Infiniti Q50 Explained

Infiniti Q50
Manufacturer:Infiniti (Nissan)
Model Code:V37
Aka:Nissan Skyline
Production:2013–2024
Model Years:2014–2024
Assembly:Japan: Kaminokawa, Tochigi (Tochigi Plant)
China: Xiangyang, Hubei (DMCL, Q50L)[1]
Designer:Joel Baek, Hirohisa Ono and Koichi Ishizuka[2]
Class:Compact executive car (D)
Body Style:4-door sedan
Platform:Nissan FM platform
Related:Infiniti Q60
Motor:68PS Nissan HM34 high-response motor (hybrid models)
Transmission:7-speed 7R01 automatic
7-speed 7G-Tronic automatic
Wheelbase:28501NaN1
29001NaN1 (Q50L)[3]
Length:NaN1NaN1
48501NaN1 (Q50L)
Width:18251NaN1
Height:NaN1NaN1
Weight:NaN0NaN0
Predecessor:Infiniti G

The Infiniti Q50 is a compact executive car[4] manufactured by Nissan for its luxury brand, Infiniti. Replacing the G/Q40 sedan, it debuted at the 2013 North American International Auto Show and went on sale in North America in the third quarter 2013 and in Europe in fourth quarter 2013. It is the export model of the Japanese domestic market's V37 Nissan Skyline.

The design of the Q50 continues to follow the designs first shown by the 2009 Infiniti Essence concept and the production 2011 Infiniti M. The Q50 is also the first instance of a hybrid model in Infiniti's entry-level model but was later removed for the 2019 model year.

First generation

Q50 sedan (2013–)

The design was based on Infiniti Essence (crescent-cut C-pillar, deep body section, asymmetrical cabin layout, interior finishes) and Infiniti Etherea (headlights, three-dimensional double-arch grille, interior finishes).[5] The production Q50 design was frozen in June 2011, after being designed by Joel Baek under Shiro Nakamura.

The Q50 sedan was unveiled at the 2013 North American International Auto Show,[6] followed by the 2013 Canadian International AutoShow,[7] 2013 Geneva Motor Show (with Hybrid and 2.2d),[8] [9] 2013 Dubai International Motor Show,[10] Auto Guangzhou Motor Show in China (with 2.0-liter (214PS) turbocharged engine from Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz)),[11] [12] and Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong.[13]

Early US and Canada models include 3.7-liter V6 (333PS), 3.5-liter Hybrid (364 PS), each in a choice of rear-wheel drive or Intelligent All-Wheel Drive and in a selection of trim levels, including Sport models.[14] [15] [16]

US models went on sale in August 2013.[17]

Early Canadian models include 3.7-liter V6 (Q50 RWD, Q50 Sport RWD, Q50 Premium AWD, Q50 Premium AWD Navi, Q50 Premium AWD Navi and Deluxe Touring and Tech, Q50 Sport AWD, Q50 Sport AWD Deluxe Touring and Tech) and 3.5-liter Hybrid (Q50 Hybrid Premium RWD, Q50 Hybrid Premium AWD, Q50 Hybrid Sport AWD).[18] [19]

The early European models included 2.2d and hybrid.[20] [21] Infiniti's 2.0 RWD (211 PS) model was added in 2014.[22]

In China the 2014 Q50 3.7L was sold as an imported vehicle until production in China could begin.[23] [24] The 2.0 RWD (211 PS) model and the Q50 Hybrid also joined the line up.[22]

Middle East models was set to go on sale in spring 2014 as 2014 model year vehicles. Early models include 3.7-liter V6 and 3.5-liter Hybrid, both in rear-wheel drive.[25]

Australian models went on sale in February 2014, launching with the 2.2d diesel and 3.5 gasoline hybrid models.[26]

Hong Kong models went on sale as 2014 model year vehicles.[13]

2014 Infiniti Q50 Exclusive Designer Edition (2013–)

Two specialty versions of the 2014 Infiniti Q50 sedan were produced in association with Gilt City, one designed by Zac Posen and the other designed by Thom Browne, both American fashion designers. The vehicles went on sale on gilt.com December 13, 2013 for $75,000, with a portion of the proceeds benefiting St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.

