International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia explained

Abkhazia and South Ossetia are separatist regions of Georgia in the Caucasus.[1] Most countries recognise them as part of Georgia, while Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria regard them as independent. Russia's initial recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia occurred in the aftermath of the Russo-Georgian War in 2008. The government of Georgia considers the republics to be Russian-occupied territories.

Abkhazia and South Ossetia were once recognised by up to seven UN member states, until Tuvalu withdrew its recognition of both in 2014,[2] [3] [4] and Vanuatu clarified the status of their recognitions. Vanuatu reconfirmed in 2019 it supports Georgian territorial integrity including the two disputed territories. Abkhazia and South Ossetia recognise each other, and also have some recognition from non-UN member states.

History

South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia during the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War on 29 May 1992, with its Constitution referring to the "Republic of South Ossetia".[5] [6] [7] Abkhazia declared its independence after its war with Georgia in 1992–1993.[8] Its Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1994.[9] [10]

The 2008 South Ossetia war was fought in August 2008 between Georgia on one side and South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Russia on the other, resulting in a combined South Ossetian, Abkhaz and Russian victory and the expulsion of the Georgian military from both territories.

Russia's recognition

After hearing the aforementioned appeals from both the Abkhazian and South Ossetian leadership, on 25 August 2008, the Federation Council and State Duma passed motions calling upon President Dmitry Medvedev to recognise the independence of both states and establish diplomatic relations. On 26 August 2008, President Medvedev signed decrees recognising the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as sovereign states.[11]

In the UN Security Council, the United States was heavily critical of Russian support of the secessionist governments, accusing the government of violating Georgia's territorial integrity. In response, Vitaly Churkin, the Permanent Representative of Russia to the UN, attacked the U.S. claim to moral high ground by recalling its invasion of Iraq in 2003. Others accused the United States of hypocrisy, citing its support of the violation of Serbian territorial integrity when it recognised the independence of Kosovo in 2008.[12]

The Russian government also welcomed Nicaragua's recognition of the two states, and called on other countries to "recognise reality" and follow Nicaragua's example. President Daniel Ortega announced that his government "recognises the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia and fully supports the Russian government's position."[13] Medvedev also signed into law federal bills ratifying friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance pacts between his government and those of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The laws stipulated the obligations of each state to provide assistance to each other if either of them comes under attack, joint protection of Abkhazia and South Ossetia's borders, as well as cooperation on a wide range of economic, social, and humanitarian issues. The states would also jointly counter organised crime, international terrorism, and drug trafficking, documents to this effect were signed for 10 years with an option to extend the deal automatically.[14]

Georgia's response

Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili considered Russia's move as an attempt to alter the borders of Europe by force. Below are some excerpts from his statement:[15]

This is the first attempt on European territory ... since Hitler's regime and Stalin's Soviet Union where a large state is trying unilaterally, with the use of force, to completely crush a neighbouring country and openly annex its territory.
This is inconceivable lawlessness and insolence ... Russia has done unthinkable damage to its place in the international community.
The question of the re-establishment of the territorial integrity of Georgia and the protection of its freedom – this is not an internal Georgian problem, or a question of Georgia and Russia. This is now a question of Russia and the rest of the civilised world. Georgia's future, is not only the future of Georgia, this is the future of the whole civilised world...

Deputy Foreign Minister Giga Bokeria said, "This is an unconcealed annexation of these territories, which are a part of Georgia."[16]

On 28 August, the Georgian Parliament passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia and South Ossetia "Russian-occupied territories" and instructed the government to annul all previous treaties on Russian peacekeeping.[17] The following day the government announced that it was severing diplomatic ties with Russia, with the Georgian Embassy in Moscow and the Russian Embassy in Tbilisi to close as a result. Georgia recalled its Ambassador from Russia and ordered all Russian diplomats to leave Georgia, saying that only consular relations would be maintained. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs commented on this decision, saying that some 600,000 to 1 million Georgians in Russia would be left to the "mercy of fate".[18] [19]

