International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum explained

International reactions to the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum of 2016 are the reactions to the decision to leave the European Union by the United Kingdom. The main reaction was on global financial markets experiencing extreme volatility.

International responses

European Union

Member States
MultilateralAfter hosting talks with his counterparts from France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg the following day, Germany's Walter-Steinmeier said that "we now have to open the possibility for dealing with Europe’s future. That is why we jointly say: This process should start as soon as possible." France's Jean-Marc Ayrault said: "We demand that the 27 other member countries also get respect. That’s one of the reasons we came to Berlin today."[10] He added: "There is a certain urgency ... so that we don't have a period of uncertainty, with financial consequences, political consequences."[26] Luxembourg's Asselborn's said: "I believe you can destroy the European Union with referenda. We have to communicate better what the EU has done, and we have to work harder on issues such as migration where we have failed." A joint statement also read: "We now expect the UK government to provide clarity and give effect to this decision as soon as possible."[54]

Supranational bodies

Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said: "The UK will remain a strong and committed NATO ally and will continue to play its leading role in our alliance."

The UK economy is "resilient" to the impact of the EU referendum vote, G7 finance ministers and central bank governors have said in a statement. They added they said steps had been taken to "ensure adequate liquidity and to support the functioning of markets" and that they were ready to use "established liquidity instruments to that end. We affirm our assessment that the UK economy and financial sector remain resilient and are confident that the UK authorities are well-positioned to address the consequences of the referendum outcome. We recognize that excessive volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates can have adverse implications for economic and financial stability. We remain united and continue to maintain our solidarity as G7."[57]

Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's spokesperson issued a statement that read "as the United Kingdom and other EU member states embark on the process of charting a way forward, the secretary general trusts in Europe's well-proven history of pragmatism and common responsibility in the interest of European citizens" and that "at the UN, we look forward to continuing our work with the United Kingdom and the European Union - both important partners...the secretary general expects the European Union to continue to be a solid partner for the United Nations on development and humanitarian issues, as well as peace and security, including migration. He also expects that the United Kingdom will continue to exercise its leadership in many areas, including development. He very much hopes that this will continue."[58]

Sovereign states/entities

Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said: "The impact on Australia immediately, directly, from a legal point of view, will be very limited because it will take some years for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, to negotiate an exit. However, we've seen already large falls on stock markets and there will be a degree of uncertainty for some time."[2] He added that this was a "momentous and historic decision." He also insisted "there is no cause for Australians to be alarmed by these developments" and that "it is important to remember that the Australian economy is strong and resilient and has weathered global shocks before and weathered them well."[65] On the campaign trail less than a week before an election, he said: "The upheaval reminds us there are many things in the global economy over which we have no control. Calm heads, steady hands, stable government and a strong economic plan are critical for Australia to withstand any repercussions. Always expect the unexpected. We will need to renegotiate vital trade deals with Britain and Europe."[66]

An unnamed spokesperson of the Bahraini government said that it honoured the decision of its "British ally" and also stressed its commitment to strengthen relationship between the two countries, as well as with the EU to "consolidate peace and security in the region."[67]

Prime Minister Denis Zvizdic said that Bosnia is determined to join the EU as "nowhere on this planet people live better." The Croat member of the Bosnian presidency, Dragan Covic, who submitted Bosnia's membership application in February, said Britain's vote was just another challenge that will make the bloc stronger.[68]

The Itamaraty Palace issued a statement that read the country remains an EU partner, but that it will work to strengthen relations between Brazil and the United Kingdom. It also read with "respect" the outcome of the referendum and trust that this decision will not deter the process of European integration.[69]

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said "The people of the UK have chosen to leave the EU. The UK and the EU are important strategic partners for Canada with whom we enjoy deep historical ties and common values. We will continue to build relations with both parties as they forge a new relationship...Prime Minister David Cameron indicated today that he will resign by the fall. On behalf of all Canadians, I would like to thank him for being such a close ally and good friend to our country. We wish him well."[70]

Just hours after the vote, the Beijing-based Global Times, which often expresses the views of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), said that "Britons are already showing a losing mind-set. They may become citizens of a nation that prefers to shut itself from the outside world."[71] Later the Spokesperson for the Foreign Ministry Hua Chunying said "A prosperous Europe is in the interests of all parties and China is willing to keep co-operating with Britain and is fully confident in China-EU ties."[72]

