Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act explained

Shorttitle:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
Longtitle:An act to authorize funds for Federal-aid highways, highway safety programs, and transit programs, and for other purposes.
Nickname:Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL)
Acronym:IIJA
Enacted By:117th
Effective Date:November 15, 2021
Number Of Co-Sponsors:5
Agenciesaffected:Department of Transportation (USDOT)
Leghisturl:https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684
Introducedin:House
Introducedbill:the "INVEST in America Act"
Introducedby:Peter DeFazio (D–OR)
Introduceddate:June 4, 2021
Committees:House Transportation and Infrastructure
Passedbody1:House
Passeddate1:July 1, 2021
Passedvote1:221–201
Passedbody2:Senate
Passedas2:"Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act"
Passeddate2:August 10, 2021
Passedvote2:69–30
Agreedbody3:House
Agreeddate3:November 5, 2021
Agreedvote3:228–206
Signedpresident:Joe Biden
Signeddate:November 15, 2021

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), (H.R. 3684) is a United States federal statute enacted by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on November 15, 2021. It was introduced in the House as the INVEST in America Act and nicknamed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill.

The act was initially a infrastructure package that included provisions related to federal highway aid, transit, highway safety, motor carrier, research, hazardous materials and rail programs of the Department of Transportation.[1] [2] After congressional negotiations, it was amended and renamed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to add funding for broadband access, clean water and electric grid renewal in addition to the transportation and road proposals of the original House bill. This amended version included approximately $1.2 trillion in spending, with $550 billion newly authorized spending on top of what Congress was planning to authorize regularly.[3] [4]

The amended bill was passed 69–30 by the Senate on August 10, 2021. On November 5, it was passed 228–206 by the House, and ten days later was signed into law by President Biden.[5]

Background

On March 31, 2021,[6] President Joe Biden unveiled his $2.3 trillion American Jobs Plan (which, when combined with the American Families Plan, amounted to $4 trillion in infrastructure spending),[7] pitched by him as "a transformative effort to overhaul the nation's economy".[8] The detailed plan aimed to create millions of jobs, bolster labor unions, expand labor protections, and address climate change.[9] [10]

Legislative history

Senate passage

In mid-April 2021, Republican lawmakers offered a $568 billion counterproposal to the American Jobs Plan.[11] On May 9, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell said it should cost no more than $800 billion.[12] On May 21, the administration reduced the price tag to $1.7 trillion, which was quickly rejected by Republicans.[13] A day later, a bipartisan group within the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee announced that they had reached a deal for $304 billion in funding for U.S. highway funding.[14] This was approved unanimously by the committee on May 26.[15] On June 4, House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Chair Peter DeFazio announced a $547 billion plan, called the INVEST in America Act, which would address parts of the American Jobs Plan.[16] On July 1, the House passed an amended $715 billion infrastructure bill focused on land transportation and water.[17]

On May 27, Republican senator Shelley Moore Capito presented a $928 billion plan,[18] and on June 4, increased it by about $50 billion; this was quickly rejected by the Biden administration.[19] On June 8, the administration shifted its focus to a bipartisan group of 20 senators, which had been working on a package tentatively priced around $900 billion.[20] On June 10, a bipartisan group of 10 senators reached a deal costing $974 billion over five years; or about $1.2 trillion if stretched over eight years.[21] On June 16, the plan was endorsed by a bipartisan group of 21 senators.[22] On June 24, the bipartisan group met with the president and reached a compromise deal costing $1.2 trillion over eight years, which focuses on physical infrastructure (notably roads, bridges, railways, water, sewage, broadband, electric vehicles). This was planned to be paid for through reinforced Internal Revenue Service (IRS) collection, unspent COVID-19 relief funds, and other sources. By July 2021, the IRS portion of the funding had reportedly been scrapped.[23] Biden stipulated that a separate "human infrastructure" bill (notably child care, home care, and climate change)later known as the Build Back Better Actmust also pass, whether through bipartisanship or reconciliation,[24] but later walked back this position.[25] House Speaker Nancy Pelosi similarly stated that the House would not vote on the physical infrastructure bill until the larger bill passes in the Senate,[26] despite the fact that reconciliation overrides much of the obstructive power of the filibuster.[27]

White House officials stated on July 7 that legislative text was nearing completion.[28] On July 14, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee advanced an energy bill expected to be included in the bipartisan package.[29] On July 21, Senate Majority Leader Charles Schumer put forward a "shell bill" for a vote to kick off debate in the Senate, intending to add the bipartisan text via an amendment.[30] On July 25, Republican senator Rob Portman stated that an agreement was "about 90%" complete, with mass transit being one remaining point of contention.[31] On July 30, Portman stated that this had been resolved.[32] On July 28, Senator Kyrsten Sinema stated that she did not support a reconciliation bill costing $3.5 trillion, breaking the stalemate and allowing the bipartisan bill to move forward.[33] That day, the Senate voted 67–32 to advance the bill,[34] and on July 30, voted 66–28 to proceed to its consideration.[35] The legislation text was completed and substituted into the bill on August 1.[36] On August 5, Schumer moved to truncate debate on the legislation, setting up a procedural vote on August 7,[37] which passed 67–27.[38] Fifteen or more amendments were expected to receive votes through the weekend. On August 10, the bill was passed by the Senate 69–30.[39] It sets aside $550 billion in new spending.[40] A procedural vote on a House rule concerning passing both bills passed along party lines on August 24.[41]

House passage

In early August, nine moderate Democrats called for an immediate House vote on the bill, citing a desire not to lose the momentum from the Senate passage of the bill. They committed to voting against taking up the reconciliation resolution until there was a vote on the bipartisan infrastructure bill.[42] [43] While both Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi had reversed earlier positions to support passing the bipartisan bill separately,[44] progressives including Congressional Progressive Caucus chairwoman Pramila Jayapal and Senator Bernie Sanders maintained that it be utilized as leverage to pass the most expensive reconciliation bill possible.[45] [46] [47] The lack of a deal caused a late September House vote to be postponed. On October 2, Pelosi set a new deadline of October 31.[48] By October 28, Jayapal and other progressive leaders indicated that they were willing to vote on the bill separately,[49] but Sanders and others opposed this.[50] [51] On October 31, a majority of progressives signaled that they would support both bills.[52]

Votes on both bills were considered on November 5, but the hesitation of several moderates to pass the reconciliation bill before it could be scored by the Congressional Budget Office made passing the bipartisan bill unlikely.[53] Negotiations between centrist and progressive Democrats concluded with the centrists committing to passing the Build Back Better Act.[54] The bill ultimately went to a vote, as did a rule to vote on the larger bill once it was scored, passing 228–206; 13 Republicans joined all but six Democrats (members of "the Squad") in supporting the legislation.[55] [56] [57] The six Democrats who voted 'No' stated that their opposition was because the legislation had been decoupled from the social-safety net provisions of the Build Back Better bill.[58] [59] Biden signed the bill into law at a signing ceremony on November 15.[60]

Original version of the IIJA

The following is the bill summary authorized by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) for the INVEST in America Act, the original version which passed the House on July 1, 2021:

The specific amounts in surface transportation spending were $343 billion for roads, highways, bridges and motor safety, $109 billion for transit, and $95 billion for rail. Provisions of the bill incentivized prioritizing maintenance and repair spending over spending on new infrastructure, holistically planning for all modes of transport when considering how to connect job centers to housing (including collecting data on reductions in vehicle miles traveled through transit-oriented development), and lowering speed limits to increase road safety and encourage building complete streets. The Senate version, and the final bill, de-emphasized these incentives.

Provisions

The final version restores the Superfund excise tax on certain chemicals[61] which expired in 1995.[62]

Overview

According to NPR, the version which passed the Senate on July 28 was set to include:

The law would also make the Minority Business Development Agency a permanent agency. It authorizes the DOT to create an organization called the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Infrastructure (ARPA–I), with a broad remit over transportation research akin to DARPA, HSARPA, IARPA, ARPA-E, and ARPA-H,[63] with the first appropriations of $3.22 million being made in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.[64] [65] [66] Lastly, it broadens the powers of the Federal Permitting Improvement Steering Council, to provide faster conflict resolution among agencies, in speeding up infrastructure design approvals.[67]

Impact on environment and climate

An October 2021 report written by the REPEAT Project, a partnership between the Evolved Energy Research firm and Princeton University's ZERO Lab, said the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act alone will make only a small reduction in emissions, but as they say: "We lack modeling capabilities to reflect the net effect of surface transportation investments in highways (which tend to increase on-road vehicle and freight miles traveled) and rail and public transit (which tend to reduce on-road vehicle and freight miles traveled). These significant programs are therefore not modeled in this analysis, an important limitation of our assessment of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act".[68]

The Georgetown Climate Center tried to estimate how the $599 billion investment for surface transportation in the law can impact emissions from transportation. It created two scenarios: "high emissions" and "low emissions". In the first scenario, from the money dedicated to highways, more money will go to building new highways, while in the second, more will go to repairing existing highways. The other spending areas characteristics are not so different. The first scenario sees increased cumulative emissions over the years 2022–2040 by more than 200 million tons, while the second decreases them by around 250 million tons.[69]

In August 2022, the Boston Consulting Group analyzed the Act and found $41 billion of it would be spent on energy projects germane to climate action, $18 billion on similarly germane transportation projects, $18 billion on "clean tech" intended to cut hard-to-abate emissions, $0 on manufacturing, and $34 billion on other climate action provisions.