Later, Georgia also severed diplomatic relations with Nicaragua.[20] Georgia moved to economically isolate the regions. A ban on economic activity in the regions without Georgian permission was issued, and anyone caught violating this ban by the Georgian authorities faced prosecution. The Georgian Navy blockaded the coast of Abkhazia, and has seized 23 cargo ships trying to bring supplies to Abkhazia, most notably fuel supplies. Abkhazia is dependent on fuel imports, and faced a serious shortage as a result. Russia began deploying boats from its own Black Sea Fleet on 21 September 2009, in response.[21] In August 2009, Russia and South Ossetia accused Georgia of shelling Ossetian villages and kidnapping four South Ossetian citizens. Russia threatened to use force unless the shelling stopped, and put its troops stationed in South Ossetia on high alert.[22]

In January 2010, Georgia adopted a strategy regarding the reintegration of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[23] The strategy is called Involvement through Cooperation and it was presented to the international organisations as well as to Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The document says Georgia views peaceful methods as the only way for conflict solution and that there won't be a war with these regions. It envisions engagement of people of these two regions through education as well as social, economic and business projects, instead of isolation.[24] [25]

It is officially illegal under Georgian law to enter South Ossetia or Abkhazia through Russia, without permission from Georgia; it is possible to travel through Georgian territory to Abkhazia, though as Georgia cannot assure the safety inside the disputed territories, going to either Abkhazia or South Ossetia is not recommended by the Georgian government.[26] [27] [28] It is not possible for foreigners to enter South Ossetia from Georgian controlled territory, as the South Ossetian de facto authorities do not facilitate nor allow this.[29]

Western response

The European Union, NATO,[30] the OSCE,[31] and the United States[32] immediately voiced displeasure with Russia's decision.

Developments since 2008

After the Russian recognition, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, Vanuatu and Tuvalu soon followed suit and recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states. However, in 2013 and 2014, Vanuatu and Tuvalu have scrapped their recognition. Russia has invested a significant money in diplomatic strategy to promote recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and display its soft power.[33] However, Russia seems to have stopped investing in the recognition project after 2014. One of the possible reasons might be worsening of the financial situation in Russia following the Russo-Ukrainian War and international sanctions on Russia. Abkhazia has started a new campaign to strengthen the relations with the foreign countries and present itself as an independent actor. Abkhaz officials have visited a number of countries, including China, Italy, Turkey and Israel. They have also met with the officials from South Africa, Jordan and El Salvador, and sent diplomatic notes to other countries, such as Egypt, France, Guatemala and Sri Lanka. This campaign reached its peak in 2017, but subsequently decreased and largely halted with the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.[34] Syria remains the only country which has recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia since 2009.[35]

States formally recognising Abkhazia or South Ossetia as independent

UN members

style=width:8em State !Diplomatic relations established Notes
1 26 August 2008[36] [37] [38] 9 September 2008[39]

See main article: Abkhazia–Russia relations and Russia–South Ossetia relations. Ambassadors Semyon Grigoriyev and Elbrus Kargiyev presented their credentials to Abkhaz President Sergey Bagapsh and South Ossetian President Eduard Kokoity on 16 December 2008.[40]
An Embassy of Russia to South Ossetia was opened in February 2009.[41] An Embassy of South Ossetia to the Russian Federation was opened in 2009.
An Embassy of Russia to Abkhazia was opened on 1 May 2009.[42] An Embassy of Abkhazia to Russia was opened on 18 May 2010.[43]

2 5 September 2008[44] [45] [46] 10 September 2009 (Abkhazia)[47]
14 April 2010 (South Ossetia)

See main article: Abkhazia–Nicaragua relations and Nicaragua–South Ossetia relations. The Ambassador of Nicaragua to Abkhazia resides in Moscow.[48]
The South Ossetian Embassy in Managua was opened on 30 August 2011.[49] In 2022, an Abkhaz Embassy in Nicaragua was established. Until then, Abkhazia was represented in Nicaragua via its Ambassador in Caracas.[50]

3 10 September 2009[51] 9 July 2010 (South Ossetia)
12 July 2010 (Abkhazia)[52] [53]