After meeting with President Juan Manuel Santos, Minister of Commerce, Industry and Tourism Maria Lacouture proposed, on behalf of the Pacific Alliance, to jointly negotiate a free trade agreement with the United Kingdom. She said that "rather than individual countries negotiating trade deals with the UK, it should renegotiate as a block...the proposal we want to develop is a deal that presents a great opportunity for Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru."[73]

Pope Francis said on board the papal flight to Armenia that "the will expressed by the people...requires a great responsibility on the part of all of us to guarantee the good of the people of the United Kingdom as well as the peaceful coexistence of the entire European continent. This is what I expect."[74]

Outgoing President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson welcomed the result as good news for Icelanders and presents an opportunity for Iceland. He commented that “it is now obvious that here in the North Atlantic [there] will be a triangle of nations that all stand outside of the European Union: Greenland, Iceland, Great Britain, Faroe Islands and Norway. This key area in the north will be outside of the influence of the European Union."[75] The Presidential candidate Guðni Th. Jóhannesson said on the day after the vote, as well as the day before the Icelandic vote, in the final debate that the result in the U.K. changes "much for the better for us Icelanders," implying the European Economic Area agreement that non-EU members Norway and Iceland have with the EU, could play a more important role with the United Kingdom on board.[76]

Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said: "In this globalised world, volatility and uncertainty are the new norms. This verdict will obviously further contribute to such volatility not least because its full implications for the UK, Europe and the rest of the world are still uncertain. All countries around the world will have to brace themselves for a period of possible turbulence while being watchful about, and alert to, the referendum's medium term impacts."[2] Commerce Secretary Rita Teaotia said: "My interest will get changed because number of tariff lines (products) will change (now). I will calibrate and the EU will also calibrate. Now they would reassess and we will also be going to reassess." She added that recalibration is required as some items of interest to Britain may have to be removed. She further noted: "Brexit will not impact our trade with the UK. With EU also, nothing directly affects our trade. In long term, we would be interested to see how UK negotiates its exit from EU." In regards to a proposed free-trade agreement Commerce and Industry Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said: "I would think, they (EU) would need time now to assimilate this outcome. Once they assimilate the outcome, they will only then respond. I will talk to my counterparts." She added: "So the impact of volatility of the currency is something which might have an immediate impact on our exporters. We will however have to keep watching currency based volatility, both in the short and the medium term and also look at the impact on overall trade itself."[77] External Affairs Ministry Spokesperson Vikas Swarup said: "We have seen the results of the British referendum on EU membership reflecting the choice made by the British people on the issue. We value our multifaceted relationships with both the UK and the EU and will strive to further strengthen these ties in the years ahead."[78] CII Director-General, Chandrajit Bannerjee said, “With Britain’s departure from the EU, India will have to negotiate a Free Trade Agreement with the UK which may be easier to accomplish at a bilateral level... This could well be the best era for our industries to collaborate.”

Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu quickly issued a statement following the result of the vote and said that he has been in contact with officials from the Finance Ministry and Bank of Israel to discuss the possible implications of Brexit on Israel. He has concluded that "there is no direct effect on Israel, apart from the fact that we are part of the global economy"[80] and described outgoing Prime Minister David Cameron as "a respected leader and a true friend of Israel and the Jewish people." following his resignation.[81]

Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida issued a statement that read the country would closely observe the impact of developments on Japan and the international community. He added that the government would continue its efforts to maintain and strengthen Japan-United Kingdom relations.[4] Finance Minister Taro Aso said he would carefully monitoring financial market developments and respond as and when needed in the currency markets. Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiroshige Seko said the government was worried about financial market volatility as a result of the vote as being "undesirable."