The Thom Browne 2014 Infiniti Q50 includes a chrome body finish, red, white and blue stripes from the seats to the floor mats and stitching on the steering wheel. It also features a sterling silver ring encircling the gear-shift handle and a luggage set custom designed to fit in the trunk.

Zac Posen's 2014 Infiniti Q50 includes body color fade from silver in front to charcoal in back, and from matte to shine; red-carpet interior color, shagreen handle and shagreen stick with leather piping.

The vehicles were unveiled in Infiniti of Manhattan dealership at Hell's Kitchen area.

The two buyers also received a $10,000 Gilt.com shopping credit and a style consultation, a Thom Browne Solid Silver Personal Card Case (Browne version) or a Zac Posen Smartphone Clutch (Posen version).[27]

Q50 Hybrid (2014–2018)

Infiniti's Q50 hybrid vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Shanghai Auto Show.[28] Power for the Q50 Hybrid comes from the 3.5-liter gasoline engine combined with electric motor. Early European models included rear and all-wheel drive forms. Infiniti discontinued the Q50 Hybrid after the 2018 model year.[29]

Q50L (2014–)

The Q50L has a longer wheelbase than the regular Q50 to provide more spacious rear legroom. It is powered by a 2.0-liter turbo engine matched to a 7-speed automatic transmission. Trim levels for the Q50L sold in China are Comfort, Elegant, Sport, Luxury, and Sport Luxury.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Shanghai Motor Show.

Q50 Eau Rouge concept (2014)

Named for the famous corner at Spa-Francorchamps, the Eau Rouge is a Formula One inspired concept car based on the Q50 premium sports sedan, with aerodynamic styling treatments and design elements influenced by Infiniti's partnership with Infiniti Red Bull Racing. Changes include bespoke carbon fiber bodywork (carbon fiber front splitter, rear diffuser and side sill skirts, carbon fiber roof and door mirror casings), 20-inch lightweight forged alloy wheels, a dual-exit exhaust sports system below a large integrated rear spoiler, 20 mm wider wheel arches, red body color with overlaid tinted clear coat, matching carbon fiber door and center console panes, a high-grip sports steering wheel with Formula One-style paddle-shifters.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2014 North American International Auto Show.[30] [31] [32]

Q50 Eau Rouge prototype (2014)

Changes from Q50 Eau Rouge concept included a twin-turbocharged 3799cc (5680NaN0/6000NaN0) V6 from the Nissan GT-R and a 7-speed automatic transmission and Intelligent AWD from the Infiniti Q70.[33] The transmission and drivelines were compromises due to the inability of Infiniti to fit the rest of the GT-R's drivetrain into the prototype.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2014 Geneva International Motor Show,[22] followed by the 2014 Goodwood Festival of Speed.[34] [35] [36]

Plans to put the Eau Rouge into production were shelved in January 2015.[37]

Q50 Sound Studio by Bose (2016)

The Q50 Sound Studio by Bose was a limited edition version for the 2016 model year. It was based on Q50 2.0t and 2.2d (Premium or Sport), and included Advanced Staging Technology digital signal processing circuitry, Centerpoint 2 surround sound, AudioPilot2 Noise Compensation Technology, a navigation system and 14 speakers. This was the first time Bose's Advanced Staging Technology has ever been featured in a car.[38] [39]

UK models went on sale in October 2015 as a 2016 model.[40]

