-Arab members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Niger, and Pakistan); and Cuba, North Korea, and Venezuela.[20] In 2002, the Arab League proposed the recognition of Israel by Arab countries as a pathway towards a resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict under the Arab Peace Initiative. Following the Abraham Accords, which were signed in September 2020 between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, the Palestinian National Authority condemned any Arab agreement with Israel as dishonourable, describing them as a betrayal to the Palestinian cause and a blow to their quest for an independent Palestinian state.[21]

The passports of some countries are not valid for travel to Israel, including Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan. Thirteen countries do not accept Israeli passports: Algeria, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen. Some of these countries also do not accept passports of other countries whose holder has an Israeli visa or stamp on it. The stamp may be a visa stamp, or a stamp on entry or departure. Because of these issues, Israeli immigration controls do not stamp passports with an entry visa, instead stamping on a separate insert which is discarded on departure. However, a stamp of another country which indicates that the person has entered Israel may frustrate that effort. For example, if an Egyptian departure stamp is used in any passport at the Taba Border Crossing, that is an indication that the person entered Israel, and a similar situation arises for land crossings into Jordan. Some countries also ban direct flights and overflights to and from Israel.[22] In August 2020, the United Arab Emirates permitted direct flights from Israel, and Saudi Arabia and Bahrain authorized overflights for such flights.[23] On 8 October 2020, Israel and Jordan reached an agreement to allow flights to cross over both countries' airspace.[24]

List by country

Legend:

States that have never formally recognized Israel and are in a state of war with Israel
States that have never formally recognized Israel
States that have withdrawn recognition from, cut, or suspended relations with Israel and are in a state of war with Israel
States that have withdrawn recognition from, cut, or suspended relations with Israel
States that recognize Israel

