Innisfail, Queensland Explained

Type:town
Innisfail
State:qld
Coordinates:-17.5238°N 146.0311°W
Pop:7173
Pop Year: town
Pop2:1091
Pop2 Year: locality
Established:1882/83[1]
Postcode:4860
Area:10.3
Timezone:AEST
Utc:+10:00
Elevation:10
Elevation Footnotes:[2]
Dist1:87.7
Dir1:S
Location1:Cairns
Dist2:259
Dir2:NNW
Location2:Townsville
Dist3:1591
Dir3:NNW
Location3:Brisbane
Lga:Cassowary Coast Region
Stategov:Hill
Fedgov:Kennedy
Maxtemp:28.0
Mintemp:19.4
Rainfall:3552.4
Near-N:Culliane
Near-Ne:Innisfail Estate
Near-E:Webb
Near-Se:East Innisfail
Near-S:Mighell
Near-Sw:Goondi Hill
Near-W:Goondi Hill
Near-Nw:Culliane

Innisfail (from Irish: Inis Fáil) is a regional town and locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia.[3] [4] The town was originally called Geraldton until 1910. In the, the town of Innisfail had a population of 7,173 people, while the locality of Innisfail (the town's centre) had a population of 1,091 people.

Innisfail is the largest township of the Cassowary Coast Region and is known for its sugar and banana industries, as well as for being one of Australia's wettest towns. In March 2006, Innisfail gained worldwide attention when Tropical Cyclone Larry passed over, causing extensive damage.[5] [6]

Geography

Innisfail's town centre is situated at the junction of the Johnstone River and South Johnstone River, approximately 50NaN0 from the coast.[7] It is located near large tracts of old-growth tropical rainforest surrounded by vast areas of extensive farmlands. Queensland's highest mountain, Mount Bartle Frere, part of Australia's Great Dividing Range, is 15km (09miles) to the north.[8]

The town's central business district is in the vicinity of Edith Street and Rankin Street .

Climate

Innisfail experiences a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) and has no month with an average temperature below 18C or with less than 60mm of rainfall.[9] [10] However, as a trade-wind climate that experiences frequent cyclones, it is not equatorial. Consistently, humid, very warm to hot weather dominates in Innisfail. In particular Innisfail is reputed as being among the wettest towns in Australia.[11] Babinda, 30km (20miles) north of Innisfail is generally considered to be the wettest.

Unlike most of tropical Australia,[12] the southern winter or "dry" season is not completely dry as moist easterly winds bring frequent showers;[13] rainfall is, however, still far lower than during the southern summer. Monthly totals of over 1000mm are common in the region between January and April and some months will not experience a day without rain if the monsoon is unusually heavy. The town gets around 63.5 clear days per year.

During the summer ‘cyclone season’, Innisfail is frequently under threat from tropical cyclones developing in the Coral Sea.[14] High rainfall associated with these storms, combined with Innisfail's riverside location often causes flooding.[15]

Climate data is taken from Innisfail weather station, which has recorded rainfall since 1881 and temperature since 1908. Meanwhile, sun data was borrowed from the South Johnstone EXP weather station, 9.7 km SW of Innisfail.

History

Prior to European settlement the Innisfail area was occupied by five separate societies of the Mamu people. These Aboriginal people followed migratory lifestyles in the rainforest and traversed rivers in string-bark canoes.

The first arrival of European people came in January 1872 when survivors of the shipwreck, the "Maria" arrived on the coastal areas surrounding what is now the Johnstone River. Sub-Inspector Robert Arthur Johnstone of the Native Police came with the intention of rescuing remaining survivors and collectively punishing Aboriginals thought to have killed a number of the shipwrecked crew. In mid 1873, Johnstone returned to the area as part of another punitive mission and ventured further upriver between what is today Flying Fish Point and Coquette Point.[16] Johnstone wrote very highly of the area, stating:

In October 1873, Johnstone again returned as part of the Northeast Coast Expedition led by the explorer George Elphinstone Dalrymple. British settlement was first established at the junction of the north and south branches of the Johnstone River by this expedition on 5 October 1873. It was named Nind's Camp after Philip Henry Nind who accompanied the party.[17]

Later in 1879, Irishman Thomas Henry Fitzgerald arrived in the area to establish a sugar industry at his Innisfail Estate (now the locality of that name).[18] He was accompanied by large numbers of Kanaka South Sea Islanders workers accompanied by smaller numbers of Irish labourers. The house built by Fitzgerald and thus the first establishment in the area was called Innisfallen, after the largest island in the Lakes of Killarney, Ireland. Inis Fáil (Island of Destiny) is an ancient Irish name for Ireland itself. The name is used in the rarely sung third verse of "The Soldier's Song", the Irish national anthem. The stone mentioned may be the stone at Tara, Co Meath, at which high kings of Ireland were crowned.