The law includes the largest federal investment in public transit in history.[70] The law includes spending figures of $105 billion in public transport. It also spends $110 billion on fixing roads and bridges and includes measures for climate change mitigation and improving access for cyclists and pedestrians.[71] Increasing use of public transport and related transit-oriented development can reduce transportation emissions in human settlements by 78% and overall US emissions by 15%.[72]

The law includes spending $21 billion for environmental projects, $50 billion for water storage, and $15 billion for electric vehicles.[73] It also includes $73 billion to overhaul the energy policy of the United States. The law also gives $4.7 billion to cap orphan wells abandoned by oil and gas companies[74] [75] [76] and $1 billion to better connect neighborhoods separated by transport infrastructure as part of environmental justice efforts.[77] This $1 billion will be spent through the Reconnecting Communities Pilot (RCP) discretionary grant program[78] that, among other priorities, promotes: "New or improved, affordable transportation options to increase safe mobility and connectivity for all, including for people with disabilities, through lower-carbon travel like walking, cycling, rolling, and transit that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote active travel."[79]

Energy

$73 billion will be spent on overhauling the energy policy of the United States. The Boston Consulting Group projects $41 billion of the Act will be germane to climate action in energy.[80] $11 billion of the $73 billion amount will be invested in the electrical grid's adjustment to renewable energy, with some of the money going to new loans for electric power transmission lines and required studies for future transmission needs.[81] [82] [83] $6 billion of that $73 billion will go to domestic nuclear power. Also of that $73 billion, the IIJA invests $45 billion in innovation and industrial policy for key emerging technologies in energy; $430 million[84] –$21 billion in new demonstration projects at the DOE; and nearly $24 billion in onshoring, supply chain resilience, and bolstering U.S.-held competitive advantages in energy; the latter amount will be divided into an $8.6 billion investment in carbon capture and storage, $3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $3 billion in battery recycling, $1 billion in rare-earth minerals stockpiling, and $8 billion in new research hubs for green hydrogen.[85] The DOE has imposed grant requirements on $7 billion of the IIJA's battery and transportation spending, which are meant to promote community benefits agreements, social justice, and formation of trade unions.[86] It created the $225 million Resilient and Efficient Codes Implementation program for cities, tribes and counties to revise building codes for electrical and heating work. Finally, the law gives $4.7 billion to cap orphan wells abandoned by oil and gas companies.

Broadband

The law invests a total of $65 billion in advancing the U.S. quest for broadband universal service. Of this $65 billion, the law invests $42.45 billion in a new infrastructure grant program by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration called the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program, with highest priority going to communities with Internet speeds below 25 downstream and 3 upstream Mbps. $2 billion will go to the NTIA's Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program, $1 billion to a new middle mile infrastructure program,[87] $1.44 billion in formula grants to state and territorial digital equity plan implementation, $60 million in formula grants to new digital equity plan development, and $1.25 billion in discretionary grants to "specific types of political subdivisions to implement digital equity projects".[88] [89]

The law gives the USDA $5.5 billion of the $65 billion total to deliver broadband to rural communities smaller than 20,000 people, $5 million of which is obligated to utility cooperatives.[90]

The law invests $14.2 billion of the total in the Federal Communications Commission's Affordable Connectivity Program, the successor to the American Rescue Plan's broadband subsidies. It gives a $30 monthly discount on internet services to qualifying low-income families ($75 on tribal lands), and provides a $100 discount on tablets, laptops and desktops for them.[91] The program ran out of funds on April 30, 2024.[92] The law also requires the FCC to return consumer broadband labels it developed in 2016 to statute, to revise its public comment process and to issue rules and model policies for combating digital deployment discrimination, with the United States Attorney General's cooperation, and the Government Accountability Office to deliver a report on updating broadband thresholds by November 2022.[93]

Water

To support safe drinking water programs, the law provides:

For surface water programs, such as watershed management and pollution control, the law provides:

Addressing drought in Western states

The Act provides $8 billion for helping Western states deal with the Southwestern North American megadrought. Spending for many related projects is included under the category "Western Water Infrastructure".[97] [98]

Bridges

Prior to the enactment of the infrastructure law in 2021, no dedicated federal bridge funding had existed since fiscal year 2013. The law created two new programs specifically to fund bridge projects:[99]

Bridge Formula Program (BFP)

With $27.5 billion over five years, the BFP distributes funds to every state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico based on a formula that accounts for each state's cost to replace or rehabilitate its poor or fair condition bridges. Each state is guaranteed a minimum of $45 million per year from this program. At least 15% of each state's funds must be spent on off-system bridges (i.e., public bridges that are not on federal-aid highways), and 3% is set aside each year for bridges on tribal lands. Off-system and tribal bridge projects may be funded with a 100% federal share (as opposed to the standard 80% federal share).[100]

Bridge Investment Program (BIP)

With $12.5 billion over five years, the BIP is a competitive grant program to replace, rehabilitate, preserve, or make resiliency improvements to bridges. Half of the funding is reserved for large bridge projects, which are defined as projects that cost over $100 million. Large projects are funded at a maximum 50% federal share, while other projects are funded at a maximum 80% federal share.[101]

Passenger rail

The infrastructure law is the largest investment in passenger rail since the 1971 creation of Amtrak (which under the law will receive $22 billion in advance appropriations and $19 billion in fully authorized funds).[102] [103] It directly appropriated $66 billion for rail over a five-year period (including the Amtrak appropriations), of which at least $18 billion is designated for expanding passenger rail service to new corridors, and it authorized an additional $36 billion. Most of this funding for new passenger rail lines is implemented through the Federal-State Partnership for Intercity Passenger Rail program, which will receive $36 billion in advance appropriations and $7.5 billion in fully authorized funds. The Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvements program will receive $5 billion in advance appropriations and $5 billion in fully authorized funds, while programs for grade separation replacing level crossings will receive $3 billion in advance appropriations and $2.5 billion in fully authorized funds, and the Restoration and Enhancement Grant program intended to revive discontinued passenger rail services will receive $250 million in advance appropriations and $250 million in fully authorized funds. Per the law's requirements, at least $12 billion is available and $3.4–4.1 billion authorized for expanding service outside of the Northeast Corridor, and $24 billion is available and $3.4–4.1 billion authorized to partially rebuild the Corridor.[104]

To help plan and guide the expansion of passenger rail service beyond the Northeast Corridor, the infrastructure law also created a $1.8 billion Corridor Identification and Development Program.[105] The law also expands eligibility for a potential $23 billion in transit funding to these corridors and changes the allocation methods for state government-supported passenger rail shorter than 750 miles, to encourage states to implement more such service.

Transit station accessibility

The law established and authorized $1.75 billion over five years for a new All Stations Accessibility Program (ASAP).[106] This program is designed to improve the accessibility of rail system stations that were built before the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). At the time of the infrastructure law's passage, over 900 transit stations were not fully ADA-compliant.[107]

Highway removal and complete streets

The law includes $1 billion over five years for Reconnecting Communities planning and construction grants intended to build marginalized community-recommended projects removing or capping highways and railroads, the first $185 million of which were awarded to 45 projects on February 28, 2023.[108] The program was later combined with the Neighborhood Equity and Access program from the Inflation Reduction Act for efficiency reasons, before the next 132 projects were given $3.3 billion in awards on March 13, 2024.[109]

Charging stations

The Act creates the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program within the Department of Energy. It provides funding of up to $4.155 billion[110] to state governments for up to 80 percent of eligible project costs, to add substantial open-access electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure along major highway corridors.[111] [112]

Vehicle safety

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act requires the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a safety mechanism to prevent drunk driving, which causes about 10,000 deaths each year in the United States as of 2021, which will be rolled out in phases for retroactive fitting,[113] [114] and will become mandatory for all new vehicles in 2027.[115] The technology, which is being developed by NHTSA in cooperation with the Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety and Swedish automobile safety company Autoliv, consists of a breath-based and a touch-based sensor that stops the car if the driver is above the legal blood alcohol content, and will be open-sourced to automobile manufacturers.[116]

Under the law, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) will be required to develop regulations for a system that can detect distracted, fatigued, or impaired drivers. The NHTSA has recommended implementing a camera-based warning system for the former, similar to a technology mandated by the European Union in July 2022.

The law also requires the NHTSA's New Car Assessment Program to test collision avoidance systems in preparation for new federal regulations; new DOT reporting requirements for statistical data on crashes involving motorized scooters and electric bicycles; new federal regulations on headlamps; research directives on technology to protect pedestrians and cyclists, advanced driver-assistance systems, federal hood and bumper regulations, smart city infrastructure, and self-driving cars; and a new Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) office specializing in cybersecurity.

Wildlife crossings and conservation

The infrastructure law created the Wildlife Crossings Pilot Program with $350 million in funding over five years. This is a competitive grant program that funds planning and construction projects that prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions and improve the connectivity of animal habitats.[117]

The law also allocated $1 billion to create the National Culvert Removal, Replacement, and Restoration Grant program to improve the passage of anadromous fish such as salmon.[118]

Implementation and results

Biden's infrastructure advisor and the staffer in charge of implementing the law has been identified as Mitch Landrieu. Biden's National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan has been identified as the staffer in charge of ensuring the law does not conflict with American foreign policy interests.[119]

In May 2022, the US government published a manual on the use of the law, aimed mainly at local authorities. The manual briefly describes the over 350 programs included in the law. Each description includes the aim of the program, its funding and possible recipients, its period of availability, and more. The programs are grouped into four categories: "Transportation", "Climate, Energy and the Environment", "Broadband", and "Other Programs".[120]

By November 2023, around $400 billion from the bill was allocated to more than 40,000 projects related to infrastructure, transport, and sustainability. Public attention has remained relatively low, due in part to slow implementation of projects.[121] [122] [123]

The White House offers a "Map of Progress" which tracks all spending that resulted from the act.[124]

Macroeconomic impact

According to the New Democrat-linked think tank Center for American Progress, the Act, the CHIPS and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act have together catalyzed over 35,000 public and private investments.[125] The Biden administration itself claimed that, the IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed over $898 billion in private investment (including $395 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $177 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $155 billion in clean power, $81 billion in clean energy tech manufacturing and infrastructure, and $44 billion in heavy industry) and over $563.6 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $79.5 billion in energy aside from tax credits in the IRA). [126]

Energy and industry

In November 2022, the Biden administration announced it would furnish $550 million for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities, the first such appropriation since the Recovery Act in 2009.[127] [128] The administration announced the competitive portion would award $8.8 million to 12 communities on October 12, 2023, with the next award applications due in April (later changed to October) 2024.[129] [130] By June 28, 2024, the seventh tranche of funding had been awarded from the EECBG program, totaling about $150 million for 175 communities, with that date's instance seeing $18.5 million awarded to four states and 20 communities.[131]