The Jordanian Cabinet announced that it would investigate the possible impact of the vote on the Hashemite Kingdom. It has given the Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs and Minister of Industry, Trade and Supply Jawad Ananithe task of preparing a comprehensive report on the repercussions of Brexit, especially because Jordan has "solid relations with the UK on a bilateral level and previously on EU level."[80]

Prime Minister Erna Solberg said: "The referendum in the UK marks a crossroads for European cooperation. Britain's decision pose[s] policy challenges. Europe's leaders must get a grasp on the instability and lack of confidence many voters feel."[82] The Centre Party MP Per Olaf Lundteigen also said: "The Centre Party must work even more powerfully to terminate the EEA agreement and replace it with a trade agreement."[83] The No to EU organisation, in a statement, welcomed the result as a "victory for democracy" and invited the UK to rejoin EFTA.[84]

President Gjorge Ivanov said that he fears that the European Union may follow the former Yugoslavia’s steps. "In circumstances of a crisis, countries are becoming selfish, right wing radicals are emerging who are blaming refugees and Muslims and Islamophobia is emerging," Ivanov said, adding that the Republic of Macedonia will carefully follow the developments after the referendum, where 52 per cent of the British people voted in favour of leaving the EU. Foreign Minister Nikola Popovski also said that Brexit means a loss for the Balkans and the Republic of Macedonia, because Britain was a great supporter of the process of the enlargement of the Union.[85]

Prime Minister Najib Razak said: "The UK voters have spoken. As democrats, we must respect the result. We wish our British friends well in the new future they have chosen, Najib also hinted it was "historic and unprecedented. The future cannot be predicted, although a period of volatility in financial markets is to be expected as the ramifications of the result are understood and as Britain's exit is negotiated."[86]

President Enrique Peña Nieto called for greater NAFTA integration with Canada and the United States in the wake of the result.[87]

Prime Minister Pavel Filip said "A sad day for Europe and for European and international friends of Great Britain. The European edifice needs reconfirmation more than ever. Moldova remains attached to its European course despite the results of the referendum in the UK because we consider the EU a successful project and we want to be part of it, based on reforms, during the next years."[72]

Qatar has also reiterated its strong relationship with the UK, in a tweet by the Qatari Ambassador to Britain, Yousef Al-Khater.[80]

President Vladimir Putin stated: "The consequences will be global, they are inevitable; they will be both positive and negative...It is a choice of the British people. We did not interfere and we are not going to interfere."[89] The head of the Federation Council's Foreign Affairs Committee Konstantin Kosachyov stated that the EU "has not solved its main problem: to become understood by and convenient for the broader masses of the population. [However,] this is an issue for the E.U. foremost to draw conclusions from, and Britain only second."[4]

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said in a statement "Other developed countries also face similar challenges as Britain. We all live in a globalised, interdependent world. The desire to disengage, to be less constrained by one's partners, to be free to do things entirely as one chooses, is entirely understandable. And yet in reality for many countries, disengaging and turning inwards will likely lead to less security, less prosperity, and a dimmer future. Singapore will continue to cultivate our ties with Britain, which is a long standing friend and partner."[72]

President Jacob Zuma issued a statement saying, "It will take two years for the institutional changes that this vote implies to be negotiated and we remain committed to retaining strong trade and financial relations with both Britain and the European Union."[90]

Yonhap reported South Korea's economic and financial authorities held an emergency meeting to discuss ways to fend off any possible fallout from the British withdrawal from the European Union.[91]

President Johann Schneider-Ammann said in the capital, Bern, that the UK plebiscite raised "many questions" for Great Britain, Switzerland, the EU and Europe as a whole. "The European concept," he warned, "must be reconsidered", a veiled reference to ongoing discussions in Brussels as to whether EU members would benefit or not from ever-closer political, fiscal, and economic union.[92]

President Bashar al-Assad scorned British politicians for allowing the vote on leaving the European Union, saying lawmakers who had criticised his handling of the civil war had shown themselves to be "disconnected from reality".[93]

Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ambassador Ali Al-Saddiq said the result was indicative of the will of the British people and that "Britain's exit from the European Union is not expected to affect its relations with Sudan." He added that both countries had "expressed their keenness, more than once, to return the bilateral relations between them to the normal course...Sudan is confident that if there is the political will at the British side, it (Sudan) is keen to enhance and upgrade its relations with Britain especially that Britain has colonised Sudan in the past, and therefore it is more aware than the other western countries about Sudan and the Sudanese people."[94]

General and Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha has said that, unlike David Cameron, he will remain in power even if the August referendum rejects the constitution his administration has had drafted. Meanwhile, a trade official has confirmed that Brexit will not affect this country because the EU froze all trade negotiations with Thailand a long time ago. while Chan-o-cha went on to tell the media at Government House that he will not leave his position even if the draft charter is turned down in the August referendum, adding that the ways he and David Cameron came to power are different, Matichon Online reported.[95]

