Operation Inherent Resolve Explained

Conflict:Operation Inherent Resolve
Partof:the international military intervention against the Islamic State and the War on terror
Date:15 June 2014 – present
  • Iraq: 15 June 2014 – 9 December 2021
  • Syria: 22 September 2014 – present
  • Libya: 13 November 2015 – 30 October 2019
Status:Ongoing
  • Territorial defeat of ISIL in Iraq on 9 December 2017.
  • Territorial defeat of ISIL in Syria on 23 March 2019.
  • ISIL defeated in Libya.
  • 110,000 square kilometers containing 7.7 million people captured from the Islamic State by Syrian Democratic Forces.
Combatant1:
Combatant2:[1] [2] [3] ---- al-Qaeda

Turkistan Islamic Party[8] ---- Islamic Front (2013-15)

Syrian Salvation Government (2017-present)

Commander1:
  • Joe Biden
Commander2: Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (leader of IS)
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
[10] [11]
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
[12]
Abu Alaa Afri
(Deputy Leader of IS)[13]
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani (Spokesperson)
Abu Ayman al-Iraqi (Head of Military Shura)[14]
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (Deputy Leader, Iraq)[15]
Abu Ali al-Anbari (Deputy Leader, Syria)
Abu Omar al-Shishani (Field commander in Syria)[16] [17]
---- Abu Khayr al-Masri (al-Qaeda deputy leader)[18]
Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Leader of the al-Nusra Front))
Abu Humam al-Shami
(al-Nusra Military Chief and Leader of Hurras al-Din)[19]
Mohammed Islambouli (Leader of Khorasan)[20]
Muhsin al-Fadhli (Leader of Khorasan)[21]
David Drugeon (chief bombmaker)[22] ---- Abu Yahia al-Hamawi (Emir of Ahrar al-Sham (2015–2017))[23]
Abu Jaber Shaykh (Emir of Ahrar al-Sham (2014-2015); Emir of Tahrir al-Sham (2017))[24] [25]
Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Emir of Tahrir al-Sham (2017–present))
Units1:Elements of:
Units2: Military of IS
  • Wilayat al-Iraq
  • Wilayat al-Sham
Strength2:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:

----al-Qaeda:

  • Khorasan: 50[41]
  • Jund al-Aqsa: 2,100

----Islamic Front

  • Ahrar al-Sham: 26,000–30,000+[42] [43]

Syrian Salvation Government

Casualties1:
  • 23 hostile deaths[46] [47] [48]
  • 89 non-hostile Deaths
  • 364
  • 18 civilians killed
    (5 executed and 1 unknown)[49] [50] [51] [52]
  • 1 F-16 crashed and 1 F-15 damaged
  • 2 helicopters lost (CH-53 Sea Stallion)[53] [54]
  • 4 MQ-1 Predator drones shot down[55] [56]
Casualties2: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:
  • 80,000+ killed by American and allied airstrikes[57]
  • 32,000+ targets destroyed or damaged (as of 30 September 2016)[58]
    • 164 tanks
    • 388 HMMWVs
    • 2,638 pieces of oil infrastructure
    • 1,000+ fuel tanker trucks[59]
    • 2,000+ pick-up trucks, VBIEDs, and other vehicles

(per coalition)---- al-Qaeda:

---- Islamic Front

  • Ahrar ash-Sham:

3 killed[62] [63]
Syrian Salvation Government:

  • Tahrir al-Sham:
    6 killed[64]
Casualties3:Tens of thousands of civilians killed by IS (per Iraqi Body Count and SOHR)[65] [66]
Between 8,214 and 13,125 civilians killed by Coalition airstrikes in Syria and Iraq (per Airwars)[67]
1,335 civilians killed by Coalition Operations (per Coalition)
Over 970,000 civilians in Iraq and Syria displaced, or fled to Turkey and other countries[68] [69] [70] [71]
Campaign:Operation Inherent Resolve

Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) is the United States military's operational name for the international war against the Islamic State (IS or ISIL),[72] including both a campaign in Iraq and a campaign in Syria, with a closely related campaign in Libya. Through 18 September 2018, the U.S. Army's III Armored Corps was responsible for Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF—OIR) and were replaced by the XVIII Airborne Corps.[73] The campaign is primarily waged by American and British forces in support of local allies, most prominently the Iraqi security forces and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Combat ground troops, mostly special forces, infantry, and artillery have also been deployed, especially in Iraq. Of the airstrikes, 70% have been conducted by the military of the United States, 20% by the United Kingdom and the remaining 10% being carried out by France, Turkey, Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Australia and Jordan.[74]

According to the Pentagon, by March 2019, the day of the territorial defeat in Syria of IS, CJTF-OIR and its partner forces had liberated nearly 110,000 square kilometers (42,471 square miles) of land and 7.7 million people from IS, the vast majority of the self-proclaimed caliphate's territory and subjects.[75] By October 2017, around the time of IS's territorial defeat in Iraq, CJTF-OIR claimed that around 80,000 IS militants had been killed by it and its allies (excluding those targeted by Russian and Syrian Air Force strikes). By the end of August 2019, it had conducted 34,573 strikes.[57] [76] Tens of thousands more were killed by partner forces on the ground (the SDF alone claimed to have killed 25,336 IS fighters by the end of 2017).[77]

History

2014

Unlike their coalition partners, and unlike previous combat operations, no name was initially given to the conflict against IS by the U.S. government.[78] The decision to keep the conflict nameless drew considerable media criticism.[79] [80] [81] [82] [83]

The U.S. decided in October 2014 to name its military efforts against IS as "Operation Inherent Resolve"; the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) news release announcing the name noted that:

The US Defense Department announced at the end of October 2014 that troops operating in support of Operation Inherent Resolve after 15 June were eligible for the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal.[84] [85]

By 4 December 2014, three U.S. service members had died from accidents or non-combat injuries.[86]

2015

In November of 2015, Commodore Captain Augustus Bennett commanding the USS Kearsarge (LHD-3) Amphibious Ready Group entered the 5th Fleet AOR in conjunction with the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit under the command of Colonel Robert Fulford, consisting of the, USS Arlington (LPD-24) and USS Oak Hill (LSD-51)[87] to commence airstrikes on IS. Prior to this, the ARG rendezvoused with the Turkish Navy for Egemen 2015.[88] They concluded their OIR mission on March 10 with a total of 130 sorties and 60 strikes.[89]

See also: Operation Tidal Wave II. On 22 October 2015, a U.S. Master Sergeant, Joshua Wheeler, was killed in action when he, with about 30 other U.S. special operations soldiers and a Peshmerga unit, conducted a prison break near Hawija in the disputed territories of Northern Iraq, in which about 70 hostages were rescued, five IS members were captured and "a number" were killed or wounded.[90] Sergeant First Class Thomas Payne was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the operation. The Kurdistan Regional Government said after the raid that none of the 15 prisoners it was intended to rescue were found.[91] [92]

From May, North American Rockwell OV-10 Broncos joined the operation, flying more than 120 combat sorties over 82 days. It is speculated they provided close air support for special forces missions. The experiment ended satisfactorily, but a US Air Force spokesman stated it remains unlikely they will invest in reactivating the OV-10 on a regular basis because of the overhead cost of operating an additional aircraft type.[93] [94]

2016

By 9 March 2016, nearly 11,000 airstrikes had been launched on IS (and occasionally Al-Nusra), killing over 27,000 fighters[95] and striking over 22,000 targets, including 139 tanks, 371 Humvees, and 1,216 pieces of oil infrastructure. Approximately 80% of these airstrikes have been conducted by American forces, with the remaining 20% being launched by other members of the coalition, such as the United Kingdom and Australia. 7,268 strikes hit targets in Iraq, while 3,602 hit targets in Syria. On 12 June 2016, it was reported that 120 IS leaders, commanders, propagandists, recruiters and other high-value individuals were killed so far this year.[96]

Until March 2016, U.S. military members were ineligible for Campaign Medals and other service decorations due to the continuing ambiguous nature of the continuing U.S. involvement in Iraq.[97] However, on 30 March 2016, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter announced the creation of a new medal, named "Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal".[98]