In April 2023, the Biden administration announced it would award $450 million from the Act to projects that built solar farms on abandoned coal mines.[132] [133]

On July 12, 2023, the Biden administration announced it would award $90 million from the Act's Resilient and Efficient Codes Implementation program to 27 cities and counties to update building energy codes.[134] On March 4, 2024 the DOE announced $90 million more would be awarded from the program later that October.[135]

On October 24, 2023, the administration announced the first $3.46 billion in Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships grants from the Act's $11 billion grid rebuilding authorization, would go to 58 projects in 44 states. 16 projects are categorized as for improving grid resilience, 34 are categorized as for building smart grids, and eight are categorized as pursuing grid innovation. The investment is the largest in the American grid since the Recovery Act 14 years earlier. According to Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm, the projects could enable 35 gigawatts of renewable energy to come online by 2030 and 400 microgrids to be built.[136] [137] On August 6, 2024, the DOE announced the recipients of the next $2.2 billion in GRIP grants, eight grid innovation projects across 18 states adding a total of 13 gigawatts of capacity to the grid.[138]

On October 30, the DOE announced the results of a mandated triennial study that, for the first time in its history, included anticipation of future grid transmission needs; the Act had explicitly required this inclusion. The study found a decline in infrastructure investments since 2015 and consistently high prices in the Rust Belt and California since 2018, and projected a 20 to 128 percent increase in transmission would be needed within regions, while interregional transmission would need to increase by 25 to 412 percent. The DOE found the most potential was in better connecting Texas to the Southwest region, the Mississippi Delta and Midwest regions to the Great Plains region, and New York to New England.[139] The DOE also announced the first three recipients of a new $2.5 billion loan program called the Transmission Facilitation Program, created to provide funding to help build up the interstate power grid. They are the 1.2-gigawatt Twin States Clean Energy Link between Quebec, New Hampshire and Vermont, the 1.5-gigawatt Cross-Tie Transmission Line between Utah and Nevada; and the 1-gigawatt Southline Transmission Project between Arizona and New Mexico. The following April 25, it announced the selection of the 2-gigawatt Southwest Intertie Project North, which effectively extends the One Nevada Transmission Line northward to Idaho, for the TFP.[140]

On November 16, 2023, the Biden administration announced the first recipients of $40.8 million in grants from a workforce training program the Act created, which will provide skills for industrial technology, the building trades and energy auditing.[141] [142]

On January 17, 2024, more than $104 million were allocated to 31 projects which are expected to increase energy conservation and clean energy use in federal facilities and save $29 million in their first years. The projects advance, among other technologies, heat recovery ventilation, heat pumps, building insulation, and solar thermal panels.[143] On February 13, the Biden administration announced that Chevron Corporation and Fervo Energy would receive $74 million under the law to begin demonstrating the efficacy of enhanced geothermal systems, at a site near The Geysers, California for Chevron, and a site near Milford, Utah for Fervo.[144] On February 27, the Department of Energy announced that under the Energy Improvements in Rural or Remote Areas program, 17 projects in rural areas across 20 states and 30 tribal communities had been approved to receive $366 million in grants to decarbonize and densify their grids. A majority of approved projects involved installation of solar panels, grid battery storage, and microgrids.[145]

On March 21, the Biden administration announced that five projects in Arizona, Nevada, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania would receive $475 million from the Act, to build solar and geothermal power plants and energy storage on current and former mine lands.[146] On March 25, 2024, the Biden administration announced the first 33 grant recipients of the Department of Energy's $6 billion Industrial Demonstrations Program to reduce embedded emissions in factories and materials processing, of which the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act funds $489 million. Cement and concrete industry projects received $1.5 billion in total, steelmaking projects received $1.5 billion, chemical engineering and refinery projects $1.2 billion, other metals $930 million, and glass, paper, and food and beverage supply the remainder of the $6 billion. These projects are located mostly in environmental justice communities across more than 20 states, and were selected for their best balancing of deep emissions cuts, market viability, speedy completion, and community benefits. The Biden administration expects these projects to drive 1.4 million tons in carbon emissions cuts.[147] On April 30, the Department of Energy announced 19 more recipients across 12 states and 13 tribal communities, of $78 million in award grants from the Act's Energy Improvements in Remote or Rural Areas program, with a majority of projects involving solar power.[148]

On May 13, 2024, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission published Order 1977, clarifying a provision in the Act by stating that the Commission has 'backstop siting authority' in case a state agency neglects to hand out a construction permit for a new transmission project.[149]

Hydrogen hubs

The Biden administration awarded $7 billion of the $8 billion appropriation to seven hydrogen research hubs, based in California, eastern Washington, southeastern Pennsylvania, southeastern Texas, Illinois, Minnesota, and West Virginia and affecting projects there and in eight more states, on October 13, 2023. The remaining $1 billion will be used for demand-side economic policies to drive growth in hydrogen use.[150] [151]

Several criticisms of the hubs emerged. Jeff St. John, editor in chief of Canary Media, noted while it does mandate that the DOE create a clean hydrogen definitional standard (which the DOE had not published), and that the DOE selected applicants who pledged community benefits agreements, the Act does not prescribe metrics or guidelines for measuring emissions from these hubs.[152] Researcher Hannah Story Brown of the watchdog group Revolving Door Project noted that the majority of hub projects announced are powered by fossil fuels, not renewable energy.[153] Staffers for California Governor Gavin Newsom requested that the Treasury Department exempt the state's hub from emissions restrictions, citing poor alignment with the state's plans for 100% renewable energy.[154]

Direct air capture hubs

The Act appropriates $3.5 billion to a new Regional Direct Air Capture Hubs program as part of its $8.6 billion carbon capture and storage investment. In August 2023, the DOE selected two projects (leaving two more to be selected), together worth $1.2 billion: the South Texas Hub in Kleberg County, Texas, run by Carbon Engineering, Occidental Petroleum and Worley Group, and Project Cypress in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, run by Battelle Memorial Institute, Climeworks and Heirloom Carbon Technologies. The projects together will remove 2 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and create 4,800 jobs.[155] [156]

Broadband

By April 2024, the Affordable Connectivity Program had seen 23 million households enroll in it. As of June 2024, the program has ended.

Water

In May 2024, the Biden administration announced $3 billion in funding from the law had been allotted to replace lead water pipes.[157]

Transportation

The bill contains $27 billion in funding for specific, concrete programs within the Federal Highway Administration that are already implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, all of which was allotted in November 2023. For example, $7.2 billion is allocated to the "Transportation Alternatives Set-Aside Program" (creating more possibilities for biking and walking), $6.4 billion to the "Carbon Reduction Program" (reducing emissions from highways), $69 million to the "Transit-Oriented Development Program" (enhancing transit-oriented development and improving land use) and more.[158]

On December 4, the Department of Energy released a proposed rule clarifying the definition of "foreign entities of concern" under the Act's car battery materials provisions, in line with the Inflation Reduction Act's Section 30D.

On December 8, the Biden administration announced it would award $8.2 billion from the Act's Federal-State Partnership for Intercity Passenger Rail Program to ten construction projects, including Brightline West, the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor, the Keystone Corridor, California High-Speed Rail, the Downeaster and Empire Builder services, a partial rebuilding of Chicago Union Station, and a bridge replacement near Willow on the Alaska Railroad. It also announced the first results of the Act's Corridor ID Program, with $34.5 million being distributed to 15 existing rail upgrades, 47 extensions of rail corridors, and 7 new high-speed rail studies.[159] [160]

The bill included $7.5 billion for electric vehicle charging.[161] As of March 2024, seven charging stations with a total of 38 spots for charging vehicles had been built.

On April 2, 2024, an award announcement was made for the transit-oriented development program, which was expanded under the Act.[162]

Ecosystems

In 2023 an agreement between seven states was achieved, aiming to preserve the Colorado River water system from collapse due to poor management and climate change. The United States is heavily dependent on the river for power generation, drinking water, agriculture, wildlands restoration, and native cultural practices. Some states will reduce water use, receiving compensation for it (totaling $1.2 billion) from the federal government. Many other projects for preserving the river such as water recycling and rainwater harvesting, are advanced. The funding comes from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act.[163] [164]

In February 2024, $157 million was allocated to 206 projects linked to ecosystem restoration. The projects are spread all over the territory of the United States and are advanced in cooperation with states, tribes, nonprofits and territories. More than half of them benefit underserved communities. The projects include cleaning up pollution, restoring Central U.S. grasslands including bison populations, protecting birds in Hawaii from extinction, stopping invasive species, restoring salmon populations in Alaska, restoring sagebrush steppes and more. On this occasion United States Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland remarked, "Nature is our best ally in the fight against climate change."[165]

Climate adaptation

The bill provides around $7 billion to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for helping communities adapt to different climate-related disasters such as hurricanes, droughts, and heat waves. In August 2023, $3 billion was allocated to different related projects, including 124 projects related to resilient infrastructure and communities (located in "38 states, one tribe and the District of Columbia") and 149 projects related to protection from flooding (located in "28 states and the District of Columbia"). From the projects related to infrastructure, 64 use nature-based solutions. Some of the most vulnerable communities will receive help for free.[166]

In November 2023, the Biden administration announced that $300 million from FEMA's new Swift Current Initiative created by the Act would go to helping communities impacted by floods recover and grow their resiliency.[167] [168] It also announced that it would award "$50 million in project awards to improve the reliability of water resources and support ecosystem health in Western states, along with an additional $50 million funding opportunity for water conservation projects and hydropower upgrades."