Foreign Affairs Minister Fred Mitchell said yesterday while there will "likely" be an impact for The Bahamas and the Caribbean of Britain’s vote to exit the European Union, it is "too early to say" what that impact will be.[96]

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, has hailed Britain's departure as the "beginning of a new era" saying that the EU could face further break-up if it does not reconsider its stance towards Turkey. On the 24 June, he blasted the EU's attitude towards Turkey as "Islamophobic". He also criticised David Cameron for his stance on Turkey during his 'Remain' campaign, when he said Turkey was unlikely to enter the EU ‘until the year '3000'.[80] Also Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım said "The EU should read this development very well and reassess its future vision."[72] While Deputy Prime Minister Nurettin Canikli said: "The period of the disintegration of the European Union has begun. And the first vessel to have departed is Britain."[13]

Following a meeting with Moldovan Deputy Prime Minister Gheorghe Balan, First Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Iryna Herashchenko wrote: "Ukraine and Moldova are disappointed by the referendum results and concerned about the growing number of eurosceptics in the European Union, however, Ukraine and Moldova are committed to the course of the European integration and reforms." On 1 July 2016, Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman criticised the British people for voting to leave the EU, but said that it was a positive signal that many young people voted to remain in the EU, adding that he was convinced that Ukraine would join the EU within the next decade.[97]

President Barack Obama stated that he respects the decision made by the people of the UK, despite not supporting the country leaving the EU.[98] Then-Republican presumptive nominee for president Donald Trump said, after arriving in Scotland: "I think it's a great thing. I think it's a fantastic thing."[13]

Other

European Integration Minister, Bekim Collaku, said it was "painful that one of the member countries, one of the first to recognize our independence and among the most supportive in our European path, will leave the EU." He added that Kosovo still had a "powerful aspiration for EU membership."[68]

Chairman of the People’s Party (HP) Kudret Ozersay has said "If, without any delay we implement a strategy and follow some diplomatic initiatives with the help of Turkey, we can turn the current uncertainty into a opportunity" as he noted that the 1994 European Court decision and the embargo could be lifted.[100]

Premier Lin Chuan said the UK and EU may expand their economic and trade relations with Asia and the current international financial markets could show more interest in investing in Taiwan. "The MOEA must devise related approaches to encourage investment in Taiwan should any opportunity arise." He added that the UK should reposition and renegotiate its relations with all its global trading partners. "Taiwan must be prepared has to cope with the new situation." In regards to Chuan's weekly meeting with the heads Taiwanese ministries and other unnamed central government agencies, Cabinet Spokesman Tung Chen-yuan said on 27 June: "With crisis comes opportunity that Taiwan must be able to recognize and grasp."[101]

Economic

The Euro declined in value by almost four percent against the United States dollar, while traditional "safe haven assets" such as gold and the Japanese Yen increased in value.[103] Crude oil prices fell.[104] The flagship French CAC 40 and German DAX initially fell by over 10% upon opening, while bank shares from the two countries fell by more. Likewise, the Spanish IBEX 35, Greek ATHEX, Dutch AEX index, Czech PX Index and Polish WIG30 all fell by eight to 15 percent. The Swiss franc, a traditional save haven asset, rose sharply, thus prompting the Swiss National Bank to intervene in the foreign exchange market to cap the rise.[105] It issues a statement that read: "Following the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union, the Swiss franc came under upward pressure. The Swiss National Bank has intervened in the foreign exchange market to stabilise the situation and will remain active in that market".[106] Yields on European sovereign bonds spiked, with 10-year bonds in Spain and Italy rose as much as 0.40% in early trades.[107] Sweden's Riksbank issued a statement that read it was "following the financial market developments closely and has a continuing dialogue with other authorities. We have contacts with the Swedish banks and other central banks. We are ready to take the necessary actions to handle financial market distortions."[108]