On 3 June 2016, aircraft flying from the in the Mediterranean Sea began airstrikes on IS.[99] On 16 June 2016, AV-8B II+ Harriers of the 13th MEU flying from the in the Persian Gulf also began airstrikes on IS, marking the first time the U.S. Navy used ship-based aircraft from both the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf at the same time during Operation Inherent Resolve.[100]

By 27 July 2016, U.S. and coalition partners had conducted more than 14,000 airstrikes in Iraq and Syria: Nearly 11,000 of those strikes were from U.S. aircraft and the majority of the strikes (more than 9,000) were in Iraq. Of the 26,374 targets hit, nearly 8,000 were against IS fighting positions, while approximately 6,500 hit buildings; IS staging areas and oil infrastructure were each hit around 1,600 times.[101] On 15 December 2016, the U.K. Defense Secretary Michael Fallon said that "more than 25,000 Daesh fighters have now been killed," a number that was half of the United States' estimate. When asked about this discrepancy, the UK's Ministry of Defense said that it stood by his estimate.[102]

Since the first U.S. airstrikes on IS targets in Iraq on 8 August 2014, over two years, the U.S. military has spent over $8.4 billion fighting IS.[103]

BBC News reported in 2017 that according to the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, in 2016 alone, the U.S. dropped 12,192 bombs in Syria and 12,095 in Iraq.[104]

Operation Odyssey Lightning

From August to December 2016, the U.S. conducted another similar operation in Libya, code-named Operation Odyssey Lightning, during the battle to capture Sirte, which was the local capital of IS's Libyan branch.[105] [106] In September 2017, the US Africa Command announced that 495 precision airstrikes were carried out and 800 to 900 IS fighters were killed during the operation in Sirte between 1 August and 19 December 2016.[107] On 18 January 2017, US B-2 bombers bombed two IS camps to the south of Sirte, killing ninety IS militants.

2017

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Coalition airstrikes have killed 7,043 people across Syria, of which: 5,768 dead were IS fighters, 304 Al-Nusra Front militants and other rebels, 90 government soldiers and 881 civilians. The air strikes occurred in the period between 22 September 2014 and 23 January 2017.[108]

In March 2017, various media outlets reported that conventional forces from the 11th MEU, as well as special operations forces in the form of the 75th Ranger Regiment[109] deployed to Syria to support U.S.-backed forces in liberating Raqqa from IS occupation. The deployment marked an escalation in the U.S. intervention in Syria.[110]

By 28 February, the Coalition had conducted 3,271 sorties in 2017, 2,129 of which resulted in at least one weapon released. In total, the coalition released 7,040 weapons in Iraq and Syria in this same time period in an effort to destroy IS.[111]

As of 9 August 2017, coalition aircraft flew a total of 167,912 sorties, and conducted 13,331 strikes in Iraq and 11,235 strikes in Syria, for a total of 24,566 strikes.[112]

2018

In February 2018, the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division was awarded a campaign streamer following its deployment to Iraq. In May 2016, the brigade deployed to advise and assist, train and equip Iraqi security forces to fight the Islamic State of Iraq. The 2nd Brigade also conducted precision surface-to-surface fires and supported a multitude of intelligence and logistical operations for coalition and Iraqi forces. They also provided base security throughout more than twelve areas of operations. The Brigade also aided in the clearance of IS from Fallujah, the near elimination of suicide attacks in Baghdad, and the introduction of improved tactics that liberated more than 100 towns and villages. The 2nd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division also played a significant role in the liberation of Mosul.[113]

2019

In early 2019, the US-led coalition focused on the final assault on ISIS in the Euphrates pocket, including the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani in the first quarter of the year. Civilian human shields held by ISIS were among the victims, including in one reported massacre on 19 March in which up to 300 civilians, including 45 children, were alleged to have been killed by Coalition forces.