UN member states

State Date of de facto recognition Date of de jure recognition Notes
— [25] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.
— [26] Diplomatic relations established on 20 August 1991.[27]
— [28] [29] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.
— [30]
— [31] Date diplomatic relations established
— [32] Date diplomatic relations established
— [33]
— [34] Date diplomatic relations established
— [35]
[36] Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to that, the two countries had maintained consular relations since 1950. Legations were upgraded to embassy status in 1959.[37]
— [38] Date diplomatic relations established.
[39] [40] On, an agreement was signed to normalize relations.
— [41] [42] — — Does not accept Israeli passports, and Bangladeshi passports are not valid for travel to Israel.
— [43] Date diplomatic relations established
[44] [45] Date diplomatic relations established
— [46]
— [47] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in 2023 during the Israel–Hamas war.[48]
— [49] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and resumed in July 1992.[50] [51]
— [52] Date diplomatic relations established
[53] [54] Relations severed in January 2009,[55] and restored in November 2019.[56] Relations severed in 2023 during the Israel–Hamas war.[57]
— [58] Date diplomatic relations established
After the war in 1973, Botswana was one of the only countries in Africa that did not break off relations with Israel.[59]
— [60]
— — — Does not accept Israeli passports, and Brunei passports are not valid for travel to Israel
— Relations severed on 10 June 1967, and restored on 3 May 1990.[61]
— Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and re-established in October 1993.[62]
Relations severed in May 1973, and restored in March 1995.
— Date diplomatic relations established. Cambodia broke off relations in 1975; they were restored on 5 October 1993.[63]
— [64] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973 and restored in August 1986.[65]
— [66]
— [67] Date diplomatic relations established
Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in January 1991.
— Relations were established in 1961, but severed on 28 November 1972.[68] In 2005, reports emerged of a mutual intention to renew diplomatic relations.[69] Relations restored on 20 January 2019.
— [70]
— The Republic of China granted de jure recognition to Israel on 1 March 1949. The two states maintained diplomatic relations until Israel's recognition of the People's Republic of China on 8 January 1950. The PRC, however, did not formally reciprocate until the eventual establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992.[71]
— On 2 May 2024, president Gustavo Petro announced Colombia would break diplomatic ties with Israel, describing Israel's siege of Gaza as "genocide".[72]
— — —
— [73]
— [74] Date diplomatic relations established
— [75] Cuba severed relations in September 1973,[76] and the most recent government does not recognize it.[77]
— Date diplomatic relations established. They had been agreed to on 17 August 1960, but final establishment was postponed due to pressure from Arab nations.[78]
— Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic were established 1 January 1993.[79]
— Date diplomatic relations established. Ties severed on 4 October 1973, and restored on 13 May 1982.[80]
[81]
— — —
— Date diplomatic relations established
—
[82] —
—
[83] [84] Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution. Later became the first Arab state to recognize Israel, with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty.
— [85]
Relations severed in October 1973, and resumed in January 1994.[86]
— [87] Date diplomatic relations established
— [88] Date diplomatic relations established
—
— [89] Prior to de jure recognition, Ethiopia maintained consular relations with Israel since 1956. Relations were broken in October 1973, and resumed in November 1989.
[90] — Date diplomatic relations established
— Date diplomatic relations established
[91]
— [92]
[93] — [94] Relations severed in October 1973, and resumed in September 1993.
— Relations broken in October 1973, and resumed in September 1992
— [95] Date diplomatic relations established
(West Germany before 3 October 1990)[96] [97] Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this, Germany signed the Reparations agreement with Israel. East Germany never had diplomatic relations with Israel during its existence.
— Relations broken in October 1973, and resumed in August 1994
[98] Date diplomatic relations established
— Date diplomatic relations established
—
— Broke diplomatic relations with Israel on 12 June 1967, and restored relations on July 20, 2016.
— Date diplomatic relations established
— Broke off relations in March 1974, restored in March 1992.
Date diplomatic relations established
[99]
[100] [101] Relations broken in 1967, and restored on 19 September 1989.[102]
— [103]
— — — Can only travel to Indonesia with an invitation from the Department of Immigration of Indonesia. Can only enter Indonesia through airports in Denpasar, Jakarta and Surabaya.
— — Voted against UN Partition Plan and voted against admission of Israel to membership of UN. Iranian government refrained from recognizing Israel de jure despite de facto recognition. Relations severed on 18 February 1979.[104] Does not accept Israeli passports, and the holders of Iranian passports are "not entitled to travel to the occupied Palestine"[105]
