Insurgency in the North Caucasus explained

Conflict:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Partof:the Chechen–Russian conflict, post-Soviet conflicts and the War against the Islamic State (from 2014)
Date:16 April 2009 – 19 December 2017[1]
Place: Russia
Result:Russian victory
Combatant1:
Combatant2: Caucasus Emirate
(2009–17)---- Islamic State
Commander1: Vladimir Putin
(2012–17)
Dmitry Medvedev
(2009–12)
Sergey Shoygu
(2012–17)
Anatoliy Serdyukov
(2009–12)
Valery Gerasimov
(2012–17)
Nikolai Makarov
(2009–12)
Oleg Salyukov
(2014–17)
Vladimir Chirkin
(2012–14)
Aleksandr Postnikov
(2010–12)
Vladimir Boldyrev
(2009–10)
Ramzan Kadyrov
(2009–17)
Vladimir Vasilyev
(2017)
Ramazan Abdulatipov
(2013–17)
Magomedsalam Magomedov
(2010–13)
Mukhu Aliyev
(2009–10)
Yunus-bek Yevkurov
(2009–17)
Yury Kokov
(2013–17)
Arsen Kanokov
(2009–13)
Rashid Temrezov
(2011–17)
Boris Ebzeyev
(2009–11)
Vyacheslav Bitarov
(2016–17)
Tamerlan Aguzarov
(2015–16)
Taymuraz Mamsurov
(2009–15)
Commander2: Dokka Umarov
Aslambek Vadalov
Aliaskhab Kebekov
Magomed Suleimanov
Zalim Shebzukhov
Chechnya:
Khuseyn Gakayev
Tarkhan Gaziyev
Muhannad
Supyan Abdullayev
Abdulla Kurd
Dagestan:
Umalat Magomedov
Magomed Vagabov
Israpil Velijanov
Ibragimkhalil Daudov
Said Kharakansky
Ingushetia:
Ali Taziev
Said Buryatsky
Dzhamaleyl Mutaliyev
Arthur Getagazhev
Kabardino-Balkaria:
Anzor Astemirov
Asker Dzhappuyev
Alim Zankishiev---- Rustam Asildarov
(Emir of IS in the North Caucasus)
Aslan Byutukayev
(Commander of Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs)
Strength1: Undisclosed
10 groups
16 groups
3 groups
5 groups
none
Strength2:~600 fighters
(government claim, January 2013)
~40 operating groups in the North Caucasus:
Casualties1:1,139–1,170 killed[5]
2,313–2,677 wounded[6]
Casualties2:2,329 killed
2,744 captured[7]
Casualties3:632 civilians killed (2010–2017)[8]

History and background

In late 1999, Russia's Premier, Vladimir Putin, ordered military, police and security forces to enter the breakaway region of Chechnya. By early 2000, these forces occupied most of the region. High levels of fightingcontinued for several more years and resulted in thousands of Russian and Chechen casualties and hundreds of thousands of displaced persons. In 2005, Chechen rebel leader, Abdul-Halim Sadulayev, decreed the formation of a Caucasus Front against Russia, among Islamic believers in the North Caucasus, in an attempt to widen Chechnya's conflict with Russia. After his death, his successor, Dokka Umarov, declared continuing jihad to establish an Islamic fundamentalist Caucasus Emirate in the North Caucasus and beyond. Russia's pacification policy in Chechnya has involved setting up a pro-Moscow regional government and transferring more local security duties to this government.

An important factor in Russia's apparent success in Chechnya has been reliance on pro-Moscow Chechen clans affiliated with regional President Ramzan Kadyrov. Terrorist attacks in the North Caucasus appeared to increase substantially in 2007–2010. In the summer of 2009, more than 442 persons died in North Caucasus violence in just four months as compared to only 150 deaths reported in the entire year of 2008.[9] In the whole year 2009, according to the official figures by the Russian government, 235 Interior Ministry personnel (Defense Ministry and the FSB losses not included) were killed and 686 injured,[10] while more than 541 alleged fighters and their supporters were killed and over 600 detained.[11] The rate of increase of terrorist incidents lessened in 2010, as compared to 2008–2009, however the rate of civilian casualties substantially increased throughout the North Caucasus in 2010 and a rising number of terrorist incidents took place outside of Chechnya.[12]

In the period from 2010 to 2014, the number of casualties in the North Caucasus insurgency declined each year, with the overall death toll falling by more than half.[13] Reasons suggested for the decline include the deaths of high-ranking insurgency commanders, the increased targeting by security forces of the support infrastructure relied on by the insurgents, and an exodus of insurgents to other conflict zones.[13] A special investigation by Reuters claimed that in the lead-up to the 2014 Sochi Olympics, Russian security services had allowed and encouraged militants to leave Russia to fight in the Syrian Civil War, in order to reduce the risk of domestic attacks.[14]