See main article: Abkhazia–Venezuela relations and South Ossetia–Venezuela relations. President Hugo Chávez met the leaders of both states in Caracas and said "I'm sure we, together with Abkhazia and South Ossetia, will be able to build strong relations with Latin American nations such as Paraguay, Uruguay, Cuba, Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil and Argentina."[54]
Ambassador of Venezuela Hugo José García Hernández presented his credentials to Abkhaz President Sergey Bagapsh on 12 July 2010."[55]
An Embassy of Abkhazia to Venezuela was opened on 12 July 2010.[56]

4 15 December 2009 (Abkhazia)
16 December 2009 (South Ossetia)[57] 		15 December 2009 (Abkhazia)
16 December 2009 (South Ossetia)[58]

See main article: Abkhazia–Nauru relations. Representatives of Nauru were present as observers for the presidential elections in Abkhazia on 26 August 2011.[59] In 2018, the president of South Ossetia appointed a representative for Nauru.[60]

5 29 May 2018 22 July 2018[61]

See main article: Abkhazia–Syria relations. In May 2018, the Syrian government recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[62] [63] In October 2020, the Abkhazia government inaugurated Embassy chancery to the Damascus, Syria.

Former partially recognized states

Diplomatic relations established Notes
127 June 2014 (South Ossetia)25 February 2022 (from Abkhazia) and 9 March 2022 (reciprocal recognition from DPR)12 May 2015 (South Ossetia)9 March 2022 (Abkhazia)After receiving South Ossetian recognition in 2014, the Donetsk People's Republic reciprocated recognition and additionally recognized Abkhazia on 11 May 2015.[77] On 22 February 2022, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a statement welcoming the recognition of independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics by Russian President Vladimir Putin. On 25 February 2022 President Aslan Bzhania announced the recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.Russia annexed the DPR on 30 September 2022. The annexation is internationally unrecognised.
2 18 June 2014 (South Ossetia)
25 February 2022 (from Abkhazia) and 10 March 2022 (reciprocal recognition from LPR)[78] 		28 January 2015 (South Ossetia)[79]
10 March 2022 (Abkhazia)[80] 		After receiving diplomatic recognition from South Ossetia in 2014, the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) reciprocated recognition on 28 January 2015.[81]
In April 2015, South Ossetia opened the first foreign embassy in Luhansk.[82] On 22 February 2022, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a statement welcoming the recognition of independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics by Russian President Vladimir Putin. On 25 February 2022 President Aslan Bzhania announced the recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.On 10 March 2022 the LPR recognized Abkhazia's independence.[83] [84] Russia annexed the LPR on 30 September 2022. The annexation is internationally unrecognised.
3 17 November 2006[85] — Republic of Artsakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia mutually recognise each other.[86] On 12 February 2010 it was announced that it is expected to establish diplomatic relations with Abkhazia.[87] Artsakh had ceased to exist in 1 January 2024.

States that recognised Abkhazia or South Ossetia as independent, but subsequently withdrew recognition

UN member states

States that do not recognise Abkhazia or South Ossetia as independent

Other states

Position
President of Kosovo Fatmir Sejdiu said that Kosovo cannot serve as an example for Russia to recognise South Ossetia or Abkhazia. He said, "We have always stressed that Kosovo has special characteristics; that it is sui generis and it cannot be used as a precedent for other conflict zones, areas or regions". He did not comment on Russia's recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, but said that Kosovo was "on the side of great world powers" on that issue.[310]
President of Northern Cyprus Mehmet Ali Talat said he respected the will of the people in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. A spokesman for Talat called for Moscow to review its policy on Cyprus and said there were lessons in the developments for the Greek Cypriots.[311]
Palestine has so far not recognized the independence of Abkhazia or South Ossetia. In 2015, Abdel Hafiz Nofal, the Ambassador of the State of Palestine to the Russian Federation, met with Abkhaz foreign minister Viacheslav Chirikba and Igor Ahba, the Abkhaz Ambassador to Russia.[312] In 2022, Nofal met with Inal Ardzinba, who had become Abkhaz foreign minister in late 2021.[313]
The head of Republic of China's representative office in Russia Antonio Chen said on 10 November 2011 in an interview published in the Kommersant newspaper: "Taiwan is ready for trade-economic and cultural cooperation with Abkhazia and South Ossetia. But as far as their political recognition is concerned, a mutual exchange of opinions on this issue has not been held yet".[314]

Former partially recognized states

Positions taken by intergovernmental organisations

Under international law, intergovernmental organisations do not themselves possess the legal capacity to recognise any state diplomatically; their member states do so individually. However, depending on the intergovernmental organisation's rules of internal governance and the positions of their member states, they may express positive or negative opinions as to declarations of independence, or choose to offer or withhold membership to a newly declared state.