In the Asian-Pacific region, markets also fell.[109] Meanwhile, an unnamed official at the Bank of Korea in South Korea declined to comment on rumours it intervened in the foreign exchange market, but Vice Finance Minister Choi Sang-Mok said the government would take all efforts to minimise the impact of the result. An unnamed policymaker with knowledge of the Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) plans for related market management said that it was "prepared to deal with any volatility." Unnamed officials at SEBI said that they were in touch with the RBI on the market developments amid surveillance being beefed up to curb excess volatility and possible manipulations in various trading segments, including currency derivatives.[110] The Australian dollar, which has traditionally been sold off in times of financial market uncertainty, fell strongly against the dollar and the yen. Other traditional markers of uncertainty, such as interbank dollar funding rates in Singapore and Hong Kong, were more steady. Hong Kong Financial Secretary John Tsang said: "Because of this matter, we have made preparation in many aspects. We have reserved sufficient liquidity and we are able to handle in different situations." The Hong Kong Monetary Authority asked banks within its jurisdiction to maintain ample cash conditions and that no unscheduled monetary liquidity injection operations had been taken. The Singapore Exchange sought to reduce volatility by raising margins on Nikkei futures traded on its exchange. The Chinese yuan fell to its weakest level against the US dollar since January 2011 while its offshore counterpart slipped to its weakest level in more than four months, despite a possibly unrelated People's Bank of China injection of 170 billion yuan into the system. The Philippines Central Bank issued a statement that read it was closely monitoring the foreign exchange market and would be prepared to act to ensure orderly transactions and smooth volatility.

In the USA, government bonds effectively priced in a small Federal Open Market Committee interest rate cut from a rate increase in July.[111] When American markets opened there was a dramatic fall from Canada to Brazil.

Every two months, a conclave of many major central bank governors is held in Basel, Switzerland at the BIS. This month the meeting coincided with the day following the vote. RBI's Raghuram Rajan, who had previously called for greater co-ordination for such situations, issued a statement that sought to allay concerns about the impact of the vote on Indian financial markets and reiterated the RBI's promise to provide necessary liquidity support to ensure orderly movements. He also sought to reassure investors about India's preparedness to deal with the eventuality and that the Indian rupee's fall was relatively moderate compared to many other currencies.[112]

Business

Anton Boerner, head of Germany's foreign trade association, said: "That is a catastrophic result for Britain and also for Europe and Germany, especially the German economy. It is disturbing that the oldest democracy in the world turns its back on us."[2] Europe's airport trade body, ACI Europe called for the European Union and United Kingdom aviation markets to remain integrated in the future by safeguarding air connectivity and continuing to support economic development.

In India, Biocon Chief Managing Director Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw said: "It has opened up a Pandora's box of grave uncertainties. Will Euro remain intact or will we see others exit? What will be the impact on the Euro itself? Will it devalue and to what extent? How will India's bilateral trade with UK and Europe be impacted? How much will the USD strengthen against the Pound Sterling/Euro/Rupee?" She added that "India cannot be in denial that it will be immune to such a result and that there is likely to be mayhem for several weeks before things stabilise. It's fortunate that we still have Raghuram Rajan at the helm of RBI at this critical time."[113] India's Nasscom President R. Chandrashekhar said: "The impact of Brexit will certainly be negative in the short-term on account of volatility in the exchange rates, uncertainty in the markets and the terms on which Britain will leave the EU."[114] Chief Investment Officer for TD Asset Management said that investors are wondering if the result could lead to a slowdown in the global economy.[115] Tata Group, whose Tata Steel was involved in controversy following the decision to shut down their Port Talbot Welsh steel mill, amongst other layoffs,[116] were suggested to be the hardest hit on the Indian financial markets.[117] An unnamed company spokesman said that access to markets and a skilled workforce were "important considerations;" he added that "there are 19 independent Tata companies in the UK, with diverse businesses. Each company continuously reviews its strategy and operations in the light of developments, and will continue to do so."[118] Tata Motors', whose portfolio includes the British based Jaguar Cars and Land Rover, shares sank the day of the announcement. An unnamed division spokesman said: "We remain absolutely committed to our customers in the EU. There will be a significant negotiating period and we look forward to understanding more about that as details emerge."[119]

Singapore's United Overseas Bank issued a statement that read: "We will temporarily stop receiving foreign property loan applications for London properties. As the aftermath of the UK referendum is still unfolding and given the uncertainties, we need to ensure our customers are cautious with their London property investments. We are monitoring the market environment closely and will assess regularly to determine when we will re-instate our London property loan offering."[120]

Media

The BBC, the British national broadcaster, highlighted uncertain reactions from the EU, Ireland and Greece.[121] characterising Britain's plan to leave the European Union as "utter disruption" that could result in a "domino effect." North Korea's Rodong Sinmun wrote an editorial that called the result as "causing problems."[122] Sweden's Dagens Nyheter and Dagens Industri questioned the decision to hold a referendum. The latter's political editor P. M. Nilsson wrote, in an editorial, that "democracy is greater than the power of the people...[the result clearly showed that] the democratic aspirations of the international cooperation such as the EU should be reduced. At present, the key question should not be how people could get more power from the EU, but rather how to protect the EU, together with its member states, from such expressions of people's power."

