The IndyCar Rookie of the Year Award is presented to the first-year driver that has the best season in a IndyCar Series season.
The following lists compiling all the winners of the Rookie of the Year Award in open wheel American Championship Car Racing from 1946 season to the present day. Before the creation of Championship Auto Racing Teams the prize is not officially awarded. So all of the AAA and USAC winners of the Rookie of the Year award is not officially recognized.
As of 2022 IndyCar Season a driver is a Rookie Driver in the IndyCar Series if the driver has:
A) not participated in more than four (4) IndyCar Series races in a Racing Season or
B) participated in less than eight (8) IndyCar Series races in his/her career.[1]
The list of "Indy car", "Champ car" or "IndyCar" rookies under the following auspices:
The AAA Contest Board began sanctioning races as early as 1904. In the early years of the sport, only two seasons (1905 and 1916) an official national championship was recognized and awarded.The 1946 season is a source of a statistical anomaly. The AAA Contest Board included a substantial number of "Big Car" races in the national championship for 1946, swelling the season to 77 events (6 Champ Car races and 71 Big Car races). Some later texts chose to dismiss the 71 Big Car races from record, but reliable records and historians contend that the season should be regarded as the full 77-race schedule.
Officially, Jim Trueman Rookie of the Year Award named after the late founder of the two-time champion TrueSports Racing Team, it was presented from 1979 Season to 2007 Season to the rookie who accumulates the most Champ Car Championship Series points among first year drivers.
AAA National Motor Car Championship | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Rookie of the Year winners | Driver standings | Wins | Team | ||
Jimmy Jackson | 4 | Jimmy Jackson Racing | ||||
Bill Holland | 2 | 2 | Fred Peters Racing | |||
Mack Hellings | 8 | Tommy Lee Racing | ||||
Jimmy Davies | 17 | 1 | Pat Clancy Racing | |||
Walt Faulkner | 2 | 1 | J.C. Agajanian Racing | |||
Mike Nazaruk | 5 | Jim Robbins Racing, Lou & Bruce Bromme Racing | ||||
Jimmy Reece | 9 | John Zink Racing | ||||
Ernie McCoy | 16 | H.A. Chapman Racing | ||||
Larry Crockett | 11 | Federal Engineering | ||||
George Amick | 9 | Lindsey Hopkins Racing | ||||
USAC National Championship | ||||||
Year | Rookie of the Year winners | Driver standings | Wins | Team | ||
Jud Larson | 22 | 1 | John Zink Racing | |||
A. J. Foyt | 26 | John Wills Racing | ||||
Joe Barzda | 18 | Joe Barzda Racing | ||||
Jim Hurtubise | 21 | 1 | Racing Associates | |||
Parnelli Jones | 18 | D.A. Caruthers Racing | ||||
Bobby Marshman | 8 | Walter Meskowski Racing | ||||
Johnny Rutherford | 25 | Ollie Prather Racing | ||||
Jim Clark | 6 | 1 | Team Lotus | |||
Mario Andretti | 11 | Dean Van Lines Racing | ||||
Carl Williams | 23 | |||||
Al Smith | 16 | Federal Automotive Associates | ||||
Jim Malloy | 27 | Jim Robbins Racing | ||||
Sonny Ates | 24 | Boyce Holt Racing, Joe Barzda Racing, Federal Automotive Associates | ||||
Steve Krisiloff | 24 | Shelby-Dowd Racing | ||||
Dick Simon | 10 | Racing International | ||||
George Eaton | 24 | Fejer Brothers Racing | ||||
Mike Hiss | 6 | Page Racing Enterprises | ||||
Tom Sneva | 31 | |||||
Pancho Carter | 11 | Bob Fletcher Racing | ||||
Spike Gehlhausen | 24 | Carl Gehlhausen Racing | ||||
Rick Mears | 16 | Art Sugai Racing | ||||
Danny Ongais | 12 | 1 | Interscope Racing | |||
Tom Bagley | 11 | Leader Card Racers | ||||
Howdy Holmes | 12 | AMI Racing | ||||
Gordon Smiley | 18 | Patrick Racing | ||||