— [106] — — Does not accept Israeli passports, except for Iraqi Kurdistan where visa is required for passengers without a signed and stamped letter issued by the Ministry of Interior of the Kurdistan Regional Government if arriving at Erbil (EBL) and Sulaymaniyah (ISU). Iraqi passports are not valid for travel to Israel.[107]
[108]
Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this date, it had maintained trade relations since 15 February 1961. Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in February 1986.
—
— [109]
— [110] Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution. Recognized Israel in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.
— [111] Date diplomatic relations established
— [112] Severed relation in November 1973, resumed in December 1988.
— [113] Date diplomatic relations established
— — — Does not accept Israeli passports.
—
— Date diplomatic relations established. Laos broke off relations in 1973, and restored them on 6 December 1993.[114]
— [115] Date diplomatic relations established
— — — Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.
—
Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in August 1983.
— — — Does not accept Israeli passports.
—
— [116] Date diplomatic relations established
[117]
— Relations broken in October 1973, and resumed in January 1994.
— Date diplomatic relations established
— — — Does not admit Israeli passport holders without written permission from the government. Malaysian passports not valid for travel to Israel without permission from the government.[118]
— — [119] Diplomatic relations suspended in 1974.[120] Cooperation agreements in 2009 did not develop into full diplomatic relations[121] [122] [123] and were terminated in 2014.[124]
— — Diplomatic relations severed 5 January 1973.
Date diplomatic relations established
— [125]
— — [126] Diplomatic relations suspended 6 March 2009,[127] severed 21 March 2010.[128]
— Diplomatic relations severed July 1976, restored September 1993.
[129]
[130] —
—
[131] —
[132] —
[133] Closed Israeli office and suspended relations in October 2000.[134] On 10 December 2020, an agreement was announced to normalize relations.[135]
—
[136] — Date full diplomatic relations established
[137] —
—
[138] — Date diplomatic relations established. First South Asian nation to establish diplomatic ties with Israel.
[139]
— Diplomatic relations suspended June 2010 and restored in March 2017.[140]
— — — Relations severed on 4 January 1973.
[141] Relations broken in October 1973, were resumed in May 1992.
— [142] — —North Korea and Israel held talks in 1993, but the talks were halted under pressure from the United States.[143] See Israel–North Korea relations for more details.
— Date diplomatic relations established
Date Norway recognized Israel
— — A degree of relations established in January 1996. Closed Israeli office and suspended relations in October 2000. Accepts Israeli passports for transit only, does not accept for admission.
— [144] — — Does not accept Israeli passports, and Pakistani passports are not valid for travel to Israel.
—
—
— 1978[145]
[146]
—
[147]
— [148] Relations were broken in 1967, restored in February 1990.[149]
[150]
— —In April 1996, Qatar and Israel agreed to exchange trade representation offices.[151] Trade offices closed in February 2009.
Israeli-issued passports are not allowed in Qatar, exept during the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[152] [153]
— Date diplomatic relations established. Broke relations on 31 December 1972, resumed in August 1991.
[154]
— [155] [156] Recognition extended as the Soviet Union. Relations broken in 1967, restored on 19 October 1991.[157]
— Relations severed in October 1973, and restored in October 1994.
— Date diplomatic relations established
— Date diplomatic relations established
— Date diplomatic relations established
— Date diplomatic relations established
[158] —
— Date diplomatic relations established
— [159] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.
— Relations broken in October 1973, and resumed in August 1994.
— Date diplomatic relations established[160]
— Date diplomatic relations established
— Relations broken in October 1973, and resumed in May 1992.
[161] — Date diplomatic relations established
— Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with Slovakia were established 1 January 1993.[162]
[163] —
—
— [164] — —
[165] [166]
— [167] Date diplomatic relations established
[168] — Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.[169]
[170]
[171]
[172] — On 23 October 2020, an agreement was announced to normalize relations.
—
[173] [174]
— — — Does not accept Israeli passports.
—
— Relations broken in October 1973, and resumed in February 1995.
[175]
— Relations severed in September 1973, and restored in June 1987.
— Date diplomatic relations established
—
— [176] —[177] Joint declaration of relations made in January 1996. Closed the Israeli representative office and suspended relations in October 2000.
[178] [179] Downgraded ties with Israel to second secretary level in September 2011,[180] and restored full diplomatic relations in June 2016.[181]
[182] — Date diplomatic relations established
— Date diplomatic relations established
— Broke relations on 30 March 1972, and restored in July 1994.
[183]
On, an agreement was signed to normalize relations.[184]
[185]
[186]
— First Latin American country to recognize Israel.[187]
[188] — Date full diplomatic relations established
— Date diplomatic relations established
— — [189] Relations severed in January 2009.[190]
[191] — Date diplomatic relations established
— — — Does not accept Israeli passports.
— Relations broken in October 1973, and resumed in December 1991.
— Date diplomatic relations established