Positions taken by non-state actors

International non-governmental organisations

International organisation Position
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) The Hague-based Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, whose members are 69 entities seeking self-determination and representation, of which Abkhazia (but not South Ossetia) is one, issued a statement on 29 August 2008 in which it "congratulates Abkhazia, for her calls for self-determination have been formally taken into consideration. With Abkhazia's right to self-determination acknowledged starts a long and slow process which can eventually lead to the admittance of Abkhazia to the United Nations".[356]
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Neither Abkhazia nor South Ossetia is currently a member of the governing structures for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Independently of their ISO membership status, ISO will also potentially issue a standardised country code for each. According to rules of procedure followed by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency based in Geneva, a new ISO 3166-1 code for Abkhazia and/or South Ossetia will only be issued once it appears in the United Nations Terminology Bulletin Country Names or in the UN Statistics Division's list of Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use.[357] To appear in the terminology bulletin, it must either (a) be admitted into the United Nations, (b) join a UN Specialised Agency or (c) become a state party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.[358] None of these criteria have been met.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) ICANN, through its Country Code Names Supporting Organization, is responsible for adding new country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) for use in Internet addressing. Rules of procedure dictate Abkhazia and/or South Ossetia must first receive an ISO 3166-1 code (discussed above) before the ccTLD can be introduced.[359]