The Rookie of the Year award in CART was named in the honor of Jim Trueman.[2]
As of 2018 IndyCar Series season The Rookie of the Year Award is presented to the top-finishing rookie in the IndyCar Series Drivers point standings. Winner also receives a $50,000 bonus. The Rookie of the Year Award is based on points for the IndyCar Series Drivers' Championship earned at each event.[4]
Season | Driver | Driver standings | Wins | Team | Chassis | Engine | Tyres | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996–97 | Jim Guthrie | 12 | 1 | Blueprint Racing | Lola T93/00 Dallara IR7 | Menard V6 Buick V6 Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Firestone | |
1998 | Robby Unser | 16 | Cheever Racing | G-Force GF01B Dallara IR8 | Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Goodyear | ||
1999 | Scott Harrington | 14 | Harrington Motorsports | Dallara IR9 | Infiniti VRH35ADE V8 Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Firestone | ||
2000 | Airton Daré | 16 | TeamXtreme | G-Force GF05 | Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Firestone | ||
2001 | Felipe Giaffone | 6 | Treadway Racing | G-Force GF05B | Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Firestone | ||
2002 | Laurent Rédon | 12 | Conquest Racing | Dallara IR-02 | Infiniti VRH35ADE V8 | Firestone | ||
2003 | Dan Wheldon | 11 | Andretti Green Racing | Dallara IR-03 | Honda HI3R V8 | Firestone | ||
2004 | Kosuke Matsuura | 14 | Fernández Racing | G-Force GF09B | Honda HI4R V8 | Firestone | ||
2005 | Danica Patrick | 12 | Rahal Letterman Racing | Panoz GF09C | Honda HI5R V8 | Firestone | ||
2006 | Marco Andretti | 7 | 1 | Andretti Green Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI6R V8 | Firestone | |
2007 | Ryan Hunter-Reay | 19 | Rahal Letterman Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI7R V8 | Firestone | ||
2008 | Hideki Mutoh | 10 | Andretti Green Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI7R V8 | Firestone | ||
2009 | Raphael Matos | 13 | Luczo-Dragon Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI7R V8 | Firestone | ||
2010 | Alex Lloyd | 16 | Dale Coyne Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI7R V8 | Firestone | ||
2011 | James Hinchcliffe | 12 | Newman/Haas Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI7R V8 | Firestone | ||
2012 | Simon Pagenaud | 5 | Sam Schmidt Motorsports | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI12TT V6t | Firestone | ||
2013 | Tristan Vautier | 20 | Sam Schmidt Motorsports | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI13TT V6t | Firestone | ||
2014 | Carlos Muñoz | 8 | Andretti Autosport | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI14TT V6t | Firestone | ||
2015 | Gabby Chaves | 15 | Bryan Herta Autosport | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI15TT V6t | Firestone | ||
2016 | Alexander Rossi | 11 | 1 | Bryan Herta Autosport | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI16TT V6t | Firestone | |
2017 | Ed Jones | 14 | Dale Coyne Racing | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI17TT V6t | Firestone | ||
2018 | Robert Wickens | 11 | Schmidt Peterson Motorsports | Dallara IR-18 | Honda HI18TT V6t | Firestone | ||
2019 | Felix Rosenqvist | 6 | Chip Ganassi Racing | Dallara IR-18 | Honda HI19TT V6t | Firestone | ||
2020 | Rinus VeeKay | 14 | Ed Carpenter Racing | Dallara IR-18 | Chevrolet IndyCar V6t | Firestone | ||
2021 | Scott McLaughlin | 14 | Team Penske | Dallara IR-18 | Chevrolet IndyCar V6t | Firestone | ||
2022 | Christian Lundgaard | 14 | Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing | Dallara IR-18 | Honda HI22TT V6t | Firestone | ||