In March 2024, $120 million was delivered to help indigenous peoples in the U.S. adapt to climate change. Of this number, $26 million was allocated from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. The efforts will include planning, ecosystem management and restoration, planned relocation, and promotion and use of indigenous knowledge.[169] [170]

By state

Florida

Around $1.1 billion was allocated for restoration of the Everglades ecosystems.[171] In March 2024, Marco Rubio, supported by a bipartisan group of lawmakers, demanded $725 million more, as the rising levels of water in the Lake Okeechobee created additional problems.[172]

Wisconsin

In October 2023, $450 million (including $275 million from the bill) was delivered to clean the Milwaukee River estuary of Polychlorinated biphenyl, heavy metals, and oil products. This pollution had negative effects on surrounding communities for a long time. This is the most funding ever distributed by a Great Lakes cleanup program.[173]

Reactions

Congress

Republican senators balked at Biden's tandem plan to pass both a bipartisan plan and a separate Democratic-supported reconciliation bill.[174] McConnell criticized Biden for "caving" to his own party by issuing an "ultimatum" that he would not sign the bipartisan bill without a separate reconciliation package.[175] After Biden walked back his comments, Republican senators restated their confidence in the bipartisan bill. A Yahoo! News/YouGov poll conducted in late June found that 60% of Republican voters favored the plan.[176]

On June 20, 2021, Senator Bernie Sanders stated that he would not support paying for the bill via a proposed gas tax or a surcharge on electric vehicles.[177]

On June 28, 2021, Sunrise Movement and several progressive representatives performed a protest at the White House in criticism of the size and scope of Biden's Civilian Climate Corps. Several protesters were arrested for blocking White House entrances.[178]

On July 6, the 58-member bipartisan House Problem Solvers Caucus stated their support for the bipartisan bill and called for an expeditious and independent House vote.[179] On July 21, a group of 65 former governors and mayors endorsed the plan.[180]

Ahead of a procedural vote on August 7, former president Donald Trump attacked the bill and said he would support Republican primary challengers of senators who vote for it. He reiterated his criticisms following the bill's passage by Congress.[181]

Following the bill's passage by Congress in November, Trump criticized it as containing "only 11% for real Infrastructure", calling it "the Elect Democrats in 2022/24 Act", and attacked Republicans who had supported it, saying in particular that McConnell had lent "lifelines to those who are destroying" the country. Various House Republicans also criticized the 13 Republican representatives who voted for the bill.[182] Lauren Boebert described them as "RINOS" (Republican in Name Only). Mary Miller called them "spineless" and said they helped enact a "socialist takeover". Marjorie Taylor Greene called them "traitors" and "American job & energy killers", who "are China-First and America-Last", because they "agree with Globalist Joe [Biden] that America must depend on China to drive" electric vehicles.[183] Gary Palmer was criticized for touting funding for the Birmingham Northern Beltline that he added to the bill, while neglecting to mention that he voted against the final bill.[184] Paul Gosar was also criticized for taking credit for the bill's funding for Kingman Airport despite voting against it.[185] Several Republican governors who condemned the bill, including Kristi Noem of South Dakota and Greg Gianforte of Montana, accepted the funding and directed it to various programs.[186]

Others

On June 22, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Business Roundtable and No Labels made a joint statement urging the president to consider a bipartisan bill.[187] The former two groups have lobbied for the plan not to raise corporate taxes, and to instead impose user fees and borrow from other federal funds.

According to an early August Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll survey, about 72% of voters support the bill.[188]

On September 24, leaders from the U.S. Conference of Mayors, the National League of Cities, the National Urban League, and other Black American advocacy groups signaled their support for the bill.[189]

On September 25, Peter J. Wallison authored an opinion piece for The Hill in which he argued that Republicans should try to pass the bipartisan bill to prevent it from being used as further leverage to pass the reconciliation bill.[190] Subsequently, Republican House leaders formally opposed the bipartisan bill.

"Historians, economists and engineers interviewed by The Associated Press welcomed Biden's efforts. But they stressed that $1 trillion was not nearly enough to overcome the government's failure for decades to maintain and upgrade the country's infrastructure."[191]

The think tank Transportation for America praised the House version of the bill,[192] but heavily criticized the Senate version for its shortcomings on safety, climate resilience, long-term transit and rail funding and transit-oriented development, and maintenance spending, though it later noted that the final version that became law made small steps to address them.[193] [194] [195] [196]

The nuclear industry favored the legislation as it signaled continued federal government support.[197]

Polling from Third Way and Impact Research released in July 2022 showed that only 24% of voters were aware the bill was signed into law, despite House Democrats holding over 1,000 events to promote it.[198]

Reception to the drunk driver detection and distraction detection requirements have been mixed. Mothers Against Drunk Driving praised the requirement as "the beginning of the end of drunk driving".[199] In contrast, the American Civil Liberties Union has expressed concern that the technology developed could pose a severe privacy risk to drivers if it collects or stores unnecessary data.[200] Writing for Vice, Aaron Gordon also argued that the technology is likely to have an unacceptably high false-positive rate — existing ignition interlock devices that are sometimes installed after drunk driving convictions are prone to catastrophic failures.[201]