From 8 August 2014, to 29 August 2019, coalition aircraft conducted a total of 34,573 strikes.[114]

On 27 October 2019, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was killed during the Barisha raid in Idlib Governorate.[115]

On 31 December 2019, the CJTF-OIR reported its forces were "closely monitoring the current situation of the protests at the US Embassy in Baghdad", adding that they were "taking the appropriate force protection measures to ensure [US Embassy personnel] safety".[116]

2020

CJTF-OIR paused all training and anti-ISIS operations on 5 January 2020, to focus on protecting Iraqi bases hosting Coalition troops in the wake of several rocket attacks.[117] This action was also linked to the anticipated response against Coalition forces in the wake of the killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani.[118] In March 2020, the U.S. military started to withdraw from various bases in Iraq.[119]

2021

On 31 March 2021, Carrier Air Wing Three launched naval flight operations in support of Operation Inherent Resolve. The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and its carrier strike group were expected to lead Task Force 50, which oversees Operation Inherent Resolve's naval strike operations.[120]

2023

On 3 April, U.S. forces killed senior Islamic State leader Khalid 'Aydd Ahmad al-Jabouri, who was allegedly planning attacks in Europe during Easter, in an overnight drone strike on the outskirts of rebel-held town of Killi, Idlib in northwest Syria.[121]

On 9 July, US Central Command announced that a U.S. MQ-9 drone which had been harassed by Russian aircraft for almost two hours had on 7 July killed an ISIS leader called Usamah al-Muhajir,[122] who had been riding his motorcycle on the road linking al-Bab with Bizaah.[123]

On 24 August, the U.S. Military stated that Major General Joel ‘JB’ Vowell had assumed command of anti-ISIS operation also known as Operation Inherent Resolve, from Major General Matthew McFarlane.[124]

On 20 November, the United States Central Command has announced that, in the months of September and October, it has conducted, along with coalition and other partners, a total of 79 operations in Iraq and Syria resulting in 13 ISIS operatives killed and 78 detained.[125] [126]

Country! colspan="2"
OperationsISIS operatives
TypeCountKilledDetained
Partnered531033
Partnered23345
US-only3+Total791378
Month!Operations! colspan="2"
ISIS operatives
CountKilledDetained
September31819
October48559+Total791378

Assets

United States Air Force, United States Navy & United States Marine Corps units that are participating in this operations can be found in the aerial and ground order of battle.

U.S. and coalition forces are training Iraqi forces at four sites: in al-Asad in Anbar province, Erbil in the north, and Taji and Besmayah in the Baghdad area.

Combined Joint Forces Land Component Command-Iraq

Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion

United States Marine Corps

Military bases

During the operation in Syria, there were several bases mostly in the north:[134]

However, following the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, most U.S. soldiers withdrew from northern Syria to western Iraq in October 2019,[145] while even bombing their own Lafarge basement near Harab Isk.[146]

Meanwhile, The New York Times reported that the Pentagon was planning to "leave 150 Special Operations forces at a base called al-Tanf".[147] In addition, 200 U.S. soldiers would remain in eastern Syria near the oil fields, to prevent the Islamic State, Syrian government and Russian forces from advancing in the region.[148] However, at least 600–900 U.S. Troops are expected to stay in Syria,[149] in Al-Hasakah and Deir ez-Zor Governorates.[150] In July 2020, the U.S. military built a new base including an airport, located between Um Kahif village and Tal Alu silos near Al-Yaarubiyah.[151]

Casualties

According to Airwars, in 2014 there were 63 incidents involving the US-led coalition in Iraq and Syria in which there were civilian casualties, causing at least 160 civilian deaths. In 2015, there were 268 incidents and 708 deaths. In 2016, there were 483 incidents and 1,372 deaths. Civilian casualties peaked in 2017, with 1,841 incidents and at least 4,677 civilian deaths.[152]

According to Airwars, 1,472 civilians were killed by the U.S. air campaign in Iraq and Syria in March 2017 alone.[153] On 17 March, a U.S.-led coalition airstrike in Mosul killed more than 200 civilians.[154] Data compiled by Airwars shows that 229 strikes in Iraq and 878 strikes in Syria were carried out by Coalition forces in June 2017, killing an alleged total of 1,483 people. The reporting of 875 of those total alleged deaths is contested. In July 2017, Airwars recorded reports of an alleged 1,342 people were killed in Iraq and Syria by Coalition airstrikes. Of the allegations 812 were contested, and two were disproved.[155]