2023 | 20 | Chip Ganassi Racing | Dallara IR-18 | Honda HI23TT V6t | Firestone |
Season | Date | Sanction | Track / Race | No. | Winning Driver | Entrant / Team | Chassis | Engine | Tire | Grid | Laps Led | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1913 | May 30 | AAA | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 16 | Jules Goux | Peugeot Auto Racing | Peugeot L76 | Peugeot I4 448 ci | Firestone | 7 | 138 |
2 | 1914 | May 30 | AAA | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 16 | René Thomas | Louis Delâge | Delage Type R | Delage | Palmer | 15 | 102 |
3 | 1926 | May 30 | AAA | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 15 | Frank Lockhart | Pete Kreis | 1926 Miller 91 | Miller SC | Firestone | 20 | 95 |
4 | 1927 | May 30 | AAA | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 32 | George Souders | Bill White | Duesenberg | Duesenberg SC 90 ci | Firestone | 22 | 51 |
5 | 1947 | June 8 | AAA | Milwaukee Mile (DO) | 8 | Bill Holland | Fred Peters | 1939 Wetteroth | Offenhauser L4 270 ci | Firestone | Pole | 71 |
6 | June 22 | AAA | Langhorne Speedway (DO) | 8 | Bill Holland (2) | Fred Peters | 1939 Wetteroth | Offenhauser L4 270 ci | Firestone | 7 | 31 | |
7 | 1948 | August 15 | AAA | Milwaukee Mile (DO) | 98 | Johnny Mantz | J. C. Agajanian | 1948 Kurtis 2000 | Offenhauser L4 270 ci | Firestone | 3 | 1 |
8 | October 10 | AAA | DuQuoin (DO) | 7 | Johnnie Parsons | Kurtis Kraft Racing | 1948 Kurtis 1000 | Offenhauser L4 270 ci | Firestone | 7 | 77 | |
9 | 1949 | November 6 | AAA | Del Mar Fairgrounds (DO) | 57 | Jimmy Davies | Pat Clancy | Ewing | Offenhauser L4 270 ci | Firestone | Pole | 100 |
10 | 1950 | August 27 | AAA | Milwaukee Mile (DO) | 98 | Walt Faulkner | J. C. Agajanian | 1948 Kurtis 2000 | Offenhauser L4 270 ci | Firestone | 8 | 108 |
11 | 1956 | October 21 | USAC | Sacramento (DO) | 8 | Jud Larson | John Zink Racing | 1955 Watson D | Offenhauser L4 270 ci | Firestone | Pole | 88 |
12 | 1959 | October 25 | USAC | Sacramento (DO) | 3 | Jim Hurtubise | Racing Associates | 1955 Kuzma D | Offenhauser L4 252 ci | Firestone | 11 | 57 |
13 | 1963 | August 18 | USAC | Milwaukee Mile (O) | 92 | Jim Clark | Team Lotus | Lotus 29 | Ford Indy V8 255 ci | Dunlop[5] | Pole | 200 |
14 | 1966 | May 30 | USAC | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 24 | Graham Hill | Mecom Racing Team | Lola T90 | Ford Indy V8 255 ci | Firestone | 15 | 10 |
15 | 1977 | July 17 | USAC | Michigan (O) | 25 | Danny Ongais | Interscope Racing | Parnelli VPJ-6B | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 4 | 24 |
16 | 1982 | July 4 | CART | Cleveland (A) | 19 | Bobby Rahal | Truesports | March 82C | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 26 |
17 | September 19 | CART | Road America (R) | 32 | Héctor Rebaque | Forsythe Racing | March 82C | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 9 | 1 | |
18 | September 26 | CART | Michigan (O) | 19 | Bobby Rahal (2) | Truesports | March 82C | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 5 | 29 | |
19 | 1983 | July 17 | CART | Michigan 500 (O) | 12 | John Paul Jr. | VDS Racing | Penske PC-10 | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 26 |
20 | August 14 | CART | Pocono 500 (O) | 33 | Teo Fabi | Forsythe Racing | March 83C | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 116 | |
21 | September 11 | CART | Mid-Ohio (R) | 33 | Teo Fabi (2) | Forsythe Racing | March 83C | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 40 | |