In October 2023, the Natural Resources Defense Council criticized the IIJA's hydrogen hubs program for its lack of transparency, emphasizing the need for detailed technical reports, public hearings to thwart local NIMBYism and skepticism of hydrogen, and incorporation of environmental justice advocates into project leadership.[202]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: July 1, 2021 . Industry associations applaud U.S. House passage of INVEST in America Act . July 2, 2021 . Roads & Bridges . August 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210818052833/https://www.roadsbridges.com/industry-associations-applaud-us-house-passage-invest-america-act-updated . live .
  2. Web site: June 4, 2021 . Chairs DeFazio, Norton, and Payne Introduce the INVEST in America Act to Create Millions of Jobs Bringing Our Infrastructure into the Modern Era . July 23, 2021 . The House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure . US House of Representatives . July 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210723033513/https://transportation.house.gov/news/press-releases/chairs-defazio-norton-and-payne-introduce-the-invest-in-america-act-to-create-millions-of-jobs-bringing-our-infrastructure-into-the-modern-era- . dead .
  3. News: Sprunt . Barbara . Kim . Caitlyn . Shivaram . Deepa . November 6, 2021 . Biden says final passage of $1 trillion infrastructure plan is a big step forward . en . NPR . November 14, 2021 . January 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121111856/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/05/1050012853/the-house-has-passed-the-1-trillion-infrastructure-plan-sending-it-to-bidens-des . live .
  4. Web site: Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill Passes, What Happens Next . November 14, 2021 . Investopedia . en . November 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141213/https://www.investopedia.com/here-s-what-s-in-the-usd1-trillion-infrastructure-bill-passed-by-the-senate-5196817 . live .
  5. News: Biden signs $1.2 trillion infrastructure bill, fulfilling campaign promise and notching achievement that eluded Trump . The Washington Post . November 15, 2021 . November 15, 2021 . November 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211116153116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-poised-to-sign-12-trillion-infrastructure-bill-fulfilling-campaign-promise-and-notching-achievement-that-eluded-trump/2021/11/15/1b69f9a6-4638-11ec-b8d9-232f4afe4d9b_story.html . live .
  6. News: Siegel . Rachel . March 31, 2021 . What's in Biden's $2 trillion jobs and infrastructure plan? . live . June 23, 2021 . . April 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210401015541/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/ .
  7. Web site: Everett . Burgess . Levine . Marianne . May 24, 2021 . 'Time to move on': Infrastructure talks near collapse . live . May 25, 2021 . Politico . en . May 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210524234502/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/24/infrastructure-talks-near-collapse-490637 .
  8. News: Stein . Jeff . Eilperin . Juliet . Laris . Michael . Romm . Tony . April 1, 2021 . White House unveils $2 trillion infrastructure and climate plan, setting up giant battle over size and cost of government . live . . October 25, 2021 . March 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210331100334/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/biden-infrastructure-climate-plan/ .
  9. Web site: Davidson . Kate . Omeokwe . Amara . April 3, 2021 . Biden's Infrastructure Package Is Designed to Boost Unions . live . . October 25, 2021 . April 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210403125650/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-infrastructure-package-is-designed-to-boost-unions-11617454410 .
  10. Web site: Nilsen . Ella . March 31, 2021 . Joe Biden's $2 trillion infrastructure and jobs plan, explained . live . . October 25, 2021 . March 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210331124725/https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained .
  11. Web site: Smith . Allan . Pettypiece . Shannon . April 22, 2021 . Republicans unveil $568 billion counterproposal to Biden's infrastructure plan . live . May 22, 2021 . NBC News . en . May 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210522081319/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/republicans-unveil-568-billion-counter-proposal-biden-s-infrastructure-plan-n1264936 .
  12. Web site: Pramuk . Jacob . May 10, 2021 . Infrastructure plan should cost up to $800 billion, McConnell says ahead of Biden meeting . May 22, 2021 . CNBC . en . May 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210521222249/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/10/biden-infrastructure-plan-mitch-mcconnell-says-bill-should-cost-up-to-800-billion.html . live .
  13. Web site: Garrison . Joey . May 21, 2021 . Infrastructure talks hit snag as Republicans reject Biden's reduced $1.7 trillion counteroffer . live . May 22, 2021 . USA Today . en-US . May 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210521232923/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/05/21/biden-lowers-infrastructure-plan-counteroffer-senate-republicans/5205911001/ .
  14. News: McLaughlin . David . May 22, 2021 . Senators Reach Bipartisan Deal on U.S. Highway Funding Package . Bloomberg L.P. . live . May 25, 2021 . May 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210524235315/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-22/senators-reach-bipartisan-deal-on-u-s-highway-funding-package .
  15. Web site: Adragna . Anthony . May 26, 2021 . Bipartisan highway bill advances in Senate, offering a path through infrastructure morass . live . June 5, 2021 . Politico . en . June 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210605080345/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/26/bipartisan-highway-bill-senate-infrastructure-490979 .
  16. Web site: Segers . Grace . June 4, 2021 . House Democrats announce infrastructure bill amid Biden negotiations . live . June 5, 2021 . CBS News . en-US . June 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604234515/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats/ .
  17. Web site: Morgan . David . July 1, 2021 . U.S. House approves $715 bln infrastructure bill . live . July 2, 2021 . Reuters . July 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210702010436/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-approves-715-bln-infrastructure-bill-2021-07-01/ .
  18. Web site: Pramuk . Jacob . May 27, 2021 . Senate GOP unveils its $928 billion infrastructure counteroffer to Biden – here's what's in it . May 27, 2021 . CNBC . en . May 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210527123255/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/27/biden-infrastructure-plan-capito-discusses-republican-counteroffer.html . live .
  19. Web site: Hoffman . Jason . Vazquez . Maegan . June 4, 2021 . White House rejects GOP infrastructure counteroffer, saying it does not meet Biden's objectives . live . 2021-06-05 . CNN . October 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192349/https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/04/politics/biden-capito-defazio-infrastructure/index.html .
  20. Web site: Everett . Burgess . 2021-06-08 . Biden ends infrastructure talks with Senate GOP, starts engaging bipartisan group . live . 2021-06-08 . Politico . en . October 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192353/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/08/biden-ends-infrastructure-talks-with-senate-gop-starts-engaging-bipartisan-group-492168 .
  21. News: Romm . Tony . Kim . Seung Min . 2021-06-10 . Ten Senate Democrats and Republicans say they reached five-year, nearly $1 trillion infrastructure deal . en-US . The Washington Post . 2021-06-10 . 0190-8286 . October 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211009193630/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/06/10/senate-democrats-republicans-infrastructure/ . live .
  22. Web site: Pramuk . Jacob . 2021-06-16 . 11 GOP senators back bipartisan infrastructure plan, boosting its chances of moving forward . 2021-06-17 . CNBC . en . October 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192351/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/16/infrastructure-republican-senators-support-bipartisan-plan.html . live .
  23. Web site: Foran . Clare . Fox . Lauren . July 19, 2021 . Infrastructure push on rocky ground as key Senate test vote looms . live . 2021-07-19 . CNN . October 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192352/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/politics/infrastructure-agenda-senate-test-vote/index.html .
  24. Web site: Garrison . Joey . King . Ledyard . June 24, 2021 . 'We have a deal': Biden reaches $1.2 trillion infrastructure compromise with bipartisan group of senators . live . June 24, 2021 . USA Today . en-US . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624170200/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/06/24/biden-senators-agree-1-2-trillion-infrastructure-deal/5333841001/ .
  25. Web site: Newburger . Emma . June 27, 2021 . Republican senators say bipartisan infrastructure deal can move forward after Biden clarifies position . June 28, 2021 . CNBC . en . December 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211201111207/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/27/infrastructure-gop-senators-say-deal-can-go-forward-after-biden-walkback-.html . live .
  26. Web site: Marcos . Cristina . June 24, 2021 . Pelosi vows no vote on bipartisan deal without Senate action on reconciliation . live . June 24, 2021 . The Hill . en . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624160234/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/560051-pelosi-vows-no-vote-on-bipartisan-deal-without-senate-action-on-reconciliation .
  27. Web site: Wong . Scott . Lillis . Mike . August 11, 2021 . Pelosi breaks bad news to moderates: No vote on infrastructure this month . live . August 12, 2021 . The Hill . en . August 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210811182221/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/567404-pelosi-breaks-bad-news-to-moderates-no-infrastructure-vote-this-month .
  28. Web site: Barrón-López . Laura . Everett . Burgess . July 7, 2021 . Democrats race to push bipartisan infrastructure bill through Senate . live . July 8, 2021 . Politico . en . October 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027193745/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/07/democrats-bipartisan-infrastrcture-bill-senate-498614 .
  29. Web site: Frazin . Rachel . July 14, 2021 . Senate committee advances bipartisan energy infrastructure bill . live . July 16, 2021 . The Hill . en . July 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210714210146/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/563062-senate-committee-advances-bipartisan-energy-infrastructure-bill .
  30. Web site: Kapur . Sahil . Thorp V . Frank . Caldwell . Leigh Ann . July 19, 2021 . Schumer sets Wednesday vote to begin Senate debate on infrastructure deal . live . July 20, 2021 . NBC News . en . July 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720001007/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/schumer-sets-wednesday-vote-begin-senate-debate-infrastructure-deal-n1274397 .
  31. Web site: July 25, 2021 . Senators race to overcome final snags in infrastructure deal . live . July 26, 2021 . . en . July 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210725225850/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-government-and-politics-business-30c79a6a3b908924a059644d3d3e3c57 .
  32. Web site: Carney . Jordain . July 31, 2021 . Biden's bipartisan deal faces Senate gauntlet . live . July 31, 2021 . The Hill . en . July 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210731101350/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/565746-bidens-bipartisan-deal-faces-senate-gauntlet .
  33. Web site: Walsh . Deirdre . July 28, 2021 . Bipartisan Senate Negotiators Say They Reach A Deal On Infrastructure After Hiccups . live . July 28, 2021 . NPR . en . July 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210728175342/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/28/1021768174/bipartisan-senate-negotiators-say-they-reach-a-deal-on-infrastructure-after-hicc .
  34. Web site: Pramuk . Jacob . July 28, 2021 . Senate votes to advance bipartisan infrastructure bill as Democrats forge ahead with ambitious economic agenda . July 29, 2021 . CNBC . en . October 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027091440/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/28/infrastructure-vote-senate-advances-bipartisan-bill.html . live .
  35. Web site: Freking . Kevin . Mascaro . Lisa . July 30, 2021 . Senate advances nearly $1 trillion infrastructure plan . live . July 31, 2021 . ABC News . en . October 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027091417/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/senate-advances-trillion-infrastructure-plan-79173472 .
  36. Web site: Zaslav . Ali . Diaz . Daniella . August 1, 2021 . Schumer announces bipartisan group has finalized legislative text on infrastructure bill . live . August 1, 2021 . CNN . August 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210802023137/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/01/politics/infrastructure-bill-senate-bipartisan/index.html .
  37. Web site: Zaslav . Ali . Foran . Clare . Raju . Manu . August 6, 2021 . Schumer moves to shut down debate on infrastructure bill in key step toward final vote . live . August 6, 2021 . CNN . en . August 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210806012647/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-schumer-shut-down-debate/index.html .