Casualty figures fell after the 2017 peak. According to Airwars, 2018 saw 192 incidents and 846 deaths; 2019 saw 72 incidents and 467 deaths.[152] In 2019, the casualties were concentrated in the first quarter during the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani including an alleged massacre of civilian human shields on 19 March.[152]

By 2020, Airwars had recorded a five-year total of 14,771 US-led Coalition strikes in Iraq and 19,829 in Syria and investigated 2,921 alleged civilian casualty incidents, estimating 8,259–13,135 civilian deaths, of whom around 2,000 were children, although the Coalition itself estimated just 1,377 or 1,417 civilian deaths.[156] [157] [158]

The New York Times reported that efforts to minimize and count civilian deaths fell far short of the approach promised by the US military for its use of airstrikes in the war against IS. The newspaper reported that airstrikes against IS, as well as in the war in Afghanistan, was marked by "flawed intelligence, poor targeting and thousands of civilian deaths." It also reported that efforts to minimize civilian casualties diminished after President Trump assumed office in 2017, stating "... the authority to approve strikes was pushed further down the chain of command, even as an overwhelming majority of strikes were carried out in the heat of war, and not planned far in advance." Finally, the paper reported that the US military systematically under-reported casualties, providing a total death count of 1,417, when the actual count was significantly higher. The report states that the military made little effort to accurately determine civilian casualties after the airstrikes. The military was also reluctant to divulge information about the casualties, in spite of promises of transparency, and news media were required to make numerous requests under the Freedom of Information Act, and had to repeatedly sue the US military to produce data.[159] [160] [161]

Talon Anvil

During the years 2014 to 2019, an Air Force special operations group named Talon Anvil killed a significant number of non-combatant civilians, and often failed to follow US military protocols designed to minimize civilian casualties.[162] In one particular strike, the March 2019 Baghuz airstrike, approximately 50 women and children were killed, and the Air Force subsequently covered the deaths up.[163] The Talon Anvil group operated under the auspices of Task Force 9, which was the US military unit responsible for ground operations in the war against IS in Syria. The group consisted of about twenty plainclothes military personnel that operated out of anonymous office buildings in Iraq and Syria.[162] In December 2021, the US Secretary of Defense ordered an investigation into the civilian deaths caused by Talon Anvil's bombing strikes.[162]