Non-UN member states

State Date of recognition Notes
[192] align=center
[193] align=center
align=center Kosovo recognised Israel as part of the Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements (2020).[194] [195] [196] Diplomatic relations established on February 1, 2021.[197] [198]
[199] align=center
[200] align=center Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution. Recognized Israel as part of the Oslo I Accord.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: un.org/en/members/ 3 July 2006. 27 January 2022. 7 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110207190946/http://www.un.org/en/members/. live.
  2. 11 May 1949. Two Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting. dead. The United Nations. https://web.archive.org/web/20070912101430/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b. 12 September 2007. 13 July 2007.
  3. Rossi . Michael . Pinos . Jaume Castan . 2020-02-17 . Introduction to Inconvenient Realities: The Emergence and Resilience of Parastates . Nationalities Papers . en . 48 . 1 . 12–23 . 10.1017/nps.2019.58 . 0090-5992 . (p.12) Parastates are neither sovereign countries with limited recognition like Israel . 214574382 . 2022-09-01 . 2022-08-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220831125425/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/introduction-to-inconvenient-realities-the-emergence-and-resilience-of-parastates/42154CA2D4E4AFF0FED70116F5947157 . live .
  4. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948: Retrieved 15 December 2013
  5. http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1948-05-15-04-001&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1948-05-15-04 End of Palestine mandate
  6. Web site: Milestones: 1945–1952 – Office of the Historian. 11 May 2021. 7 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201207123950/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/creation-israel. live.
  7. Book: Behbehani . The Soviet Union and Arab nationalism, 1917–1966 . Routledge . 1986 . 978-0-7103-0213-7 . 69.
  8. Web site: Israel International Relations: International Recognition of Israel . Jewish Virtual Library . 31 March 2017 . 24 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210135/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/international-recognition-of-israel . live .
  9. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1949-01-31&documentid=1-15&collectionid=ROI&pagenumber=1 Press Release, 31 January 1949. Official File, Truman Papers
  10. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/index.php The Recognition of the State of Israel: Introduction
  11. News: Schwartz . Felicia . 23 October 2020 . Israel, Sudan Agree to Normalize Ties in U.S.-Brokered Deal . . 12 December 2020 . 23 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201023212501/https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-sudan-agree-to-normalize-ties-in-u-s-brokered-deal-11603469178 . live .
  12. News: 2020-12-10 . Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal . en-GB . . 2020-12-13 . 2020-12-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210222449/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55266089 . live .
  13. News: Israel and Guinea renew diplomatic relations after 49 years. Haaretz Israel News. 2016-07-20. 2016-07-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160721120914/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.732319. live.
  14. News: Landau . Noa . Israel, Chad Renew Diplomatic Ties That Were Severed in 1972 . . 20 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190120082708/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/netanyahu-set-to-arrive-in-chad-and-re-establish-the-ties-cut-in-1972-1.6852370 . 20 January 2019 . live .
  15. Web site: 12 December 2020. Israel and Bhutan establish diplomatic relations. 12 December 2020. Al Jazeera. en. 12 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201212191710/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/12/israel-and-bhutan-establish-diplomatic-relations. live.
  16. Web site: 2015-03-20 . Britain's Abstention on Israeli Membership Vote at U.N. Criticized at Poale Zion Papley . 2023-11-16 . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . 2023-11-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116210046/https://www.jta.org/archive/britains-abstention-on-israeli-membership-vote-at-u-n-criticized-at-poale-zion-papley . live .
  17. Web site: Pike . John . Israeli War of Independence . 17 April 2016 . 18 January 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090118072325/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/israel-inde.htm . live .
  18. Neff, Donald. Third Time's a Charm: Israel Admitted as U.N. Member in 1949. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. July 2011. 24. American Educational Trust. 2011-11-25. 2012-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20120405223644/http://www.wrmea.com/component/content/article/370-2011-july/10548-third-times-a-charm-israel-admitted-as-un-member-in-1949.html. live.
  19. Web site: United Nations Official Document. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050336/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FPV.207&Lang=E. dead. March 5, 2016. www.un.org.
  20. Web site: 5 June 2008 . H. RES. 1249 . United States Congress . 24 December 2011 . 16 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180316022934/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres1249ih/pdf/BILLS-110hres1249ih.pdf . live . Since the publication of this document, Mauritania and Venezuela severed relations with Israel, and Bahrain, Chad, Guinea, the United Arab Emirates, Sudan, and Morocco resumed or established relations.
  21. Web site: Angered by Arab-Israel ties, PA quits chairing Arab League sessions. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 22 September 2020 . 2020-09-22. 2020-09-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20200923090643/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/angered-by-arab-israel-ties-palestine-quits-chairing-arab-league-sessions-643144. live.
  22. Web site: Countries with bans on flights to Israel – International Ops 2020 – OPSGROUP . ops.group . 11 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201020054830/https://ops.group/blog/countries-with-bans-on-flights-to-israel/ . 20 October 2020 . dead.
  23. News: Israel and UAE in historic direct flight following peace deal. BBC News. August 31, 2020. September 12, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914031957/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53971256. live.
  24. News: Israel and Jordan sign historic airspace agreement. Harkov. Lahav. 8 October 2020. The Jerusalem Post. 8 October 2020. 8 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201008213921/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/israel-and-jordan-sign-historic-aviation-agreement-645030. live.
  25. News: Staff writers. Kabul will forge Israel ties if Palestinians form State: Karzai. Pak Tribune. 9 January 2006. Pakistan News Service. 2011-08-05. 2018-11-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20181120042109/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?130728. live.
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  27. News: Albania and Israel in Accord To Establish Diplomatic Ties. 4 August 2011. The New York Times. 20 August 1991. 11 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110211091300/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/20/world/albania-and-israel-in-accord-to-establish-diplomatic-ties.html. live.
  28. News: Lederer, Edith M.. Israel signs condolence book to Algeria bombing victims despite no diplomatic relations. The Associated Press. 14 December 2007. "Ambassador Dan Gillerman told ... 'Algeria does not recognize Israel and has not even made any steps towards normalizing its relations with Israel'."
  29. [Khartoum Resolution]
  30. Web site: Asia . dead . https://archive.today/20120731180235/http://www.exteriors.ad/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=395:asia&catid=38&Itemid=56&lang=ca . 31 July 2012 . 4 August 2011 . Government of Andorra.
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  32. Web site: Permanent Representative of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations . Chronology of Antigua and Barbuda's bilateral relations . 4 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120117180614/http://www.un.int/antigua/bilachro.htm . 17 January 2012 .
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