  38. Web site: Zeballos-Roig . Joseph . August 7, 2021 . Senate advances $1.2 trillion infrastructure bill, bringing it closer to final passage with McConnell's support . live . August 7, 2021 . Business Insider . en-US . August 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210807190327/https://www.businessinsider.com/senate-biden-infrastructure-bill-closer-to-final-passage-2021-8 .
  39. News: Romm . Tony . August 10, 2021 . Senate approves bipartisan, $1 trillion infrastructure bill, bringing major Biden goal one step closer . live . August 10, 2021 . The Washington Post . August 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210810125725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/08/10/senate-infrastructure-bill-vote-biden/ .
  40. Web site: Donovan-Smith. Orion. August 5, 2021. Senate nears vote on $550 billion bipartisan infrastructure package The Spokesman-Review. live. October 28, 2021. The Spokesman-Review. October 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211028091747/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2021/aug/05/senate-nears-vote-on-550-billion-bipartisan-infras/.
  41. Web site: Pramuk . Jacob . August 24, 2021 . House Democrats clear path toward passing $3.5 trillion budget bill and infrastructure plan after breaking stalemate . August 24, 2021 . CNBC . en . October 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211026230506/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/house-passes-budget-resolution-advances-infrastructure-bill.html . live .
  42. Web site: Moderate House Dems say they won't support budget vote until infrastructure bill passes . August 13, 2021 . . August 16, 2021 . August 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210816061835/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/moderate-house-dems-say-they-won-t-support-budget-vote-n1276738 . live .
  43. News: Weisman . Jonathan . August 13, 2021 . House Moderates Say They Won't Back Budget Vote Until Infrastructure Bill Passes . The New York Times . August 16, 2021 . August 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210816203209/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/us/politics/house-democrats-budget-infrastructure.html . live .
  44. Web site: Kapur . Sahil . September 27, 2021 . Pelosi says Biden's infrastructure bill can't wait for social safety net bill . live . September 28, 2021 . NBC News . en . September 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210928040307/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/pelosi-says-biden-s-infrastructure-bill-cannot-wait-social-safety-n1280215 .
  45. Web site: Ferris . Sarah . Wu . Nicholas . Caygle . Heather . September 30, 2021 . Pelosi mounts eleventh-hour push for infrastructure vote . live . September 30, 2021 . Politico . en . September 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210930163403/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/09/30/pelosi-push-infrastructure-vote-514805 .
  46. Web site: Schnell . Mychael . September 28, 2021 . Sanders urges House Democrats to vote against infrastructure bill before reconciliation . live . September 30, 2021 . The Hill . en . September 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210929232512/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/574347-sanders-urges-house-democrats-to-vote-against-infrastructure-bill-before .
  47. Web site: Pamuk . Humeyra . September 26, 2021 . Pelosi sets Thursday vote on infrastructure, eyes smaller social spending bill . live . September 27, 2021 . Yahoo! News . en-US . September 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927012719/https://news.yahoo.com/pelosi-says-1-trillion-u-133026735.html .
  48. Web site: Aratani . Lauren . October 2, 2021 . Pelosi shifts infrastructure bill deadline to 31 October amid Biden frustration . live . October 3, 2021 . The Guardian . en . October 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211002193757/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/oct/02/pelosi-new-infrastructure-bill-deadline-31-october-biden-frustration .
  49. Web site: Mucha . Sarah . October 27, 2021 . Progressives now open to bipartisan infrastructure for social spending promise . live . October 28, 2021 . Yahoo! News . en-US . October 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211028012109/https://news.yahoo.com/progressives-now-open-bipartisan-infrastructure-002954083.html .
  50. Web site: Bolton . Alexander . October 28, 2021 . Sanders signals House should hold off on infrastructure vote . live . October 29, 2021 . The Hill . en . October 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211029002540/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/578919-sanders-says-white-house-framework-has-major-gaps .
  51. Web site: Lillis . Mike . Wong . Scott . October 28, 2021 . Liberals defy Pelosi, say they'll block infrastructure bill . live . October 29, 2021 . The Hill . en . October 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211028235142/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/578962-liberals-defy-pelosi-say-theyll-block-infrastructure-bill .
  52. Web site: Diaz . Daniella . Grayer . Annie . Raju . Manu . October 31, 2021 . Progressives signal they'll back both economic bills ahead of likely vote later this week . live . November 1, 2021 . CNN . November 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211101001423/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/31/politics/house-biden-economic-agenda/index.html .
  53. Web site: Shabad . Rebecca . Caldwell . Leigh Ann . Kapur . Sahil . November 5, 2021 . Democrats set Friday vote on infrastructure bill, further delay massive spending bill . live . November 5, 2021 . NBC News . en . November 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211105170722/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/democrats-eye-friday-vote-biden-s-spending-bills-still-wrangling-n1283353 .
  54. Web site: Kapur . Sahil . November 8, 2021 . Centrist Democrats gain upper hand on progressives as infrastructure bill heads to Biden's desk . live . November 14, 2021 . NBC News . en . November 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211113201934/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/centrist-democrats-now-hold-cards-infrastructure-bill-heads-biden-s-n1283485 .
  55. Web site: Lillis . Mike . Folley . Aris . Marcos . Cristina . Wong . Scott . November 5, 2021 . Liberals, moderates strike deal on Biden agenda, clearing way for votes . live . November 5, 2021 . The Hill . en . November 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211106012029/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/580365-liberals-moderates-strike-deal-on-biden-agenda-clearing-way-for-votes .
  56. Web site: Pramuk . Jacob . November 5, 2021 . House passes $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill that includes transport, broadband and utility funding, sends it to Biden . live . November 5, 2021 . CNBC . en . November 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211106033041/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/05/house-passes-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill-sends-it-to-biden.html .
  57. Web site: November 10, 2021 . Roll Call 369, Bill Number: H. R. 3684, 117th Congress, 1st Session . November 5, 2021 . Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives . November 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211106052611/https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2021369 . live .
  58. Web site: Nakamura . Rachel Looker and Amy . Who are the 6 House Democrats who voted against the infrastructure bill? . November 16, 2021 . USA Today . en-US . November 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211113083431/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/08/aoc-ilhan-omar-democrats-who-voted-no-infrastructure-bill/6339739001/ . live .
  59. Web site: Annie Grayer . These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it. . November 6, 2021 . November 16, 2021 . CNN . November 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211110030630/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html . live .
  60. Web site: Pettypiece . Shannon . November 15, 2021 . Biden signs infrastructure bill marking victory in hard-fought legislative battle . live . November 15, 2021 . NBC News . en . November 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211115200818/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-sign-infrastructure-bill-marking-victory-hard-fought-legislative-battle-n1283910 .
  61. Web site: IRS issues Superfund Chemical Excise Taxes FAQs . March 4, 2023 . March 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230304021005/https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-issues-superfund-chemical-excise-taxes-faqs . live .
  62. Web site: Chemical tax to clean up toxic sites gets new life as part of infrastructure deal . July 2, 2021 . March 4, 2023 . March 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230304021006/https://www.marketplace.org/2021/07/02/chemical-tax-to-clean-up-toxic-sites-gets-new-life-as-part-of-infrastructure-deal/ . live .
  63. Section. 25012. November 15, 2021. June 7, 2023. V . Title . United States Congress. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. en.
  64. Page 636. Title. II. December 29, 2022. July 1, 2023. L . Division . United States Congress. Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023. en.
  65. Web site: Applying ARPA-I: A Proven Model for Transportation Infrastructure . Federation of American Scientists . June 7, 2023 . June 7, 2023.
  66. Web site: Advanced Research Projects Agency – Infrastructure (ARPA-I) . US Department of Transportation . December 7, 2022 . June 7, 2023.
  67. Web site: Inflation Reduction Act Guidebook . The White House . 182–183 . January 2023 . May 2, 2024.
  68. Preliminary Report: The Climate Impact of Congressional Infrastructure and Budget Bills . 20 October 2021 . Rapid Energy Policy Evaluation and Analysis Toolkit. 9 . 26 January 2022 . October 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020161736/https://repeatproject.org/docs/REPEAT_Preliminary_Report_102021.pdf . live .
  69. Web site: Issue Brief: Estimating the Greenhouse Gas Impact of Federal Infrastructure Investments in the IIJA . Georgetown climate center . 16 October 2021. 27 November 2023.
  70. Web site: Fact Sheet: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal . The White House . November 6, 2021 . 26 January 2022 . January 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220126170901/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/ . live .
  71. News: Sprunt . Barbara . Here's What's Included In The Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill . 11 August 2021 . NPR . 10 August 2021 . August 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210812045357/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009923468/heres-whats-included-in-the-infrastructure-deal-that-biden-struck-with-senators . live .
  72. Book: Public Transportation's Role in Responding to Climate Change . 2010 . U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration . 5 . 1 April 2022 . September 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901033105/https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/PublicTransportationsRoleInRespondingToClimateChange2010.pdf . live .
  73. News: Snell . Kelsey . The Senate Approves The $1 Trillion Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill In A Historic Vote . 11 August 2021 . NPR . 10 August 2021 . August 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210812034042/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/10/1026081880/senate-passes-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill . live .
  74. Web site: Interior Department Releases Implementation Guidance to States on Infrastructure Law Efforts to Address Legacy Pollution . U.S. Department of the Interior . December 17, 2021 . December 30, 2022 . December 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095138/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-releases-implementation-guidance-states-infrastructure-law-efforts . live .
  75. Web site: Bertrand . Savannah . Plugging Orphaned Oil and Gas Wells Provides Climate and Jobs Benefits – Article . EESI . August 12, 2021 . December 30, 2022 . December 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095139/https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/plugging-orphaned-oil-and-gas-wells-provides-climate-and-jobs-benefits . live .
  76. Web site: Hoffman. Elisia. Jurich. Kirsten. Argento-McCurdy. Hannah. Chyung. Chris. Ricketts. Sam. How States Can Lead on Reducing Harms From Methane. Center for American Progress. November 18, 2022. December 30, 2022. December 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095135/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/how-states-can-lead-on-reducing-harms-from-methane/. live.
  77. News: Breuninger . Kevin . Newburger . Emma . Here's what's in the $550 billion bipartisan infrastructure deal . 11 August 2021 . CNBC . 28 July 2021 . May 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220511032515/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/28/heres-whats-in-the-550-billion-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal.html . live .
  78. Web site: Reconnecting Communities Pilot Program – Planning Grants and Capital Construction Grants . U.S. Department of Transportation . 29 September 2022 . September 29, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220929141158/https://www.transportation.gov/grants/reconnecting-communities . live .
  79. Book: Notice of Funding Opportunity for the Reconnecting Communities Pilot (RCP) Discretionary Grant Program . U.S. Department of Transportation . 29 September 2022 . September 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220926224138/https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2022-06/RCP_NOFO_FY22.pdf . live .
  80. Web site: BCG Executive Perspectives: US Inflation Reduction Act: Climate & Energy Features and Potential Implications . August 16, 2022. March 29, 2024. Boston Consulting Group. Baker. Tom. Dewar. Alex. Phillips. Katherine. Pieper. Cornelius. Seshadri. Pattabi.