See also

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia . 2024-04-11 . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination . en.
  2. Web site: Tuvalu Retracts Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Recognition. Civil Georgia. 31 March 2014. 28 January 2022.
  3. Web site: Statement of the Georgian Foreign Ministry regarding the establishment of diplomatic and consular relations . 2014-09-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006191232/http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=59&info_id=17401 . 6 October 2014 .
  4. Web site: Syria recognises independence of Georgia's occupied Abkhazia and South Ossetia. agenda.ge. 2018-05-29.
  5. Web site: Constitution of South Ossetia. https://web.archive.org/web/20080915084537/http://cominf.org/2004/10/15/konstituciya_respubliki_yuzhnaya_osetiya.html. dead. 15 September 2008.
  6. Web site: Абхазия и Южная Осетия требуют независимости . 2008-11-18 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080901184259/http://ruvek.ru/russia-politics-independence.html . 1 September 2008 .
  7. Book: Robert H. Donaldson, Joseph L. Nogee . The Foreign Policy of Russia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests . 2005 . M.E. Sharpe . 978-0-7656-1568-8 . 199.
  8. News: 23 May 2012 . Abkhazia profile . 2024-03-22 . BBC News . en-GB.
  9. http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty Constitution of Abkhazia
  10. Web site: Абхазия . 2008-11-18 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081208205347/http://www.community-dpr.org/about_country/abhazia.php . 8 December 2008 .
  11. The New York Times, 26 August 2008: "Russia Backs Independence of Georgian Enclaves" by Clifford J. Levy.
  12. News: Reding . Andrew . That Caucasus hypocrisy . The Globe and Mail . 28 August 2008 . 29 August 2008.
  13. Web site: UNPO: Abkhazia: Russia Welcomes Nicaragua's Recognition Of South Ossetia And Abkhazia. 5 April 2016.
  14. http://www.rbcnews.com/free/20081124163142.shtml RBC News
  15. Михаил Саакашвили назвал действия России в отношении Грузии "силовой попыткой изменить границы внутри Европы
  16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7582181.stm Russia recognises Georgian rebels
  17. Web site: Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory. Civil Georgia. 28 August 2008. 28 January 2022.
  18. Web site: В Петербурге президенты России и Украины открыли памятник Тарасу Шевченко как символ культурных связей. 22 December 2000. 5 April 2016.
  19. http://www.kommersant.com/p-13157/Russia_Georgia_conflict/ Russian-Georgian Visa Ties Remain
  20. Web site: Georgia Cuts Ties with Nicaragua over S.Ossetia, Abkhazia Recognition. Civil Georgia. 29 November 2008. 22 January 2022.
  21. News: Russia warns Georgia against seizing Abkhazia-bound ships . https://archive.today/20120719060750/http://rt.tv/Politics/2009-09-03/russia-georgia-abkhazia-ships.html . dead . 19 July 2012 . RT . 3 September 2009 . 7 June 2010 .
  22. Web site: South Ossetia accuses Georgia of hostage-taking – News – Business Portal Business Inform. 5 April 2016. 6 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221314/http://www.en.b-info.by/news/450/index3.html. dead.
  23. News: 31 January 2010 . Georgia Unveils 'Strategy On Occupied Territories' . 2024-03-22 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . en.
  24. Web site: GeorgianDaily Forum. https://web.archive.org/web/20110711091156/http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16661&Itemid=65. dead. 11 July 2011. georgiandaily.com.
  25. Web site: Geotimes – მთავარი. 5 April 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022003/http://www.geotimes.ge/index.php?m=home&newsid=20134. 24 September 2015.
  26. Web site: Another citizen of Georgia kidnapped near occupation line of Tskhinvali – Alarming statistics of 2018. GeorgianJournal. 2019-06-22.
  27. Web site: Archil Tatunashvili Archives. Civil.ge. en. 2019-06-22.
  28. Web site: One year since the brutal murder of Georgian citizen Archil Tatunashvili by occupying forces. Agenda.ge. 2019-06-22.
  29. Web site: Entry procedures for foreign citizens arriving to the Republic of South Ossetia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of South Ossetia. en. 2022-01-28.
  30. http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-georgia/index.html NATO's relations with Georgia
  31. Web site: OSCE Chair Condemns Russia's Recognition of Abkhazia, S.Ossetia. Civil Georgia. 26 August 2008. 22 January 2022.
  32. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7597336.stm US condemns Russia over Georgia
  33. Web site: Oliver Bullough. This Tiny Pacific Island Nation Just Gave Russia a Big Bruise. The New Republic. 2 April 2014.
  34. Web site: Abkhazia’s cold relationship with Central Asia. New Eeastern Europe. 29 August 2022.
  35. Web site: Syria Recognizes Abkhazia, South Ossetia . Civil Georgia. 29 May 2018.
  36. News: Medvedev . Dmitry . Dmitry Medvedev . Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, 26 August 2008 . Moscow . Federal Government of Russia . 26 August 2008 . 4 September 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080902001442/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml . 2 September 2008 .
  37. Web site: Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 26.08.2008 г. № 1261. Президент России.
  38. Web site: Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 26.08.2008 г. № 1260. Президент России.
  39. Web site: Trend News: Russia Officially Established Diplomatic Relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia . News.trendaz.com . 3 October 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080917175352/http://news.trendaz.com/index.shtml?show=news&newsid=1290200&lang=EN . 17 September 2008 .