Powertrain

Gasoline engines
ModelYearsType/codeTransmissionPowerTorquestyle=width:5em Acceleration
!
style=width:5em Acceleration
Gasoline
3.7
3.7 AWD
2014–201536960NaN0 V6
Nissan VQ37VHR
7-speed 7R01 automatic3330NaN0 at 7,000 rpm3650NaN0 at 5,200 rpm5.3s (RWD)
5.6s (AWD)
5.5s (RWD)
5.8s (AWD)
2.0t
2.0t AWD
2016–201919910NaN0 I4 turbo
Mercedes-Benz M 274 DE 20 AL
7-speed 7G-Tronic automatic2110NaN0 at 5,500 rpm3500NaN0 at 1,250–3,500 rpm[41] 7.2s
3.0t
3.0t AWD
2016–present29970NaN0 V6
Nissan VR30DDTT
7-speed 7R01 automatic3040NaN0 at 6,400 rpm4000NaN0 at 1,600–5,200 rpm5.0s5.2s
3.0t Red Sport 400
3.0t Red Sport 400 AWD
7-speed 7R01 automatic4060NaN0 at 6,400 rpm4750NaN0 at 1,600–5,200 rpm4.5s5.1s
Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid AWD
2014–201834980NaN0 V6
Nissan VQ35HR
7-speed 7R01 automatic3060NaN0 at 6,800 rpm3500NaN0 at 5,000 rpm4.9s (RWD)
5.2s (AWD)
5.1s (RWD)
5.4s (AWD)
Nissan HM34 (electric motor)680NaN0 at 1,650–2,000 rpm2900NaN0 at 1,650 rpm
combined3640NaN05460NaN0
Diesel
2.2d2014–201621430NaN0 I4 turbo
Mercedes-Benz OM 651 22 LA
7-speed 7G-Tronic automatic1700NaN0 at 3,200–4,000 rpm4000NaN0 at 1,600–2,800 rpm8.5s/8.7s

Motorsports

On 16 October 2014 it was announced that the Infiniti Q50 would be entering the British Touring Car Championship for the 2015 season under the banner of Support our Paras.[42] At that time, PRO Motorsport announced it would enter two cars in the championship driven by Richard Hawken and Derek Palmer Jr., the son of PRO Motorsport Team Principal Derek Palmer Sr., supporting the charity Support Our Paras through racing, and its long-term goal of developing, training and ensuring an injured Paratrooper graduates through the racing ranks to pilot an Infiniti Support Our Paras Racing car.[43]

Production

Production of Q50 at Tochigi production plant began on 14 May 2013.[44] Production of the Chinese models of Q50L sedan at Xiangyang plant in Hubei Province, China also began in 2014.[11] [28] [45]

The production of 2.0-liter turbocharged gasoline 4-cylinder developed by Daimler at the Nissan Decherd Powertrain Plant in Franklin County, Tennessee (US) began 26 June 2014. The engine is also used by Daimler's Mercedes-Benz C-Class at Mercedes-Benz U.S. International in Alabama.[46]

Production of European models of Q50 began in 2015.[28]

The Infiniti Q50 audio system was designed by Bose.[47] [48]

The Q50 Eau Rouge production was cancelled due to high cost.[49]

Marketing

As part of the Q50 Eau Rouge Prototype launch, the #InfinitiRaceFace campaign was launched on 23 September 2014, awarding the grand prize winner the opportunity to attend the 2014 Formula One United States Grand Prix race, and also the chance to ride with Sebastian Vettel in the Infiniti Q50 Eau Rouge Prototype for a lap in downtown Austin on 29 October 2014.[50]

2016 model year update

Unveiled at the 2016 Chicago Auto Show (Q50 2.0t, Q50 3.0t, Q50 Red Sport 400), the 2016 Q50 featured several updates, including the introduction of second-generation Direct Adaptive Steering with advanced levels of steering feel and feedback, introduction of Dynamic Digital Suspension, Drive Mode Selector with Personal mode, standard RACK Electronic Power Steering on 3.0t models, revised suspension settings provide an improved balance between confident handling and a more comfortable ride.[51] [52]

The Q50 Red Sport 400 is based on Q50 3.0t (405PS), with sport styled front fascia, sport brakes with 4-piston front and 2-piston rear calipers, sport-tuned Digital Dynamic Suspension, new rack-based Electronic Power Steering or optional Direct Adaptive Steering, leather-appointed sport seats, aluminum-accented pedals, solid magnesium paddle shifters, Exclusive Red Sport 400 brushed-finish exhaust tips, Exclusive Red Sport 400 19-inch sport aluminum-alloy wheels (staggered for RWD models), chrome finished red 'S' exterior sport badging on the trunk and front fenders.