From 1879, the settlement was named Geraldton (officially in July 1883) by Fitzgerald, but on 20 August 1910 it was renamed "Innisfail" to avoid confusion with the town of the same name in Western Australia.[19] [20] It was Margaret-Mary Noone a long time resident of the area who suggested the name Innisfail as a way to honour T.H Fitzgerald's pioneering efforts and Ireland[21] [22]

Johnstone River Post Office opened on 1 November 1882 (a receiving office had been open from 1880), was renamed Geraldton two months later and Innisfail in 1910.[23] [24]

The settlers who moved into this region from 1889 were exceptionally diverse. The first influential group were Anglo-Celtic, but they were outnumbered by "Kanaka " South Sea Islanders. Aboriginal and Torres Strait workers, Chinese miners who developed the banana industry and retail businesses. French merchants, and German timber and sugar producers.[25]

In May 1885, the Queensland Government called for tenders to build the Geraldton Hospital to replace the existing tent hospital;[26] however, the tenders submitted were more expensive than the government was willing to pay, so they called again for tenders in September 1885 resulting in a contract with E. Couchman for £1527.[27] [28]

Geraldton Provisional School opened on 18 July 1887. On 1 August 1894, it became Geraldton State School. In 1913 the name was changed to Innisfail State School to reflect the renaming of the town.

The Innisfail Parish within the Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown (now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns) was established in 1898. It is now merged with the Mourilyian and South Johnstone parishes.[29]

Sacred Heart Catholic School opened on 2 November 1902 with an enrolment of 42 students. It was operated by the Sisters of the Good Samaritan. It was renamed Good Counsel Catholic Primary School in 1975. When the Sisters were no longer able to lead the school, it was briefly led by the Marist Brothers until the first lay principal was appointed in 1982. The Sisters withdrew from teaching in the school in 1990.[30]

In 1906, Patrick Leahy established the Johnstone River Advocate newspaper, with the first issue published in December that year.[31] Later it was renamed the Johnstone River Advocate and Innisfail News, the Evening Advocate, and the Innisfail Chronicle. The newspaper continues to be published as the Innisfail Advocate.[32]

In June 1912 there was a meeting that resulted in the creation of the Johnstone River Agricultural Association with the intention to hold their first agricultural show that same year.[33] The first show was held on Friday 11 and Saturday 12 October 1912 in recreation ground (now Callender Park) with exhibits in the Shire Hall and the Oddfellows Hall. In 1935 the show needed more space and the present showgrounds were established (in present-day Goondi Hill) with purpose-built buildings and a show ring. The show was held annually apart from 1942 and 1942 when, due to World War II, the army was using the showground. In 1986 many of the showgound's buildings were badly damaged by Cyclone Winifred with further damage sustained during Cyclone Larry in 2006. In 2002 the show introduced a banana packing competition which was very popular.[34] The first Methodist church in Innisfail was completed about October 1913; a Methodist home missionary had been stationed from 1911. The church was at 61 Rankin Street, opposite the Catholic church.[35] [36] A huge cyclone swept through Innisfail on 10 March 1918, causing immense damage and killing many people.[37] Buildings destroyed included the Anglican Church and the Methodist Church.[38] So many buildings were severely damaged, that many new buildings were erected after the cyclone using concrete rather than the more traditional timber with tin roof. As Art Deco architecture was popular at that time, many of the new buildings were built in the Art Deco style. As a result, Innisfail is now considered one of the best Australian towns for Art Deco and Streamline Moderne architecture.[39]