22 | October 23 | CART | Laguna Seca Raceway (R) | 33 | Teo Fabi (3) | Forsythe Racing | March 83C | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 95 | |
23 | October 29 | CART | Phoenix (O) | 33 | Teo Fabi (4) | Forsythe Racing | March 83C | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 138 | |
24 | 1993 | March 21 | CART | Gold Coast Indy 300 (S) | 5 | Nigel Mansell | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola T93/00 | Ford XB V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 32 |
25 | June 6 | CART | Milwaukee Mile (O) | 5 | Nigel Mansell (2) | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola T93/00 | Ford XB V8t | Goodyear | 7 | 19 | |
26 | August 1 | CART | Michigan 500 (O) | 5 | Nigel Mansell (3) | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola T93/00 | Ford XB V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 222 | |
27 | August 8 | CART | New Hampshire (O) | 5 | Nigel Mansell (4) | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola T93/00 | Ford XB V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 222 | |
28 | September 19 | CART | Nazareth Speedway (O) | 5 | Nigel Mansell (5) | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola T93/00 | Ford XB V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 155 | |
29 | 1994 | September 11 | CART | Road America (R) | 12 | Jacques Villeneuve | Forsythe/Green Racing | Reynard 94i | Ford XB V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 15 |
30 | 1995 | August 20 | CART | New Hampshire (O) | 31 | André Ribeiro | Tasman Motorsports | Reynard 95i | Honda HRH V8t | Firestone | Pole | 96 |
31 | September 10 | CART | Laguna Seca Raceway (R) | 8 | Gil de Ferran | Jim Hall Racing | Reynard 95i | Mercedes-Benz IC108B V8t | Goodyear | 3 | 54 | |
32 | 1996 | January 27 | IRL | Walt Disney World (O) | 12 | Buzz Calkins | Bradley Motorsports | Reynard 95i | Ford XB V8t | Firestone | 5 | 130 |
33 | 1996 | June 23 | CART | Grand Prix of Portland (R) | 4 | Alex Zanardi | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 96i | Honda HRH V8t | Firestone | Pole | 95 |
34 | August 11 | CART | Mid-Ohio (R) | 4 | Alex Zanardi (2) | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 96i | Honda HRH V8t | Firestone | Pole | 79 | |
35 | September 8 | CART | Laguna Seca Raceway (R) | 4 | Alex Zanardi (3) | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 96i | Honda HRH V8t | Firestone | Pole | 41 | |
36 | 1997 | March 23 | IRL | Phoenix (O) | 27 | Jim Guthrie | Blueprint Racing | Dallara IR7 | Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Firestone | 2 | 74 |
37 | 1999 | April 18 | CART | Long Beach (S) | 4 | Juan Montoya | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 99i | Honda HRS V8t | Firestone | 5 | 40 |
38 | May 2 | CART | Nazareth Speedway (O) | 4 | Juan Montoya (2) | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 99i | Honda HRS V8t | Firestone | Pole | 210 | |
39 | May 15 | CART | Rio 200 (O) | 4 | Juan Montoya (3) | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 99i | Honda HRS V8t | Firestone | 3 | 93 | |
40 | June 27 | CART | Cleveland (A) | 4 | Juan Montoya (4) | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 99i | Honda HRS V8t | Firestone | Pole | 76 | |
41 | August 15 | CART | Mid-Ohio (R) | 4 | Juan Montoya (5) | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 99i | Honda HRS V8t | Firestone | 8 | 28 | |
42 | August 22 | CART | Chicago Speedway (O) | 4 | Juan Montoya (6) | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 99i | Honda HRS V8t | Firestone | 10 | 132 | |
43 | September 5 | CART | Streets of Vancouver (S) | 4 | Juan Montoya (7) | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 99i | Honda HRS V8t | Firestone | Pole | 73 | |