Academia

In the article "Britain's Democratic Failure", Professor Kenneth Rogoff of Harvard University wrote "This isn’t democracy; it is Russian roulette for republics. A decision of enormous consequence ... has been made without any appropriate checks and balances ... The idea that somehow any decision reached anytime by majority rule is necessarily “democratic” is a perversion of the term. Modern democracies have evolved systems of checks and balances to protect the interests of minorities and to avoid making uninformed decisions with catastrophic consequences."[123]

Professor Michael Dougan of Liverpool University and Jean Monnet Chair of EU Law said "On virtually every major issue that was raised in this referendum debate Leave’s arguments consisted of at best misrepresentations and at worst outright deception" and that the Leave campaign was "criminally irresponsible" [124]

Khaled al-Hroub, a senior research fellow at the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Cambridge said: "In theory, the UK's influence on the EU policies vis-à-vis Arab issues such as Palestine, Syria and Iraq will end - which is not necessarily a bad thing to have. The British used to pull the EU in the direction of more Americanised positions and politics. Relieving the EU from British pressure could be seen as a good sign that allows for more independent European standing on Arab affairs."[67]

Religious

Individuals

Former politiciansFormer Czech President Václav Klaus said the result was a victory for democrats who want to live in a free world and it would change the thinking of millions of people in Europe. He compared the result to the British resistance against Napoleon Bonaparte and Adolf Hitler. He also stated that it would not have any economic effect on the Czech Republic.[128] Former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott commented that "a brave and momentous decision by the British people taken against the advice of foreigners (including me!). There will be more chance of an Oz FTA (Free Trade Agreement) with Britain than with the EU."[129] [130]