See also

Further reading

Books

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Islamic State, rival Al Nusra Front each strengthen grip on Syria. Los Angeles Times. 28 November 2014. 6 December 2014.
  2. Web site: Negotiations failed between the IS, Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic battalions. https://web.archive.org/web/20141117020508/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/negotiations-failed-between-the-is-jabhat-al-nusra-and-islamic-battalions/. dead. 17 November 2014. Master. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. dmy-all.
  3. News: War of Words Between al Qaeda and ISIS Continues With Scholar's Smackdown. NBC News. 6 December 2014.
  4. News: IŞİD ve El Nusra'nın birleştiği iddia edildi. tr. Star Gazete. 14 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150128055527/http://haber.stargazete.com/dunya/isidde-sok-gelisme/haber-901304. 28 January 2015. dead.
  5. Web site: An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity. Brookings Institution. 31 May 2015. 1 June 2015.
  6. Web site: Over 2,000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra-rebel deal. Izat. Charkatli. 23 February 2017. 12 December 2017. 28 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190528115241/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/2000-radical-rebels-defect-isis-following-intra-rebel-deal/. dead.
  7. Web site: Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa. 22 February 2017.
  8. Web site: Uighur jihadist fought in Afghanistan, killed in Syria. Caleb Weiss. Long War Journal. 14 February 2017. 22 February 2017.
  9. News: Report: Airstrikes target new Islamist group in Syria . Nick Paton Walsh . Laura Smith-Spark . 6 November 2014. CNN. 6 December 2014.
  10. News: Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead, appoints successor. Reuters. 31 October 2019. 31 October 2019.
  11. Web site: ISIS leader killed in US military raid in Syria, with multiple civilian fatalities. TheJournal.ie. 3 February 2022.
  12. Web site: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: IS leader 'killed in US operation' in Syria. BBC News. 27 October 2019.
  13. News: Report: A former physics teacher is now leading ISIS . 23 April 2015. Business Insider. 29 May 2015.
  14. News: Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS. 27 August 2014. . Ben . Hubbard . Eric . Schmitt . 21 October 2014.
  15. News: Coalition Airstrikes Targeted Islamic State Leaders Near Mosul. Matt Bradley . Ghassan Adnan . Felicia Schwartz . 10 November 2014. The Wall Street Journal.
  16. News: Kadyrov Claims Red-Bearded Chechen Militant al-Shishani Dead. ElBalad. 14 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150128064913/http://www.el-balad.com/1244483. 28 January 2015. dmy-all.
  17. News: Kadyrov Says Islamic State's Leader From Georgia Killed . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 November 2014.
  18. Web site: BREAKING: Al-Qaeda's deputy leader killed in Idlib drone strike. Paul. Antonopoulos. 26 February 2017. 12 December 2017. 30 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190630083731/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-al-qaedas-deputy-leader-killed-idlib-drone-strike/. dead.
  19. Web site: Syria's Qaeda leader killed in explosion – ARA News. ARA News. 31 March 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150308140014/http://aranews.net/2015/03/syrias-qaeda-leader-killed-in-explosion/. 8 March 2015. dmy-all.
  20. Web site: Al-Qaida Reasserts Itself With Khorasan Group. 23 July 2015. NPR. 3 October 2014.
  21. Web site: Key al-Qaeda figure Muhsin al-Fadhli killed in U.S. airstrike in Syria – Pentagon. BNO News. 21 July 2015. 25 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121444/http://bnonews.com/news/index.php/news/id935. dead.
  22. Web site: French jihadist Drugeon killed in Syria: US official. AFP. 11 September 2015. 11 September 2015.
  23. Web site: Abu Yahia al-Hamawi, Ahrar al-Sham's New Leader. Syria Comment. 12 September 2015. 17 September 2015.
  24. Web site: Syria rebels name slain leader's replacement. Al Jazeera English. 10 September 2014. 10 September 2014.
  25. News: Syria rebels name slain leader's replacement. . 10 September 2014. 10 September 2014.
  26. Combined Joint Task Force, Operation Inherent Resolve . 15 April 2015 . Build Partner Capacity strengthens bonds, armies . Sgt. Deja Borden . https://web.archive.org/web/20150423023330/http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2014/0814_iraq/20150413-Build_Partner_Capacity_stengthens_bonds_and_Armies.pdf . 23 April 2015.
  27. Web site: U.S. Department of Defense, Photo Essay.. United States Department of Defense . 29 May 2015.
  28. https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3687214/space-capabilities-highlighted-in-second-annual-centcom-theater-space-forum/
  29. Web site: PATFORSWA: Guardians of the Arabian Gulf. coastguard.dodlive.mil. United States Coast Guard. 21 March 2018. PATFORSWA also supported Operation Enduring Freedom and in 2015 transitioned to supporting Operation Inherent Resolve.