Chechnya

See main article: Vilayat Nokhchicho. The insurgency in the North Caucasus is a direct result of the two post-Soviet wars fought between Russia and Chechnya. The First Chechen War was a nationalist struggle, with both secular and Islamist overtones, for independence from Russia and took place between 1994 and 1996. After a vicious struggle between Russian federal forces and Chechen separatist guerrillas, Chechnya was granted de facto independence per the terms of the Khasavyurt Accord, signed on 30 August 1996. With a devastated infrastructure and various armed factions, subordinate to specific warlords, the next three years saw Chechnya devolve into a corrupted and criminal state, plagued by armed gangs, an epidemic of kidnappings-for-ransom and the rise of radical Islam in the region as a response to suppression.

In August 1999, an armed incursion of 1,500 Islamic radicals, led by Chechen warlord, Shamil Basayev, and Arab jihadist, Ibn al-Khattab, in support of a Dagestani separatist movement, combined with a series of apartment bombings in Russia, gave Moscow sufficient reasoning for re-invading Chechnya, thus triggering the Second Chechen War, a conflict fought with significant Islamist overtones.

Having learned harsh lessons from the first war, the Russian military, rather than getting entangled in messy urban engagements such as that seen in Grozny in 1994–95, relied heavily on aerial bombardment and artillery such as ballistic missiles and fuel air explosives, typically surrounding and then destroying any towns or villages that put up resistance before sending in ground forces for mop-up operations. The second Battle of Grozny in 1999–2000 saw the bulk of Chechen resistance smashed, particularly after a column of some 2,000 fighters attempted to break out of the besieged city in February 2000 and instead walked directly into a minefield that Russian forces had prepared for an ambush. What remained of the decimated rebel units then withdrew into the inaccessible Vedeno and Argun gorges in the southern mountains of the republic in order to wage a guerrilla campaign.

The republic remained a major center of violence for many years. According to Russian figures, between April 2009 (when the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya was officially ended) and April 2010, 97 servicemen were killed in Chechnya; at the same time, government forces killed 189 persons claimed to be militants or their collaborators.[15] Reported casualties declined, with 26 security forces and 24 suspected militants being killed in 2014.[16]

Dagestan

See main article: Vilayat Dagestan. Dagestan is the most religious, populous and complex of all the north Caucasian republics.[17] It is double the size of Chechnya and consists of several dozen ethnic groups, most with their own language.[17] The conflict in Dagestan, however, is not between ethnic groups but between Sufism, a syncretic form of Islam which includes local customs and recognises the state, and Salafism, a more traditional form which rejects secular rule and insists that the Salafist interpretation of Islam should govern all spheres of life.[17]

Dagestan has the highest levels of violence and extremism in the North Caucasus republics. The Russian Interior Ministry stated that of the 399 terrorist crimes committed in the North Caucasus in 2013, 242 were in Dagestan.

By 2017, all subversive and terrorist groups operating in Dagestan were eliminated.[18]

Ingushetia

See main article: Vilayat Galgayche and War in Ingushetia. Along with Dagestan, Ingushetia bore the brunt of the violence in the North Caucasus in the insurgencies early years. The Islamist insurgency in the republic sprang from the wars in neighbouring Chechnya in the 1990s and early 2000s. In June 2004, Ingush and Chechen fighters launched a large-scale attack on Ingushetia's biggest town, Nazran, killing scores of civilians, policemen and soldiers.

As elsewhere in the North Caucasus, the brutality of state security forces has been a major factor, driving young men to join the Islamists. Under the presidency of the former KGB officer, Murat Zyazikov, teams of masked operatives kidnapped, tortured and killed suspected rebels and members of their families. Zyazikov's successor, Yunus-bek Yevkurov, appointed in 2008, had success in dampening the violence, although he was seriously injured in a suicide bombing by the militants during his first year in office. Human rights violations by Russian commandos decreased, but remained widespread.[19]

The capture of Ali Taziev in June 2010, an ethnic Ingush and one of the top leaders of the Caucasus Emirate, dealt a blow to the jihadists in Ingushetia, with the number of attacks falling substantially over the next 5 years.[13] In mid-2015, Ingushetia's president, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, stated that the insurgency in the Republic had been 'defeated'.[20]

Kabardino-Balkaria

See main article: United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay. The insurgency in Kabardino-Balkaria began in the early 2000s and was led by the Yarmuk Jamaat, a militant Islamist jamaat which flourished as a result of persecution of Muslims by police and security forces.

In October 2005, several score of the militants launched a raid on the capital of the republic, Nalchik, which left 142 people dead. The guerrillas have also carried out numerous assassinations of government officials and law enforcement officers.