The 1920s and 1930s saw the beginning of a major period of settlement by Italian immigrants and noteworthy populations from Greece and Malta. Later in this period populations from Yugoslavia, India and the Philippines would also settle in the area.[25] On Sunday 1 July 1928, Bishop John Heavey officially opened and blessed the new Catholic presbytery, built of reinforced concrete to protect it from cyclones, after the Catholic church and associated buildings were all destroyed in the cyclone of 1918.[40] Heavey returned some week later to officially open and bless the new Mother of Good Counsel Catholic Church which cost £20,000 and was described as the largest Catholic church in Queensland outside of its capital Brisbane.[41]

On the 31st if March, 1931, a civic reception was held for an international Cricket Team which was followed by a tree planting ceremony where a number of palm trees were planted commemorate the visit to Innisfail by the team. Among the team was cricketer, Sir Donald Bradman. Donald Bradman was part of the international team, led by New South Wales Captain, Alan Kippax in 1931. These palms still stand in the town centre.

On Sunday 10 November 1935, a Greek Orthodox Church was opened and dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin (also known as the Dormition of Our Lady) by Archbishop Timotheos, the Greek Orthodox Archbishop for Australia and Oceania, in the presence of 300 people. It was the second Greek Orthodox Church to be built in Queensland and the sixth to be built in Australia, but the first to be built outside of an Australian capital city. The brick church cost £1,000.[42] [43] The church began to deteriorate and local builder Mick Kremastos re-built the church in 1970.[44] [45]

Innisfail East State School opened on 3 February 1936.[46]

Innisfail State High School opened on 24 January 1955 and operated until the end of 2009 at 2 Stitt Street (Mighell,).[47] In 2010, it was amalgamated with the Innisfail Inclusive Education Centre (a special education facility) and Tropical North Queensland TAFE (Innisfail Campus) to form Innisfail State College using the site of the TAFE campus at Innisfail Estate.[48] [49] Innisfail State High School's website was archived.[50] On 3 July 1970, Innisfail State School introduced a special education program called Opportunity Classes. In 1980 these were replaced by the opening of Innisfail Special School on 29 January 1980. On 7 March 2003 the school was renamed Innisfail Inclusive Education Centre. In 2010 it was amalgamated into the Innisfail State College.

Radiant Life Christian College opened on 13 February 1982 and closed on 1 November 1991.

In 2001, Los Angeles band Sugar Ray filmed part of their music DVD "Music in High Places" at the Johnstone Crocodile Farm in Innisfail. 

The Innisfail War Memorial in Jack Fossey Park on Fitzgerald Esplanade was dedicated on 16 April 2005; it commemorates those who served in all wars.[51] Innisfail suffered extensive damage in 2006 due to tropical Cyclone Larry, an Australian Category 5 cyclone with over 100mm of rain in the span of three hours. It struck Innisfail at 7am on 20 March 2006, with the eye of the storm passing over the town.

Severe structural damage occurred over the entirety of the township, the main damage being a portion of houses losing roofs and windows and the cyclone rendered even more homes structurally unsound. Power was effectively eliminated from the town and generators became a luxury in many homes. Clean drinking water was also compromised in many homes leading to health fears. The swift response of the Australian Defence Force was praised by many and the cleanup campaign they orchestrated allowed for total utilities restoration within 3 weeks. Severe damage was done to crops and plantations (mainly bananas) which had a serious economic impact on the region. Only one indirect death was record as a result of the cyclone. While Innisfail was always reputed to have a positive sense of community spirit, the aftermath of Tropical Cyclone Larry and the unified cleanup effort acted to promote this spirit through shared suffering.[52]

Cyclone Larry was a direct and primary cause of the widely reported and dramatic surge in banana prices in Australia. Inflated cost remained until farmers were able to meet demand again in early 2007.[53] [54] [55] After the cyclone the township underwent something of an economic boom that stemmed from an influx of tradespeople and business eager to capitalise upon relatively significant insurance payouts. According to reports local trade had increased some 30 – 40% opposed to expected increases of 10%.[56] [57]

On 8 February 2007, the Johnstone Shire Council was sacked by the Queensland Government by the Local Government Minister, Andrew Fraser because of internal conflict, inappropriate behaviour and financial problems.[58] [59]