Notes and References

  1. A Soft Brexit: Analysis of the Referendum Outcomes and Future Possible Scenarios. Alfredo. Salmaso. 22 April 2016. 10.13140/RG.2.2.27697.58723.
  2. News: World reaction as UK votes to leave EU . BBC News . 24 June 2016 . 24 June 2016.
  3. News: ECB says ready to provide additional liquidity after Brexit vote. 24 June 2016. The Hindu.
  4. Web site: Brexit a 'Wake-up Call' for World Leaders. 24 June 2016. A. B. C. News.
  5. Web site: Luke 'Ming' Flanagan on Twitter: "Irish government now needs to step up to the plate at European Council. No barriers to trade with our biggest trading partner. #Brexit" . Twitter.com . 2016-06-24 . 2016-06-28.
  6. Web site: Luke 'Ming' Flanagan on Twitter: "Think l'll take the dog for a walk down to the European Parliament building. See has it crumbled under its own weight in arrogance. #Brexit" . Twitter.com . 2016-06-23 . 2016-06-28.
  7. Web site: English language may be dropped by European Union after Brexit . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 2016-06-28 . 2016-07-06.
  8. Web site: Robert, Aline. Simon, Frédéric. UK's EU Commissioner quits after Brexit vote. EurActiv.com. June 25, 2016.
  9. Web site: European Parliament – Motion for a Resolution. El País. June 24, 2016.
  10. Web site: Birgit Jennen bjennen1 Fabio Benedetti Valentini FabioWire . U.K. Must Leave EU as Soon as Possible, EU Foreign Ministers Say . Bloomberg . 2016-04-04 . 2016-06-28.
  11. News: Juncker hands EU finance portfolio to Dombrovskis. 25 June 2016. Reuters.
  12. Web site: Brexit vote unlikely to have 'domino effect' in EU: Austria. 24 June 2016.
  13. Web site: Brexit reactions, in quotes.
  14. Web site: Je to obavou z migrace, hodnotí prezident Zeman odchod Britů z EU. Mladá fronta DNES. 24 June 2016. 24 June 2016.
  15. Web site: Zeman by podpořil referendum o vystoupení z EU. Hlasoval by však proti. Novinky.cz. July 2016 . 1 July 2016. cs.
  16. Web site: Sobotka: Rozhodnutí Británie není koncem světa ani EU. Novinky.cz. 24 June 2016 . 24 June 2016. cs-CZ.
  17. Web site: Kopecký. Josef. Není to konec světa, říká Sobotka. Moskva ale slaví, míní Kalousek. Mladá fronta DNES. 24 June 2016. 24 June 2016.
  18. News: Brexit was Juncker's fault and he must go, says Czech foreign minister. Daily Telegraph. 26 June 2016. 26 June 2016. Foster. Peter. Holehouse. Matthew.
  19. Web site: Komentář předsedy ODS Petra Fialy a europoslanců za ODS k výsledkům britského referenda – ODS – Občanská demokratická strana. Občanská demokratická strana. 24 June 2016. cs-CZ.
  20. Web site: Kopecký. Josef. Euroskeptici chtějí Czexit. Klaus chválí Brity za třetí záchranu Evropy. Mladá fronta DNES. 24 June 2016. cs. 24 June 2016.
  21. Web site: Senátor Valenta: Czexit! Postavme se armádě bruselských úředníků i špatným zákonům. 24 June 2016.
  22. Web site: Danish PM: Brexit 'very sad' for Denmark and EU. The Local. 24 June 2016. 24 June 2016.
  23. Web site: DF Not Rushing Referendum in the Wake of Brexit. The Copenhagen Post. 24 June 2016. da.
  24. News: Brexit Mess Scares Finns Away From EU Referendum Many Had Sought. tiessalo. Raine Tiessalo. 2016-06-30. Bloomberg.com. 2016-09-20.
  25. Web site: Finnish eurosceptics say respect Brexit vote, no time for Finland euro exit. 2016-09-20.
  26. Web site: EU calls for UK to 'Brexit' quickly; Britain wants more time . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 2016-06-28.
  27. Web site: Le peuple a tort, changeons de peuple !. Blog.nicolasdupontaignan.fr . fr. 2014-06-27. 2016-06-28.
  28. Web site: Angela Merkel cautions against hectic reactions to Brexit vote. 24 June 2016.
  29. News: 'Brexit' Aftershocks: More Rifts in Europe, and in Britain, Too. 25 June 2016. The New York Times.
  30. Book: Von Ondarza, Nicolai . Europe's Brexit . Agenda Publishing . 2018 . 9781788210522 . en.
  31. Web site: PM Tsipras: "We need a great progressive alliance in Europe". 24 June 2016.
  32. Web site: http://laiki-enotita.gr/?p=5380 . Π. Λαφαζάνης . el:Μετά το Brexit, ακόμα πιο επείγουσα η έξοδος της χώρας από την Ευρωζώνη και η απειθαρχία στη νεοφιλελεύθερη ΕΕ | Λαϊκή Ενότητα . el . Laiki-enotita.gr . 2016-06-17 . 2016-06-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160629003424/http://laiki-enotita.gr/?p=5380 . 29 June 2016 . dead .
  33. Web site: Green Party: It is critically important to Ireland that both sides get the complex arrangements to facilitate Brexit right . Green Party . 2016-06-24 . 2016-07-13.
  34. Web site: People Before Profit Alliance. Press Statement On Brexit Vote. . People Before Profit Alliance . 2016-06-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160627203838/http://www.peoplebeforeprofit.ie/2016/06/people-before-profit-alliance-press-statement-on-brexit-vote/ . 27 June 2016 . dead .
  35. Web site: Orbán Viktor megszólalt a Brexit, a foci Eb és Spéder kapcsán . . 2016-06-24 . 2016-06-29.
  36. Web site: Europe must learn from Brexit, says Hungarian Foreign Minister . kormany.hu . 2016-06-24 . 2016-06-29.
  37. News: Italy's 5 Star Movement Calls for Euro Referendum. Eric. Sylvers. 22 June 2016. Wall Street Journal.
  38. News: Italy's Northern League To Launch Campaign For EU Referendum. Giada. Zampano. 24 June 2016. Wall Street Journal.
  39. Web site: Giorgia Meloni . Facebook.com . 2016-06-28.
  40. Web site: Giorgia Meloni . Facebook.com . 2016-06-28.
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