  81. Web site: Three big transmission projects win $1.3B in DOE loans . Canary Media . October 30, 2023 . October 31, 2023.
  82. Web site: National Transmission Needs Study . October 30, 2023. Energy.gov . October 31, 2023.
  83. Web site: Transmission Facilitation Program . Energy.gov . October 30, 2023 . October 31, 2023.
  84. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $6 Billion To Drastically Reduce Industrial Emissions and Create Healthier Communities . Energy.gov . March 8, 2023 . May 26, 2023.
  85. Higman . Morgan . The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Will Do More to Reach 2050 Climate Targets than Those of 2030 . Center for Strategic and International Studies . August 18, 2021 . March 30, 2023 . January 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230129232944/https://www.csis.org/analysis/infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act-will-do-more-reach-2050-climate-targets-those-2030 . live .
  86. Web site: Kuttner . Robert . Using Industrial Policy to Promote Social Justice . The American Prospect . 27 March 2023 . 29 March 2023 . March 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230329192046/https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-03-27-industrial-policy-social-justice/ . live .
  87. Web site: Taglang . Kevin . Investing in Middle Mile Infrastructure . Benton Foundation . November 6, 2021 . April 30, 2024.
  88. Web site: NTIA's Role in Implementing the Broadband Provisions of the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act . BroadbandUSA . April 30, 2024.
  89. Web site: Annotated Guide to IIJA Broadband Programs . Broadband.money . November 15, 2021 . April 30, 2024.
  90. Web site: Distance Learning & Telemedicine Grants . Rural Development . February 29, 2024 . April 30, 2024.
  91. Paloma Perez . FCC Launches Affordable Connectivity Program. Washington, DC . Office of Media Relations . Federal Communications Commission. 2021-12-31 . 2024-04-29.
  92. . FCC Chairwoman Updates Congress on Impact of Imminent End of Affordable Connectivity Program Due to Lack of Additional Congressional Appropriations . Washington, DC . Office of Media Relations . Federal Communications Commission . 2024-04-02 . 2024-04-29.
  93. Web site: Taglang . Kevin . How the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act will Make Broadband More Affordable . Benton Foundation . November 6, 2021 . April 30, 2024.
  94. Web site: Murrin. Suzanne. Initial Observations of IHS Capacity to Manage Supplemental $3.5 Billion Appropriated to Sanitation Facilities Construction Projects . Office of Inspector General, Government Oversight division, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . September 30, 2022 . May 24, 2023.
  95. Zentouro. Tanana, Heather and Nielsen, Miriam. What's going on with the Inflation Reduction Act? . YouTube video. 11 minutes, 19 seconds. New York, NY. May 24, 2023. May 24, 2023.
  96. Web site: EPA & The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law; Fact Sheet . 2022-11-16 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . Washington, D.C. . April 15, 2023 . April 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415021235/https://www.epa.gov/infrastructure/fact-sheet-epa-bipartisan-infrastructure-law . live .
  97. News: Long . Heather . What's in the $1.2 trillion infrastructure law . 3 January 2024 . Washington Post . 16 November 2021.
  98. Web site: Kanzig . Erin . What's Inside the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act for Water? . River Network . November 15, 2021 . 3 January 2024.
  99. Web site: Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Highway Bridges . May 6, 2022 . Congressional Research Service . April 16, 2023 . April 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230416044013/https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2022-05-06_IF12099_d188dd74f213ca1835e163da3f9c67b62305af79.pdf . live .
  100. Web site: Bridge Formula Program (BFP) . Federal Highway Administration . April 16, 2023 . April 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230413120857/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bfp.cfm . live .
  101. Web site: Bridge Investment Program (BIP) . Federal Highway Administration . April 16, 2023 . April 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230416053253/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bip_factsheet.cfm . live .
  102. Web site: Fact Sheet: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal . November 6, 2021 . The White House . April 14, 2023 . January 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220126170901/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/ . live .
  103. Refer to infographic PNG. Web site: FRA . Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Information from FRA . November 15, 2021 . July 11, 2023.
  104. Web site: Passenger Rail Expansion in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) . February 10, 2022 . Congressional Research Service . April 14, 2023 . April 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414232322/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11920 . live .
  105. Web site: FRA Announces New Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Program to Guide Nationwide Expansion and Enhancement of Intercity Passenger Rail Service . U.S. Department of Transportation . May 13, 2022 . April 14, 2023 . April 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014101/https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/fra-announces-new-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-program-guide-nationwide-expansion . live .
  106. Web site: Fact Sheet: All Stations Accessibility Program . Federal Transit Administration . April 14, 2023 . April 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414162610/https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/fact-sheet-all-stations-accessibility-program . live .
  107. Web site: Biden Administration Announces Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Funding to Make Public Transportation Rail Stations Accessible for All . July 26, 2022 . Federal Transit Administration . April 14, 2023 . April 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414180438/https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/biden-administration-announces-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-funding-make-public . live .
  108. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces First-Ever Awards from Program to Reconnect Communities . 28 February 2023 . February 28, 2023 . February 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228183257/https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/biden-harris-administration-announces-first-ever-awards-program-reconnect-communities . live .
  109. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces History-Making $3.3 Billion for Locally-Led Projects That Reconnect Communities as Part of President Biden's Investing in America Agenda . US Department of Transportation . March 13, 2024 . May 9, 2024.
  110. Web site: Bipartisan Infrastructure Law – 5-year National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Funding by State . . May 15, 2024.
  111. https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/12744 National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program
  112. ,, and
  113. News: Gitlin . Jonathan M. . Here's what the infrastructure bill means for road safety and EVs . Ars Technica . 8 November 2021 . en-us.
  114. News: 'It's helping save lives' Vehicles will soon have built-in sensors to prevent drunk driving . wthr.com . July 26, 2021.
  115. News: Gordon . Aaron . Every Car Made After 2027 May Have Drunk Driving Monitoring System . Vice . 3 August 2021 . en.
  116. Web site: Cossé . Clay . Products Liability and Regulatory Implications of the NTSB's Recent Recommendations on Blood Alcohol Monitoring and Intelligent Speed Assistance [Part I] ]. The Open Road Automotive Law Blog . 28 September 2022.
  117. Web site: Wildlife Crossings Program . Federal Highway Administration . April 14, 2023 . April 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414172422/https://highways.dot.gov/federal-lands/programs/wildlife-crossings . live .
  118. Web site: National Culvert Removal, Replacement, and Restoration Grants (Culvert AOP Program) . Federal Highway Administration . April 14, 2023 . April 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415015455/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/culverts_fact_sheet.cfm . live .
  119. Web site: Kuttner . Robert . Reclaiming U.S. Industry . The American Prospect . January 24, 2023 . February 22, 2023.
  120. Book: A GUIDEBOOK TO THE BIPARTISAN INFRASTRUCTURE LAW FOR STATE, LOCAL, TRIBAL, AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS, AND OTHER PARTNERS . May 2022 . The White House . 11 February 2024.
  121. News: Lobosco . Katie . A futuristic airport terminal, a fish passage and ski town bus lanes: Infrastructure projects funded by the bipartisan law . 16 February 2024 . CNN . 22 November 2023.
  122. Web site: Tomer . Adie . At its two-year anniversary, the bipartisan infrastructure law continues to rebuild all of America . Brookings . 16 February 2024.
  123. Web site: Buttle . Rhett . The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Two Years In: How Long Term Investments Are Preparing America For The Future . Forbes . 16 February 2024.
  124. Web site: Maps of Progress. April 2, 2024.
  125. Web site: Ragland. Will. Koronowski. Ryan. Simhoni . Shanee . Biden Administration Investment Tracker . Center for American Progress . June 20, 2023 . June 29, 2023.
  126. Web site: Investing In America . The White House . July 17, 2024 . July 29, 2024.
  127. Web site: What You Need to Know About the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant . National League of Cities . December 3, 2021 . October 25, 2023.
  128. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $550 Million in Clean Energy Funding to Benefit and Lower Costs for More than 250 Million Americans . Energy.gov . November 22, 2022 . November 24, 2022.
  129. Web site: Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG) Program Competitive Awards . Energy.gov . October 12, 2023 . October 25, 2023.
  130. Web site: EECBG Program Formula Grant Application Hub . Energy.gov . October 25, 2023.
  131. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces More than $18 Million to Support Clean Energy Projects in 24 States and Local Governments . Energy.gov . June 28, 2024 . July 24, 2024.
  132. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $450 Million To Deploy Clean Energy Projects on Mine Lands . Energy.gov . April 4, 2023 . May 15, 2024.
  133. Web site: 2023-04-04 . Biden makes $450M available for clean energy projects at coal mines . 2023-07-10 . PBS NewsHour . en-us.
  134. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $90 Million To Support Resilient and Efficient Building Energy Codes and Save American Families Money . Energy.gov . July 12, 2023 . July 24, 2024.
  135. Web site: Kempe . Ysabelle . Building energy code revamps can get another $90M from DOE . Utility Dive . March 6, 2024 . July 24, 2024.
  136. Web site: St. John. Jeff. The US just made its biggest-ever investment in the grid . Canary Media . October 18, 2023 . October 24, 2023.
  137. Web site: Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships (GRIP) Program . Energy.gov . October 24, 2023 . October 24, 2023.
  138. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Invests $2.2 Billion in the Nation's Grid to Protect Against Extreme Weather, Lower Costs, and Prepare For Growing Demand . Energy.gov . August 6, 2024 . August 6, 2024.
  139. Web site: Boughton . Steven G. . Kiger . Miles . Department of Energy Releases Triennial National Transmission Needs Study . Washington Energy Report . November 16, 2023 . April 29, 2024.
  140. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Final Transmission Permitting Rule and Latest Investments To Accelerate the Build Out of a Resilient, Reliable, Modernized Electric Grid . Energy.gov . April 25, 2024 . April 25, 2024.
  141. Web site: Takemura . Alison F. . US government deploys $41M to train clean energy workforce . Canary Media . November 21, 2023 . November 21, 2023.
  142. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $40 Million to Expand Clean Energy Workforce Training and Enhance U.S. Building and Manufacturing Efficiency . Energy.gov . November 16, 2023 . November 21, 2023.
  143. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces More Than $104 Million to Advance Net-Zero Projects at Federal Facilities . Energy.gov . United States Government . 19 January 2024.
  144. Web site: Funding Notice: Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Pilot Demonstrations . Energy.gov . February 13, 2024 . April 30, 2024.
  145. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $366 Million to Lower Energy Costs and Enhance Energy Security in Rural and Remote Communities Across the Nation . Energy.gov . February 27, 2024 . May 2, 2024.
  146. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $475 Million Investment to Support Clean Energy Solutions on Current and Former Mine Land . Energy.gov . March 21, 2024 . April 30, 2024.
  147. Web site: Gallucci . Maria . Biden admin invests $6B to cut carbon from steel, cement . Canary Media . March 25, 2024 . March 25, 2024.
  148. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $78 Million to Further Drive Down Energy Costs and Enhance Energy Security in Rural and Remote Communities Across America . Energy.gov . April 30, 2024 . May 2, 2024.
  149. Web site: Applications for Permits to Site Interstate Electric Transmission Facilities . Federal Energy Regulatory Commission . May 13, 2024 . May 14, 2024.
  150. Web site: Daly . Matthew . Biden awards $7 billion for clean hydrogen hubs across the country to help replace fossil fuels . AP News . October 13, 2023 . October 24, 2023.
  151. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $7 Billion For America's First Clean Hydrogen Hubs, Driving Clean Manufacturing and Delivering New Economic Opportunities Nationwide . Energy.gov . October 13, 2023 . October 24, 2023.