In 2011, in the early morning of 3 February, Cyclone Yasi crossed the far north Queensland coast causing damage to the Innisfail area. Although the damage was not as severe as Cyclone Larry, Cyclone Yasi still had a huge impact on Innisfail bringing strong winds of possibly 285 kilometres per hour.[60]

Darlinga Forest School in February 2021 at 89 Mourilyan Road, East Innisfail.[61] However, it was closed in mid-2023 by the Queensland Government's Non-State Schools Accreditation Board.[62]

Demographics

In the, the town of Innisfail had a population of 7,236 people, which includes the urban and suburban parts of the localities of Innisfail, Cullinane, Innisfail Estate, East Innisfail, Webb, South Innisfail, Mighell, Goondi Hill, Hudson, and Goondi Bend. Within the town, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 17.3% of the population. 72.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were India 4.0%, Italy 1.9% and England 1.8%.74.8% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Punjabi 4.4% and Italian 2.8%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 27.0%, No Religion 20.5% and Anglican 13.9%. The locality of Innisfail (the town's centre) had a population of 1,145 people.

In the, the town of Innisfail had a population of 7,173 people, while the locality of Innisfail (the town's centre) had a population of 1,091 people.

Education

Innisfail State School is a government primary (Preparatory to Year 6) school for boys and girls at 7 Emily Street (-17.5183°N 146.028°W).[63] [64] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 165 students with 22 teachers (19 full-time equivalent) and 20 non-teaching staff (13 full-time equivalent).[65] It includes a special education program known as Canecutters Cluster.

Good Counsel Primary School is a Catholic primary (Preparatory to Year 6) school for boys and girls at 96 Rankin Street (-17.5212°N 146.0288°W).[66] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 279 students with 27 teachers (21 full-time equivalent) and 20 non-teaching staff (13 full-time equivalent).

Good Counsel College is a Catholic secondary (7 to 12) school for boys and girls at 66 Owen Street (-17.5207°N 146.0285°W).[67] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 371 students with 41 teachers (39 full-time equivalent) and 31 non-teaching staff (24 full-time equivalent).

There is no government secondary school within the locality of Innisfail, as the town's government secondary school, Innisfail State College, is located in Innisfail Estate immediately across the river east of the main town centre.

Amenities

The Cassowary Coast Regional Council operates a public library at 49 Rankin Street.[68] The current library opened in 2015.[69]

The Innisfail branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the CWA Hall at 1 McGowan Drive.[70]

Chinese Australians built the Innisfail Temple/Lit Sing Gung (列聖宮) in Owen Street, which is now open to other races and religions.[71]

The Sikh community has built the Sikh Temple / Guru Nanak Sikh Education Centre in East Innisfail.[72]

Mother of Good Counsel Catholic Church is at 90 Rankin Street. It is within the Innisfail Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns.[29]

The Dormition of Our Lady Greek Orthodox Church is at 133 Ernest Street . Their feast day is 15 August.[73]

Economy

The main industries remain predominately banana and sugar cane. Outlying areas of Innisfail also grow tea, pawpaws and other exotic fruits.[74]

Innisfail remains a popular destination for backpackers seeking employment in the fruit picking industry. Tourism is of importance to the township and the town consistently seeks to attract visitors passing through on the Bruce Highway.[75] The town's Art Deco architecture is a drawcard for many tourists.

Heritage listings

Innisfail has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Events

Popular annual events to celebrate Innisfail's diversity include:[81]

There are many events that act predominantly as community events, the main ones include:

Notable residents

In popular culture

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Walkabout – Innisfail. 2 June 2006. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060630153934/http://www.walkabout.com.au/locations/QLDInnisfail.shtml. 30 June 2006.
  2. Web site: Innisfail – climate statistics . Climate Data Online . Bureau of Meteorology . 19 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419083919/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_032025_All.shtml . 19 April 2019 . live .
  3. 18 September 2020.
  4. 18 September 2020.
  5. Web site: Tourism and Regional Information. 2 June 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060523222219/http://www.innisfail.oz-e.com.au/facts.html. 23 May 2006. live.
  6. Web site: Australian Bureau of Meteorology Severe Tropical Cyclone Larry Report. 2 June 2006. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120903095102/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/index.shtml. 3 September 2012.
  7. Web site: Innisfail – Google Maps. 2 June 2006. 30 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031425/https://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode&q=innisfail+qld&ie=UTF8&z=13&om=1. live.
  8. Web site: Mt. Bartle Frere Trail. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060618004905/http://www.townsvillenet.com.au/mountains/bartlefrere.htm. 18 June 2006. 2 June 2006.
  9. Book: Linacre, Edward. Climates and Weather Explained. Geerts, Bart. Routledge. 1997. 0-415-12519-7. London. 379. 22 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160624104916/https://books.google.com/books?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&lpg=PA379&pg=PA379. 24 June 2016. live.
  10. Web site: Interactive Australia / New Zealand Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235102/https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-australia-new-zealand.php. 6 March 2019. 6 March 2019. www.plantmaps.com.
  11. Web site: Tully – Cairns Connect. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060502133541/http://www.cairnsconnect.com/region/tully.asp. 2 May 2006. 2 June 2006.
  12. Web site: Median Rainfall for July. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050503/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/rainfall-percentiles/index.jsp?maptype=1&period=July&product=50th#maps. 24 September 2015. 2 June 2010.
  13. See Mean rainfall May to September for an explanation
  14. Web site: List of Queensland Cyclones – Windworker Roof Renovations. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060429214958/http://www.windworker.com.au/qldcyclones.htm. 29 April 2006. 2 June 2006.
  15. Web site: Flood Warning system for the Johnstone River. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060616153128/http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/brochures/johnstone/johnstone.shtml. 16 June 2006. 2 June 2006.
  16. News: SKETCHER. . . 1984 . Queensland, Australia . 19 March 1904 . 3 September 2018 . 2 (Unknown) . National Library of Australia . 30 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031428/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22262113 . live .
  17. News: SKETCHER. . . 2015 . Queensland, Australia . 22 October 1904 . 4 September 2018 . 8 . National Library of Australia . 30 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031431/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/20350226 . live .
  18. News: 25 April 1934. SUGAR GROWING AT INNISFAIL. 13 (MEMORIAL ISSUE). The Telegraph. Queensland, Australia. live. 2 October 2020. National Library of Australia. 1 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201001224934/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/181875080.
  19. Web site: J. W. Collinson . Innisfail – History . Text Queensland . Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland . 19 April 2019 . 10, 16 . PDF.
  20. News: CHANGE OF NAME. . . Qld. . 19 August 1910 . 9 March 2011 . 5 . National Library of Australia . 30 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031429/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39891469 . live .
  21. Radiant Green, Fallon, M., 1990, p62
  22. Hurricane Lamps and Blue Umbrellas, Jones, D., 1973 p304,305
  23. Web site: Phoenix Auctions History . Post Office List . Phoenix Auctions . 3 February 2021 . 19 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211219061923/http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=QLD&filter=%2AInnisfail%2A . live .
  24. News: 13 October 1883 . SUNDAY READING. . XVI . 16 . . 407 . Queensland, Australia . 2 February 2023 . National Library of Australia . 24 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240124074919/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/183701350 . live .
  25. Web site: History of the Innisfail Region. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060514140642/http://www.innisfail.oz-e.com.au/hist.html. 14 May 2006. 2 June 2006.
  26. News: OFFICIAL NOTIFICATIONS.. 9 May 1885. The Brisbane Courier. 21 October 2017. 8,527. Queensland, Australia. XXXIX. 3. National Library of Australia. 30 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031429/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3441807. live.
  27. News: JOHNSTONE RIVER.. 14 September 1885. The Brisbane Courier. 21 October 2017. 8,635. Queensland, Australia. XL. 3. National Library of Australia. 30 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031430/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3448579. live.