  40. Web site: Ambassadors to Abkhazia and South Ossetia present their credentials «ITAR-TASS» 16.12.2008, 18:43. https://web.archive.org/web/20081220032041/http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13387827&PageNum=0. dead. 20 December 2008.
  41. Web site: Georgia sets conditions for restoring diplomatic ties with Russia. GeorgiaTimes.info. 5 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20110721203407/http://www.georgiatimes.info/en/news/16019.html. 21 July 2011. dead.
  42. http://www.interfax.ru/society/news.asp?id=77530&sw=%EF%EE%F1%EE%EB%FC%F1%F2%E2&bd=2&bm=4&by=2009&ed=2&em=5&ey=2009&secid=0&mp=0&p=1 Посольство России в Абхазии начало работу на постоянной основе.
  43. Web site: EMBASSY OF ABKHAZIA TO RUSSIA OPENED IN MOSCOW. https://archive.today/20120529202049/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/en/news/detail.php?ID=31225. dead. 29 May 2012. 29 May 2012. archive.is.
  44. http://www.cancilleria.gob.ni/publicaciones/r_abjasia.pdf El Presidente de la República Nicaragua Decreto No. 47-2008
  45. http://www.cancilleria.gob.ni/publicaciones/r_osetia_s.pdf El Presidente de la República Nicaragua Decreto No. 46-2008
  46. Web site: Новости NEWSru.com: Южную Осетию и Абхазию в Никарагуа признали официально: подписаны все документы. 5 September 2008. 5 April 2016.
  47. http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14319871&PageNum=0 Nicaragua, Abkhazia establish diplomatic relations
  48. Web site: Embassies in Abkhazia . https://web.archive.org/web/20110109072053/http://www.mfaabkhazia.net/en/embassies . 9 January 2011 . www.mfaabkhazia.net.
  49. Web site: South Ossetia Opens Home-Office Embassy – Kanal PIK TV . 2011-09-19 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120121140537/http://pik.tv/en/news/story/17726-south-ossetia-opens-a-home-office-embassy . 21 January 2012 .
  50. Web site: Inar Ladaria presented copies of his credentials to Denis Moncada, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister . 2022-03-17 . . 17 February 2022 .
  51. Web site: Венесуэла признает Южную Осетию и Абхазию – Чавес. РИА Новости. 10 September 2009. 5 April 2016.
  52. MPRR https://web.archive.org/web/20100715205933/http://www.mre.gov.ve/index.php?view=article&catid=13%3Avenezuela-en-europa&id=4118%3Aembajador-venezolano-presento-carta-credenciales-al-presidente-de-osetia-del-sur&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=259 (PDF)
  53. MPRR:Embajador de Abjasia presentó copia de estilo ante autoridades venezolanas https://web.archive.org/web/20110716154732/http://www.mre.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4203:embajador-de-abjasia-presento-copia-de-estilo-ante-autoridades-venezolanas-&catid=2:actualidad&Itemid=44
  54. https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5j5CVqkmbzjjuDV76Yvmoijq3p2WA
  55. Web site: Archived copy . 2010-08-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120211210735/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/en/news/detail.php?ID=32473 . 11 February 2012 .
  56. Web site: Emb-abjasia.com – Sitio oficial de la Embajada de la República de Abjasia en Venezuela. 8 October 2020.
  57. News: Pacific island recognises Georgian rebel region. Reuters. 15 December 2009. 15 December 2009.
  58. http://grani.ru/Politics/World/Europe/Georgia/m.172210.html Науру признало Южную Осетию
  59. Web site: Representatives of Nauru will be observers at presidential elections in Abkhazia. 2011-09-19. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120325211536/http://www.bakutoday.net/representatives-of-nauru-will-be-observers-at-presidential-elections-in-abkhazia.html. 25 March 2012.
  60. News: New Zealander to represent South Ossetia in Nauru. Radio New Zealand. 25 January 2018. 25 January 2018.
  61. Web site: Syria, South Ossetia Sign Agreement on Establishing Diplomatic Ties . Syria Times . 22 July 2018 . 22 July 2018 . 25 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180725180744/http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/news/local/37419-syria-south-ossetia-sign-agreement-on-establishing-diplomatic-ties . dead .
  62. Web site: Syria recognises independence of Georgia's breakaway Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Agenda.ge. 29 May 2018. 29 May 2018.
  63. News: Syria, Abkhazia, Ossetia agree to exchange recognition, set up Embassy-level diplomatic relations. SANA. Syrian Arab News Agency. 29 May 2018. 29 May 2018.
  64. It is unclear whether there is a date on which Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria officially recognised each other or whether they have always done so, and when they established diplomatic relations. Abkhazia and Transnistria signed a Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation on 22 January 1993, South Ossetia and Transnistria a Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation on 12 October 1994 and Abkhazia and South Ossetia a Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation on 19 September 2005.
  65. Web site: Страница не найдена. 5 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20150427130359/http://nr2.ru/pmr/141972.html. 27 April 2015. dead.
  66. Web site: Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же. Newsru. 17 November 2006. 26 August 2008.
  67. Web site: Eduard Kokoity Accepted Abkhaz Ambassador to S. Ossetia Nodar Pliev's Credentials . 2012-04-19 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120327142027/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/en/news/detail.php?ID=35402 . 27 March 2012 .
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