  152. Web site: Biden admin picks 7 'clean hydrogen hubs' for $7 billion federal boost . Canary Media . October 13, 2023 . November 1, 2023.
  153. Web site: Story Brown . Hannah . Marsano. Emma . RELEASE: Energy Department's Embrace Of Fossil Fuel Powered Hydrogen Hubs A Win For Manchin, Loss For Climate . Revolving Door Project . October 16, 2023 . November 1, 2023.
  154. Web site: Cantú . Aaron . California's Dream of a Green Hydrogen Future Could Backfire . The American Prospect . May 9, 2024 . May 11, 2024.
  155. Web site: Bowman. Savita. DAC Hubs: The IIJA Authorization Driving the Industry . ClearPath . March 28, 2024 . May 15, 2024.
  156. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Up To $1.2 Billion For Nation's First Direct Air Capture Demonstrations in Texas and Louisiana . Energy.gov . August 11, 2023 . May 15, 2024.
  157. Web site: The White House . FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $3 Billion to Replace Toxic Lead Pipes and Deliver Clean Drinking Water to Communities Across the Country . The White House . May 2, 2024 . May 11, 2024.
  158. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Finalizes Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Tool, Moves Climate Change Performance Measure Forward . U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration . United States government . 27 November 2023.
  159. Web site: The White House . FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Billions to Deliver World-Class High-Speed Rail and Launch New Passenger Rail Corridors Across the Country . The White House . December 8, 2023 . December 10, 2023.
  160. Web site: FRA Announces Fed-State National Program, Corridor ID Selections . Railway Age . December 8, 2023 . December 10, 2023.
  161. News: Osaka . Shannon . 28 March 2024 . Biden's $7.5 Billion Investment in EV Charging has Only Produced 7 Stations in Two Years . 5 May 2024 . The Washington Post.
  162. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $17.6 Million to Help Communities Add Affordable Housing Near Transit . Federal Transit Administration . April 2, 2024 . May 15, 2024.
  163. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Historic Consensus System Conservation Proposal to Protect the Colorado River Basin . U.S. Department of the Interior . May 22, 2023 . 20 June 2023.
  164. News: Jones . Benji . Why the new Colorado River agreement is a big deal — even if you don't live out West . 20 June 2023 . Vox . 23 May 2023.
  165. Web site: More Than $157 Million from Investing in America Agenda to Restore Our Nation's Lands & Waters . Clean Technica . February 9, 2024 . US Department of the Interior . 11 February 2024.
  166. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Nearly $3 Billion in Project Selections to Help Communities Build Resilience to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events. August 28, 2023. FEMA.gov . United States federal government . 4 September 2023.
  167. Web site: Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris Administration Releases Fifth National Climate Assessment and Announces More Than $6 Billion to Strengthen Climate Resilience Across the Country . The White House . November 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231115042003/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/14/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-releases-fifth-national-climate-assessment-and-announces-more-than-6-billion-to-strengthen-climate-resilience-across-the-country/. November 15, 2023. November 15, 2023.
  168. Web site: Swift Current . FEMA.gov . November 15, 2023 . November 15, 2023.
  169. News: Budryk . Zack . Biden administration announces $120 million for tribal climate resilience . 19 March 2024 . The Hill . 14 March 2024.
  170. Web site: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $120 Million from President's Investing in America Agenda to Enhance Climate Resilience in Tribal Communities . U.S. Department of the Interior . March 14, 2024 . the United States government . 19 March 2024.
  171. Web site: An Unprecedented Investment in Everglades Restoration and a Giant Step Forward in Climate Resiliency . Audubon Florida . January 19, 2022 . 26 March 2024.
  172. News: NAZZARO . MIRANDA . Rubio, Florida lawmakers ask Biden for $725 million for Everglades restoration . 26 March 2024 . The Hill . 6 March 2024.
  173. News: KAEDING . DANIELLE . EPA announces largest project ever funded under a Great Lakes cleanup program in Milwaukee . 26 March 2024 . Wisconsin public radio . 12 October 2023.
  174. Web site: Mascaro . Lisa . June 26, 2021 . Key GOP senators balk at terms of Biden infrastructure bill . live . June 26, 2021 . Associated Press News . en . June 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210626044023/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-government-and-politics-7f9226bb825fcf72f2fe5056d1e20ac4 .
  175. Web site: Bolton . Alexander . June 24, 2021 . McConnell slams Biden for already 'caving' to left on infrastructure deal . live . June 26, 2021 . The Hill . en . June 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210625223515/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/560145-mcconnell-slams-biden-for-already-caving-to-left-on-infrastructure-deal .
  176. Web site: Romano . Andrew . June 28, 2021 . Poll: 6 in 10 GOP voters favor new $1.2 trillion infrastructure plan, boosting Biden's hopes of a big bipartisan win . live . June 29, 2021 . Yahoo! News . en-US . June 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210628203203/https://news.yahoo.com/poll-6-in-10-gop-voters-favor-new-12-trillion-infrastructure-plan-boosting-bidens-hopes-of-a-big-bipartisan-win-201833741.html .
  177. Web site: Carrasco . Maria . June 20, 2021 . Sanders won't back infrastructure deal with more gas taxes, electric vehicle fees . live . June 21, 2021 . Politico . en . June 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210620192106/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/20/sanders-infrastructure-gas-taxes-electric-vehicle-fees-495284 .
  178. News: Mcauliff . Michael . June 28, 2021 . AOC, Bowman join protesters at White House demanding climate action in Biden infrastructure plan . Daily News . New York . July 4, 2021 . July 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210703200819/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/us-elections-government/ny-biden-infrastructure-aoc-bowman-climate-action-20210628-q7jx7ji3jvfnln34444hx2gezq-story.html . live .
  179. Web site: Pramuk . Jacob . July 6, 2021 . Bipartisan House group's endorsement of Senate infrastructure plan could trip up Pelosi's strategy . July 7, 2021 . CNBC . en . July 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210707012548/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/06/infrastructure-house-problem-solvers-caucus-endorses-bipartisan-plan.html . live .
  180. Web site: Schnell . Mychael . July 21, 2021 . 65 former governors, mayors back bipartisan infrastructure deal . live . July 22, 2021 . The Hill . en . July 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210722030640/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/564123-former-governors-mayors-backing-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal .
  181. Web site: Lonas . Lexi . November 13, 2021 . Trump slams McConnell, says senator should attend Biden signing ceremony . live . November 14, 2021 . The Hill . en . November 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211114002059/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/581434-trump-slams-mcconnell-says-senator-should-attend-biden-signing-ceremony .
  182. News: Elbeshbishi . Sarah . November 8, 2021 . House GOP members who voted for infrastructure bill face backlash from Republican colleagues . . November 10, 2021 . November 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211109180553/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/06/house-gop-members-who-voted-infrastructure-bill-face-backlash/6318451001/ . live .
  183. News: Jenkins . Cameron . November 9, 2021 . GOP rep shares threatening voicemail after infrastructure vote . . November 10, 2021 . November 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211109202326/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/580666-gop-rep-shares-threatening-voicemail-after-infrastructure-vote . live .
  184. News: Koplowitz . Howard . November 16, 2021 . Palmer roasted for 'hypocrisy' of securing Northern Beltline funding, voting against it . . November 16, 2021 . November 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211117003004/https://www.al.com/politics/2021/11/palmer-roasted-for-hypocrisy-of-securing-beltline-funding-voting-against-it.html . live .
  185. Wade . Peter . December 13, 2021 . Paul Gosar Takes Credit for Covid Funding He Bashed as a 'Democrat Spending Bonanza' . . December 14, 2021 . December 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211214155056/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/gosar-takes-credit-american-rescue-plan-1271047/ . live .
  186. News: Rappeport . Alan . December 15, 2021 . Republicans Who Assailed Biden's Stimulus Bill Are Embracing the Money . . December 15, 2021 . December 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211215100611/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/us/politics/biden-stimulus-bill-republicans.html . live .
  187. Web site: Evers-Hillstrom . Karl . June 22, 2021 . Business groups urge Biden to embrace bipartisan infrastructure package . live . June 23, 2021 . The Hill . en . June 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210622223543/https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/business-a-lobbying/559689-business-groups-urge-biden-to-embrace-bipartisan .
  188. Web site: Greenwood . Max . August 2, 2021 . Poll shows broad support for bipartisan infrastructure bill . live . August 6, 2021 . The Hill . en . August 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210802185350/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/565958-poll-shows-broad-support-for-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill .
  189. Web site: Johnson . Marty . September 24, 2021 . US mayors, Black leaders push for passage of bipartisan infrastructure bill . live . September 26, 2021 . The Hill . en . September 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210924182658/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/573846-us-mayors-black-leaders-push-for-passage-of-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill .
  190. Web site: Wallison . Peter J. . September 25, 2021 . GOP should grab the chance to upend Pelosi's plan on reconciliation . live . September 28, 2021 . The Hill . en . September 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927232705/https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/573852-gop-should-grab-the-chance-to-upend-pelosis-plan-on-reconciliation .
  191. News: Boak . Josh . Long . Colleen . Biden signs $1T infrastructure deal with bipartisan crowd . November 15, 2021 . Associated Press News . November 15, 2021 . en . November 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211116045821/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-congress-infrastructure-bill-signing-b5b8cca843133de060778f049861b144 . live .
  192. Web site: Davis . Steve . 2021-06-07 . New House transportation bill goes 3 for 3 on T4America's core principles . 2022-10-06 . Transportation For America . October 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006004525/https://t4america.org/2021/06/07/new-house-transportation-bill-goes-3-for-3-on-t4americas-core-principles/ . live .
  193. Web site: Osborne . Beth . 2021-05-26 . Release: Transportation for America on the Surface Transportation Reauthorization Act of 2021 . 2022-10-06 . Transportation For America . October 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006004525/https://t4america.org/2021/05/26/release-transportation-for-america-on-the-surface-transportation-reauthorization-act-of-2021/ . live .
  194. Web site: Pérez . Benito . 2021-06-29 . The bipartisan infrastructure deal: What we know and don't know . 2022-10-06 . Transportation For America . October 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006004526/https://t4america.org/2021/06/29/the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal-what-we-know-and-dont-know/ . live .
  195. Web site: Grimminger . Abigail . The bipartisan infrastructure deal's passage: More money for more of the same . Transportation For America . 12 August 2021 . 6 October 2022 . October 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006005916/https://t4america.org/2021/08/12/the-bid-passage/ . live .
  196. Web site: Pérez . Benito . Lemonade from lemons: Improvements worth celebrating within flawed infrastructure bill . Transportation For America . 2 December 2021 . 6 October 2022 . October 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006005917/https://t4america.org/2021/12/02/lemonade-from-lemons-infra-bill/ . live .
  197. Staff. (November 16, 2021). "Nuclear-supporting infrastructure bill becomes US law". World Nuclear News website Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  198. Web site: Democrats have another infrastructure problem . 2022-09-05 . POLITICO . July 22, 2022 . en . September 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905114957/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/22/democrats-infrastructure-agenda-problems-00047164 . live .
  199. News: Domonoske . Camila . What if cars could stop you from driving drunk? A peek at the latest tech . December 31, 2021.
  200. Web site: Stanley . Jay . Congressional Drunk Driver Detection Mandate Raises Privacy Questions ACLU . American Civil Liberties Union . 22 November 2021.
  201. News: Gordon . Aaron . Every Car Made After 2027 May Have Drunk Driving Monitoring System . Vice . 3 August 2021 . en.
  202. Web site: Success of Hydrogen Hubs Requires a Step Increase in Transparency . Kamrath. Erik. Budden. Pete. NRDC . October 1, 2023 . October 24, 2023.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.