  30. News: 2-star on Iraq: 'Still a big fight going on here'. Michelle Tan . 30 December 2014. Army Times. 29 May 2015.
  31. Barbara Starr, U.S. officials say 6,000 ISIS fighters killed in battles, CNN (22 January 2015).
  32. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/cia-triples-number-islamic-state-fighters-201491232912623733.html CIA says IS numbers underestimated
  33. News: ISIS militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader . el-balad.com . 16 November 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141120081551/http://www.el-balad.com/1247637 . 20 November 2014 . dmy-all .
  34. News: Islamic State 'training pilots to fly fighter jets'. BBC News. 17 October 2014. 22 October 2014.
  35. News: U.S.-led forces drop nearly 5,000 bombs on ISIS. Al Arabiya. 8 January 2015. 8 January 2015.
  36. News: Fears of massacre as Isis tanks lead assault on Kurdish bastion. The Times. 4 October 2014.
  37. News: Now ISIS has drones?. 24 August 2014. CNN.
  38. News: Footage From an ISIS Drone. 30 August 2014. NYTimes.com – Video.
  39. News: In bizarre new video, Islamic State hostage gives tour of Kobane. The Washington Post blogs . Adam. Taylor. 27 October 2014.
  40. News: ISIS: We Nabbed an Iranian Drone. The Daily Beast. 6 December 2014.
  41. Web site: Gen. Dempsey Claims Airstrikes in Syria that Targeted Khorasan Group Disrupted Plots Against US . https://web.archive.org/web/20141009184718/http://kneb.com/abc_world/gen-dempsey-claims-airstrikes-in-syria-that-targeted-khorasan-group-disrupted-plots-against-us-abcid35051725/ . dead . 9 October 2014 . KNEB Radio .
  42. Web site: Is Syria's Idlib being groomed as Islamist killing ground?. Sami. Moubayed. 29 January 2017. Asia Times.
  43. Web site: Syrian opposition merger in Jan 2017. archicivilians. 26 January 2017.
  44. Web site: Joscelyn . Thomas . 10 February 2017 . Hay'at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency . https://web.archive.org/web/20170211001547/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/hayat-tahrir-al-sham-leader-calls-for-unity-in-syrian-insurgency.php . 11 February 2017 . Long Wars Journal.
  45. Web site: Syria: Surfacing of 'Hai'at Tahrir al-Sham' Threatens Truce – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English. Asharq. Al-awsat. 30 January 2017. 12 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170215122504/http://english.aawsat.com/2017/01/article55366551/syria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce. 15 February 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  46. Web site: Casualty Status - 21 Nov 23. . 28 November 2023 .
  47. Web site: Pentagon identifies US soldiers killed in Iran-backed militia attack in Jordan . . 29 January 2024 .
  48. Web site: Pentagon IDs Army Reserve soldiers killed in Jordan Tower 22 attack . 29 January 2024 .
  49. News: Islamic State Kassig murder: Western jihadists probed. BBC News . 17 November 2014 . 17 November 2014.
  50. News: Islamic State Allies In Egypt Say They Killed American Oil Worker William Henderson. The Huffington Post . 1 December 2014 . 6 December 2014.
  51. News: BBC News – Libya hotel attack: Five foreigners among nine killed. 28 January 2015 . BBC News.
  52. http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/2/10/kayler-mueller-american-isil-hostage-is-dead.html "Kayla Mueller, American ISIL hostage, is dead,"
  53. Web site: One US service member killed in aircraft crash in Iraq. Kyle. Rempfer. 20 August 2018. Military Times.
  54. Web site: CENTCOM: No survivors after US helicopter crash in western Iraq. Kyle. Rempfer. 16 March 2018. Air Force Times.
  55. News: U.S. loses drone over Syria, which claims to have brought it down. Reuters . Mariam. Karouny. 17 March 2015 . 31 March 2015.
  56. News: Syria says it shot down U.S. drone. Roba Alhenawi . 17 March 2015. CNN. 31 March 2015.
  57. Web site: Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves. The Straits Times. 15 October 2017. 11 December 2017.
  58. Web site: Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. US Department of Defense. 30 September 2016. 21 October 2016.
  59. Reuters, Brett Wolf, "RPT-INSIGHT-In taking economic war to Islamic State, U.S. developing new tools", 24 November 2015.
  60. Web site: About 3 thousand citizens were killed by the International Coalition warplanes in Syria within about 10700 persons who were killed during 38 months of their military operations in Syria. SOHR. 23 November 2017. 11 December 2017.
  61. Web site: U.S. Airstrike Kills More Than 100 al-Qaida Fighters in Syria. US Department of Defense. 20 January 2017.
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  85. News: Carroll. Chris. Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal authorized for Operation Inherent Resolve. Stripes.com. 22 November 2014.
  86. News: Air Force pilot killed in Middle East crash identified. Stars and Stripes. 29 May 2015.
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