The republic saw a flare-up of violence in late 2010 and early 2011, in the wake of the death of Anzor Astemirov, a senior figure in the Caucasus Emirate and the head of its United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay. The new leaders of Kabardino-Balkaria's guerrilla movement, Asker Dzhappuyev and Ratmir Shameyev, preferred a more aggressive approach and the militants murdered several civilians in the republic, including Russian tourists. In response, a vigilante group called the Black Hawks threatened the relatives of some of the Islamists.[21] Dzhappuyev, Shameyev and Khamurzov were killed in a special operation by security forces in April 2011.[22]

Casualties fell in the following years. There was a total of 49 people (militants, security forces and civilians) reported killed in the republic over the whole of 2014.[16]

North Ossetia–Alania

On 9 September 2010, a car-bomb attack occurred at a crowded marketplace in Vladikavkaz, the capital of North Ossetia, killing 19 adults and children, and injuring over 190. President Medvedev responded, that "we will certainly do everything to catch these monsters, who have committed a terrorist attack against ordinary people. What's more, a barbarous terrorist attack. We will do everything, so that they are found and punished in accordance with the law of our country, or in the case of resistance or other cases, so that they are eliminated."

Vilayat Galgayche reportedly took responsibility, stating that the attack was aimed against "Ossetian infidels" on "occupied Ingush lands".[23]

List of clashes in the North Caucasus

Casualties

YearKilledWounded
2009508[24] 574
2010754[25] 956
2011750[26] 628
2012700[27] 525
2013529[28] 457
2014341[29] 184
2015209[30] 49
2016202[31] 85
2017134[32] 41
Total4,1273,487

The majority of the civilians killed were Russians, but also foreigners from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Austria, United Kingdom and Armenia were killed in terrorist attacks.

Note: The casualty totals are compiled by the news site Caucasian Knot, which does not vouch for the data's 100-percent accuracy.