Early models included 2.0t, 2.0t AWD, Hybrid, Hybrid AWD, 3.0t (304/405PS, 304PS models available in Middle East), Hybrid, and 2.2d.[53] [54] US models of Q50 Red Sport 400 went on sale as 2016 model year vehicles, including Q50 Red Sport 400, Q50 Red Sport 400 AWD.[55] In 2019, Infiniti was testing some of its current models at the Spaceport America desert test tracks, such as its Q50 sports sedan and Q60 sports coupe.[56]

Discontinuation

In August 2024, Infiniti announced the cancellation of the Q50 in their North American lineup, with 2024 confirmed to be its final model year for U.S and Canada, after eleven years on sale. The cancellation of the Q50 leads to Infiniti to become a brand selling only SUVs.[57]

Sales by calendar year

Year US[58] Canada
2013 17,8161,272
2014 36,8993,242
2015 43,8743,295
2016 44,0072,969
2017 40,7392,413
201834,7632,576
201925,9871,871
202016,5331,040
202113,896[59] 1,001[60]
20224,781535
20236,201[61]

External links

Press kit:

Notes and References

  1. https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/141106-02-e
  2. Web site: 2013-11-27 . A00201300934 . DGIP.go.id . Pangkalan Data Kekayaan Intelektual . 2022-06-10.
  3. Web site: Long-Wheelbase Infiniti Q50L Announced for China - Motor Trend WOT . 20 August 2014 .
  4. Web site: Takahashi. Mark. 2020-10-20. INFINITI Q50 Prices, Reviews, and Pictures Edmunds. Edmunds.com.
  5. Web site: Q50 Design: An Inheritance of Riches. infinitinews.com . 26 June 2013. Infiniti .
  6. Web site: 2014 Infiniti Q50 Sedan Makes World Debut at North American International Auto Show . infinitinews.com . 14 January 2013 . Infiniti .
  7. Web site: 2014 Infiniti Q50 Makes National Debut At The 2013 Canadian International Auto Show . infinitinews.com . 14 February 2013 . Infiniti .
  8. Web site: New Models Spearhead Infiniti at the Geneva Motor Show . infinitinews.com . 5 March 2013 . Infiniti .
  9. Web site: 【ジュネーブモーターショー13】インフィニティ Q50 ディーゼルを初公開. ja. response.jp . 5 March 2013.
  10. Infiniti Q50 to take centre stage at the Dubai International Motor Show 2013 . infinitipress.me . 2014-01-29 . 2018-11-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101432/http://www.infinitipress.me/index.php/press_release/view/82 . dead .
  11. Web site: Infiniti Q50 Gets New Mercedes-Sourced 211HP 2.0L Turbo Engine at the Guangzhou Motor Show . Dan . Mihalascu . carscoops.com . 5 November 2013 . 6 December 2013.
  12. Web site: Infiniti adds 2.0-litre turbocharged petrol engine to Q50 range. Infiniti. infinitipress.eu. 21 November 2013. 29 January 2014. 1 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140301100740/http://www.infinitipress.eu/en-eur/Infiniti/Press-Releases/Infiniti-adds-two-liter-turbocharged-petrol-engine-to-Q50-range/. dead.
  13. Web site: 2014 Infiniti Q50 sports sedan brings inspired performance to Hong Kong . infinitinews.com . 22 May 2014 . Infiniti .
  14. Web site: 2014 Infiniti Q50 debuts G-replacing design, new hybrid model . Jeffrey N . Ross . . . 14 January 2013 . 16 January 2013.
  15. Web site: 2014 Infiniti Q50 at a Glance . nissan-global.com . Nissan . 2014-01-29 . 2018-11-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181112141456/https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2013/_STORY/130115-02-e.html . dead .
  16. Web site: 「インフィニティQ50」を発表 . ja . nissan-global.com . Nissan . 2014-01-29 . 2016-03-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055430/http://www.nissan-global.com/JP/NEWS/2013/_STORY/130115-02-j.html . dead .
  17. Web site: Infiniti Continues Production of G37 Sedan – Will Be Sold Alongside the All-New 2014 Q50 Premium Sedan . infinitinews.com . 5 August 2013 . Infiniti .