  28. News: Official Notifications.. 26 September 1885. The Queenslander. 22 October 2017. 522. Queensland, Australia. XXVIII. 504. National Library of Australia. 30 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031450/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/19800701. live.
  29. Web site: Innisfail Parish. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201118140346/http://www.cairns.catholic.org.au/parishes/innisfail.html. 18 November 2020. 18 November 2020. Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns.
  30. Web site: Our History. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930030306/https://www.gcps.qld.edu.au/about-us/our-history/. 30 September 2020. 2020-09-30. Good Counsel Primary School, Innisfail. 20 October 2014 . en-AU.
  31. News: NEWSPAPER LOSSES. . . 10,513 . Queensland, Australia . 18 October 1935 . 24 April 2019 . 16 . National Library of Australia . 30 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031522/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/41710589 . live .
  32. Web site: Historical Notes on North Queensland Newspapers. www.jcu.edu.au. 19 October 2015 . 2 December 2015. en-AU. https://web.archive.org/web/20171109222013/https://www.jcu.edu.au/library/find/books,-dvds-and-more/special-collections/historical-notes-on-north-queensland-newspapers. 9 November 2017. live.
  33. News: 21 June 1912. NEW SHOW ASSOCIATION.. XXVI. 10. Cairns Post. 1341. Queensland, Australia. 30 September 2020. National Library of Australia. 30 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930031506/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39897733. live.
  34. Web site: History. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930003440/http://innisfailshow.com.au/?page_id=394. 30 September 2020. 2020-09-30. The Innisfail Show. en-US.
  35. News: 11 October 1913 . Town & Country . XXVI . 6 . . 1736 . Queensland, Australia . 2 February 2023 . National Library of Australia . 24 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240124074916/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39947583 . live .
  36. Web site: Leslie . David C. . A Chronology of Innisfail and District, Far North Queensland . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202032752/http://www.users.on.net/~davidcleslie/innisfail/innichron.htm . 2023-02-02 . 2 February 2023.
  37. Web site: Briggs. Casey. 2018-03-09. 'It appears to be dangerous': The 100-year-old cyclone warning that proved prophetic. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930012944/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-10/100-years-on-from-the-cyclone-that-flattened-innisfail-qld/9533920. 30 September 2020. 2020-09-30. ABC News. en-AU.
  38. News: 5 April 1918 . The Overwhelming of Mackay, North Queensland . XXXI . 7 . . 1542 . South Australia . 2 February 2023 . National Library of Australia . 24 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240124074839/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/214066239 . live .
  39. Web site: Mounter. Brendan. 2017-06-02. Far north town claims as the art deco capital of Australia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930014131/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-02/art-deco-towns-grand-designs-to-be-drawcard-for-tourists/8584740. 30 September 2020. 2020-09-30. ABC News Australia. en-AU.
  40. News: 3 July 1928. BLESSED AND OPENED.. 5. Cairns Post. 8251. Queensland, Australia. 20 November 2020. National Library of Australia. 25 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201225221128/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/40628160. live.
  41. News: 6 August 1928. NEW CATHOUC CHURCH.. 5. Cairns Post. 8280. Queensland, Australia. 20 November 2020. National Library of Australia. 25 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201225221105/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/40632754. live.
  42. News: 12 November 1935 . Dedication service . 29 . 1 . . 89 . Innisfail, Queensland, Australia . 3 February 2023 . National Library of Australia . 24 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240124074836/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/212608385 . live .
  43. Web site: Blake . Thom . The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin . 2023-02-04 . Queensland religious places database . 4 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204072805/https://www.thomblake.com.au/qc_new/view_p_n.php?id=7246 . live .
  44. Web site: May 2013 . Local Heritage Places . 4 February 2023 . . 145–147 . 17 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220917083934/https://www.cassowarycoast.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/2005/local-heritage-places-may-2013pdf . live .
  45. Web site: Blake . Thom . Dormition of Our Lady Church . 2023-02-04 . Queensland religious places database . 4 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204074305/https://www.thomblake.com.au/qc_new/view_p_n.php?id=6947 . live .
  46. 18 April 2019.
  47. Web site: 28 March 2013. Local government meeting: Agenda. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201001224931/http://www.cassowarycoast.qld.gov.au/documents/1422210/41470060/2013-03-28%20-%20Agenda.pdf. 1 October 2020. Cassowary Coast Regional Council. 176–180.
  48. Web site: 2020-04-16. About us. 2020-10-01. Innisfail State College. en. 1 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201001224940/https://innisfailsc.eq.edu.au/about-us. live.
  49. Web site: 20 August 2013 . Queensland state school - centre closures . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320144902/https://documents.parliament.qld.gov.au/tp/2013/5413T3241.pdf . 20 March 2022 . 6 April 2022 . Queensland Government.
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