Terrorist incidents

External links

Notes and References

  1. Нечаев А., Зайнашев Ю. Россия выиграла еще одну важнейшую битву
  2. Ласнов А.Глава ФСБ объявил о ликвидации бандподполья на Северном Кавказе
  3. Web site: Islamic State spokesman calls on other factions to 'repent,' urges sectarian war. 23 June 2015. The Long War Journal. Baghdadi, the "Emir of the Faithful," has "accepted your bayat and has appointed the noble sheikh Abu Muhammad al Qadarī as Wali [or governor] over [the Caucasus]," Adnani says.. 24 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150624060634/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/06/islamic-state-spokesman-calls-on-other-factions-to-repent.php. 24 June 2015. live. dmy-all.
  4. Web site: ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region. 23 June 2015. Institute for the Study of War. 24 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151204072949/http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region. 4 December 2015. live. dmy-all.
  5. 235 killed (2009),https://ria.ru/20100116/204777404.html 225 killed (2010),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/198756/ 190–207 killed (2011),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/198756/https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055244/http://www.retwa.com/home.cfm?articleId=11904 211 killed (2012),https://web.archive.org/web/20130127005228/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/russian-forces-kill-three-militants-in-north-caucasus/137478/ 127 killed (2013),https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/instability-russias-north-caucasus-region 41–55 killed (2014),http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/terrorist-attacks-in-russia-s-north-caucasus-down-50/509427.htmlhttp://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/256537/ 18 killed (2015),https://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/34527/ 32 killed (2016),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/297004/ 22 killed (2017),https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/315790/ total of 1,101–1,132 reported killed
  6. 686 wounded (2009),https://ria.ru/20100116/204777404.html 467 wounded (2010),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/198756/ 462–826 wounded (2011),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/198756/https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055244/http://www.retwa.com/home.cfm?articleId=11904 405 wounded (2012),https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11658 166 wounded (2014),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/256537/ 31 wounded (2015),https://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/34527/ 65 wounded (2016),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/297004/ 31 wounded (2017),https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/315790/ total of 2,313–2,677 reported wounded
  7. 270 killed and 453 captured (2009),http://chechnya.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/159998 349 killed and 254 captured (2010),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/198756 384 killed and 370 captured (2011),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/198756/ 391 killed and 461 captured (2012),https://web.archive.org/web/20130127005228/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/russian-forces-kill-three-militants-in-north-caucasus/137478/ 298 killed and 88 captured (2013),https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/237292/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/73-insurgents-killed-in-russia-s-north-caucasus-in-2013-113050300109_1.html 259 killed and 445 captured (2014),https://web.archive.org/web/20150203055846/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43475&cHash=37f7f6ab5a72bfb5b02b545a639f5fc4 172 killed (2015),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/277116/ 162 killed and 377 captured (2016),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/297004/https://www.tvc.ru/news/show/id/102506 82 killed and 296 captured (2017),https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/315790/https://www.rferl.org/a/caucasus-report-jump-in-militant-arrests/28831632.html total reported 2,329 killed and 2,744 captured
  8. 356 killed (2010–2011),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/198756/ 78 killed (2012),https://web.archive.org/web/20130127005228/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/russian-forces-kill-three-militants-in-north-caucasus/137478/ 104 killed (2013),http://www.cfr.org/russian-federation/instability-russias-north-caucasus-region/p9021 37 killed (2014),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/256537/ 19 killed (2015),https://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/34527/ 32 killed (2016),http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/297004/ 30 killed (2017),https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/315790/ total of 632 reported killed
  9. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=chechnya&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35713&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=f7fa536d36 Moscow and Grozny Evince Growing Nervousness Over Regional Security
  10. https://ria.ru/20100116/204777404.html Более 230 силовиков погибло на Северном Кавказе в 2009 году
  11. http://chechnya.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/159998 Кавказский Узел|Нургалиев: с начала года на Северном Кавказе нейтрализовано более 700 боевиков
  12. Gordon Hahn, "Trends in Jihadist Violence in Russia During 2010 in Statistics", Islam, Islamism and Politics in Eurasia Report, Monterey Institute for International Studies, 26 January 2011
  13. Web site: Why Is The Death Toll Tumbling In The North Caucasus?. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 February 2015. 17 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150423194324/http://www.rferl.org/content/insurgency-north-caucasus-terrorism-isis/26840778.html. 23 April 2015. live. dmy-all.
  14. Web site: How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria. Reuters. 13 May 2016. 13 May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170704003401/http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/russia-militants/. 4 July 2017. live. dmy-all.
  15. http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18763&Itemid=130 Chechen Fighters Hold their Ground Against Kadyrov
  16. Web site: Кавказский Узел – По итогам 2014 года Чечня стала единственным регионом СКФО с ростом числа жертв конфликта. Кавказский Узел. 7 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160403160605/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/256507/. 3 April 2016. live. dmy-all.
  17. News: From Moscow to Mecca: As this part of Russia's empire frays, fundamentalist Islam takes a stronger hold. The Economist. 399. 8728. 24–26. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 9–15 April 2011. 26 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20070505213855/http://www.economist.com/. 5 May 2007. live. dmy-all.
  18. Web site: Абдулатипов заявил о ликвидации всех террористических групп в Дагестане. (in Russian). РБК. 7 February 2017 . 2019-05-08.
  19. http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/north-caucasus-violence-ingushetia-russian-federal-security-service A Fear of Three Letters
  20. News: Yevkurov Says Insurgency 'Defeated' In Ingushetia. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 19 May 2015. 22 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150522092922/http://www.rferl.mobi/a/caucasus-report-yevkurov-ingushetia-insurgency-defeated/27025274.html. 22 May 2015. live. dmy-all.
  21. http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/russia-nalchik-islamist-guerillas Blood Relations
  22. http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE73S5IQ20110429 Clashes in Russia's Caucasus Kill 10 Rebels
  23. CEDR, 9 September 2010, Doc. No. CEP-950171
  24. Web site: Нургалиев: с начала года на Северном Кавказе нейтрализовано более 700 боевиков. Caucasian Knot. 2009-09-29. 2009-09-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023046/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/159998. 7 November 2017. live. dmy-all.
  25. Web site: Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе за 2010 год по данным "Кавказского узла".. Caucasian Knot. 2013-12-23. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033407/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/235593. 22 February 2014. live. dmy-all.
  26. Web site: Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе за 2011 год по данным "Кавказского узла".. Caucasian Knot. 2013-12-23. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033415/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/235594. 22 February 2014. live. dmy-all.
  27. Web site: Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе за 2012 год.. Caucasian Knot. 2013-06-06. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033411/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/225256/. 22 February 2014. live. dmy-all.
  28. Web site: Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе в ноябре 2013 года по данным "Кавказского узла". Caucasian Knot. 2013-12-18. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185709/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/237292/. 3 March 2016. live. dmy-all.
  29. Web site: По итогам 2014 года Чечня стала единственным регионом СКФО с ростом числа жертв конфликта. Caucasian Knot. 2015-01-30. 2015-02-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20160403160605/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/256507/. 3 April 2016. live. dmy-all.
  30. Web site: В 2015 году число жертв конфликта на Северном Кавказе снизилось вдвое. Caucasian Knot. 2016-02-05. 2016-02-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20160702202153/https://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/277116/. 2 July 2016. live. dmy-all.
  31. Web site: В 2016 году число жертв конфликта на Северном Кавказе выросло на 11%. Caucasian Knot. 2017-02-02. 2017-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20170204172900/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/297004. 4 February 2017. live. dmy-all.
  32. Web site: Инфографика. Статистика жертв на Северном Кавказе за 2017 год по данным Кавказского Узла. Caucasian Knot. 2018-01-29. 2018-02-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20180202071714/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/315790/. 2 February 2018. live. dmy-all.