  18. Web site: 2014 Infiniti Q50 making Canadian debut at the 2013 Canadian International Auto Show . infinitinews.com . 29 January 2013 . Infiniti.
  19. Web site: Infiniti Announces $37,500 CDN Introductory Price For All-New 2014 Infiniti Q50 Sports Sedan . infinitinews.com . 20 June 2013 . Infiniti .
  20. Web site: Infiniti Q50 Geneva Debut: Seductive Design, Agile Performance, Intuitive Technology . infinitinews.com . 5 March 2013 . Infiniti .
  21. Web site: Infiniti Q50 Lands in Europe with Merc's 168HP 2.2-liter Diesel . Andrew . Tsaousis . carscoops.com . 5 March 2013 . 6 December 2013.
  22. Web site: Infiniti Q50 Eau Rouge Concept bows again, now with more GT-R. autoblog.com.
  23. News: 英菲尼迪2014年国产Q50L/QX50L两款车. zh. Infiniti's 2014 domestic Q50L / QX50L two cars. Wang Yin . April 23, 2013. autohome.come.cn. January 17, 2020.
  24. News: Infiniti to Produce Q50L and QX50L in the Chinese Market. ChinaCarTimes.com . Barry. July 17, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811104902/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/07/infiniti-to-produce-q50l-and-qx50l-in-the-chinese-market/. August 11, 2017 . unfit. January 17, 2020.
  25. Infiniti Q50 Named 'Car of the Year' . infinitipress.me . Infiniti . 2014-01-29 . 2015-09-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034702/http://www.infinitipress.me/index.php/press_release/view/87 . dead .
  26. News: 2014 Infiniti Q50: Price And Features For New Premium Sedan Range. themotorreport.com .
  27. Gilt.com to Offer Two Exclusive 2014 Infiniti Q50 Luxury Sports Sedans Designed by Thom Browne and Zac Posen . infinitinews.com . Infiniti . 2014-01-29 . 2017-08-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811064705/http://infinitinews.com/en-CA/infiniti/canada/releases/0974486b-0b42-4bc7-8d8a-a23210d1cfac . dead .
  28. Infiniti Announces Two Vehicles for Production in China . infinitinews.com . Infiniti .
  29. Zapped: Infiniti drops Q50 Hybrid for 2019 . infinitinews.com . Infiniti .
  30. http://www.autoblog.com/2013/12/05/infiniti-q50-eau-rouge-concept-red-bull-detroit/ Infiniti Q50 Eau Rouge racing toward Detroit with Red Bull in its veins
  31. Web site: インフィニティ、フォーミュラ1からインスピレーションを得たコンセプトカー「Q50 Eau Rouge(オールージュ)」を2014年北米国際自動車ショーに出展 . 2014-01-29 . 2018-11-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181112141528/https://www.nissan-global.com/JP/NEWS/2014/_STORY/140113-05-j.html . dead .
  32. Web site: Infiniti reveals Formula One-inspired Q50 Eau Rouge in Detroit . 2014-01-29 . 2018-11-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181112141530/https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2014/_STORY/140113-05-e.html . dead .
  33. http://www.autoblog.com/2014/07/28/2016-infiniti-q50-eau-rouge-prototype-first-drive-review-video/ 2016 Infiniti Q50 Eau Rouge Prototype
  34. Infiniti Q50 Eau Rouge prototype to make its first dynamic appearance at the Goodwood Festival of Speed . infinitinews.com . Infiniti .
  35. A festival of Infiniti at Goodwood . infinitinews.com . Infiniti .
  36. Web site: 日系高性能跑房、Infiniti Q50 Eau Rouge於Goodwood展現性能魅力無限 . 2014-07-30 . 2019-04-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190422040708/https://incar.tw/infiniti-q50-eau-rouge-prototype-tackles-goodwood-video . dead .
  37. News: Nissan backing off IDx, BladeGlider and Infiniti Eau Rouge amid focus shift. 28 January 2015. 2 August 2015 . Brandon . Turkus. Autoblog.com . AOL Inc..
  38. https://www.infiniti-cdn.net/content/dam/Infiniti/2014/Q50/sound-studio-by-bose/Q50BoseLeaflet_MY16_CHen_01102015.pdf INFINITI Q50 SOUND STUDIO BY BOSE
  39. Web site: Infiniti Q50 Sound Studio by Bose special edition announced . September 11, 2015 . Michael. Gauthier. motor1.com. Motorsport Network. January 17, 2020.
  40. Infiniti Q50 Sound Studio By Bose . infinitinews.eu . 2016-09-11 . 2017-02-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072730/http://www.infinitipress.eu/en_GB/en/release/4715 . dead .
  41. [:de:Mercedes-Benz M 270/M 274]
  42. Web site: Mason. Dan. Infiniti support our paras racing enter 2015 BTCC. thecheckeredflag.co.uk. 16 October 2014 . 17 October 2014.
  43. Infiniti and 'Support Our Paras Racing' Enter BTCC in 2015 . NewsPress.co.uk . 11 April 2017.
  44. First Infiniti Q50 Rolls Off The Production Line At Tochigi Plant To Signal Bold New Direction For Model Line-Up. nissan-global.com. Nissan. 2014-01-29. 2017-08-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811115300/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2013/_STORY/130514-01-e.html. dead.
  45. Katy Perry to Perform at Infiniti Brand Festival in China . infinitinews.com . Infiniti.
  46. Web site: Infiniti Decherd Powertrain Plant Begins Assembly of 2.0L Turbo Engines for Infiniti Q50 and Mercedes-Benz C-Class . nissan-global.com . Nissan . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002929/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2014/_STORY/140627-02-e.html . 2016-03-04 . dead .
  47. VIDEO REPORT: Unique Sound System on Infiniti Q50 Delivers a Concert in the Car . infinitinews.com . Infiniti.
  48. Bose Presents the Next-Generation Studio on Wheels in the All-New 2014 Infiniti Q50 Sedan. July 29, 2013. Bose.com. January 17, 2020.
  49. Web site: Bad news: Infiniti won't build its GT-R-powered Q50 Eau Rouge after all. digitaltrends.com. Stephen . Edelstein . September 21, 2015. Digital Trends . January 17, 2020.
  50. Show your best #InfinitiRaceFace for a chance to win a ride in the Infiniti Q50 Eau Rouge Prototype . infinitinews.com . Infiniti.
  51. http://www.autoblog.com/2016/02/11/infiniti-q50-engines-chicago-official/ Infiniti shows off the new Q50 engine lineup in Chicago
  52. Three European debuts for Infiniti at 2016 Geneva Motor Show. infinitipress.eu. Infiniti. 2016-09-11. 2017-08-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811104023/http://www.infinitipress.eu/en_GB/en/release/4952. dead.
  53. 2016 Infiniti Q50 Sports Saloon: New Engines and Chassis Technologies Delivery Empowering Performance . infinitipress.eu . Infiniti.
  54. Web site: Infiniti prices Q50 2.0t from $34,855, hybrid from $47,955. Autoblog.com. March 9, 2016.
  55. https://newsroom.nissan-global.com/releases/infiniti-announces-us-pricing-for-2016-q50-red-sport-400 Infiniti announces U.S. pricing for 2016 Q50 Red Sport 400
  56. News: Infiniti's Revival Depends on Sleek New Sedan and SUV Styling—and Electrification . Jim . Motavalli . Barrons.com. Dow Jones & Company, Inc.. November 6, 2019. January 17, 2020.
  57. Web site: Silvestro . Brian . 2024-08-21 . Dead: Infiniti Q50 . 2024-08-22 . Motor1.com . en.
  58. Web site: 4 September 2013. Infiniti Q50 Sales Figures. 20 July 2020. Good Car Bad Car.
  59. Web site: Nissan Group reports 2022 fourth quarter and 2022 calendar year U.S. Sales . Official U.S. Newsroom. 2023-01-04. 2023-01-14.
  60. Web site: Nissan Group reports fourth-quarter 2022 and calendar year 2022 Canadian sales . Official Canada Newsroom. 2023-01-04. 2023-01-14.
  61. Web site: Nissan Group reports 2023 fourth quarter and 2023 calendar year U.S. Sales . 3 January 2024 .