44 | 2000 | May 28 | IRL | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 9 | Juan Montoya (8) | Chip Ganassi Racing | G-Force GF05 | Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Firestone | 2 | 167 |
45 | 2001 | May 6 | CART | Nazareth Speedway (O) | 18 | Scott Dixon | PacWest Racing | Reynard 01i | Toyota RV8F V8t | Firestone | 23 | 36 |
46 | 2001 | May 27 | IRL | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 68 | Hélio Castroneves | Penske Racing | Dallara IR-01 | Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Firestone | 11 | 52 |
47 | 2001 | August 19 | CART | Road America (R) | 4 | Bruno Junqueira | Chip Ganassi Racing | Lola B01/00 | Toyota RV8F V8t | Firestone | 10 | 11 |
48 | 2002 | July 28 | IRL | Michigan (O) | 9 | Tomas Scheckter | Cheever Racing | Dallara IR-02 | Infiniti VRH35ADE V8 | Firestone | Pole | 122 |
49 | 2002 | October 27 | CART | Surfers Paradise (S) | 55 | Mario Domínguez | HVM Racing | Lola B2/00 | Ford XF V8t | Bridgestone | 16 | 4 |
50 | 2003 | May 5 | CART | Brands Hatch (R) | 2 | Sébastien Bourdais | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola B2/00 | Ford XF V8t | Bridgestone | 2 | 95 |
51 | May 11 | CART | EuroSpeedway Lausitz (O) | 2 | Sébastien Bourdais (2) | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola B2/00 | Ford XF V8t | Bridgestone | Pole | 74 | |
52 | July 5 | CART | Cleveland (A) | 2 | Sébastien Bourdais (3) | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola B2/00 | Ford XF V8t | Bridgestone | Pole | 33 | |
53 | October 26 | CART | Surfers Paradise (S) | 31 | Ryan Hunter-Reay | American Spirit Team Johansson | Reynard 02i | Ford XF V8t | Bridgestone | 12 | 15 | |
54 | 2006 | August 27 | IRL | Sonoma Raceway (R) | 26 | Marco Andretti | Andretti Green Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI6R V8 | Firestone | 2 | 30 |
55 | 2007 | July 1 | CART | Circuit Mont-Tremblant (R) | 14 | Robert Doornbos | Minardi Team USA | Cosworth XFE V8t | Bridgestone | 5 | 20 | |
56 | July 29 | CART | San Jose Grand Prix (S) | 14 | Robert Doornbos (2) | Minardi Team USA | Panoz DP01 | Cosworth XFE V8t | Bridgestone | 15 | 30 | |
57 | 2008 | April 6 | IRL | Grand Prix of St. Petersburg (S) | 06 | Graham Rahal | Newman/Haas Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI7R V8 | Firestone | 9 | 19 |
58 | August 31 | IRL | Detroit Grand Prix (S) | 02 | Justin Wilson | Newman/Haas Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI7R V8 | Firestone | 4 | 15 | |
59 | 2014 | June 28 | IndyCar | Grand Prix of Houston (S) | 18 | Carlos Huertas | Dale Coyne Racing | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI14TT V6t | Firestone | 19 | 7 |
60 | 2016 | May 29 | IndyCar | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 98 | Alexander Rossi | Bryan Herta Autosport | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI16TT V6t | Firestone | 11 | 14 |
61 | 2019 | March 24 | IndyCar | Circuit of the Americas (R) | 88 | Colton Herta | Harding Steinbrenner Racing | Dallara IR-18 | Honda HI19TT V6t | Firestone | 4 | 15 |
62 | September 22 | IndyCar | Laguna Seca (R) | 88 | Colton Herta (2) | Harding Steinbrenner Racing | Dallara IR-18 | Honda HI19TT V6t | Firestone | Pole | 83 |
Season | Date | Sanction | Track / Race | No. | Winning Driver | Entrant / Team | Chassis | Engine | Tire | Grid | Laps Led | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1966 | May 30 | USAC | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 24 | Graham Hill (R) | Mecom Racing Team | Lola T90 | Ford Indy V8 255 ci | Firestone | 15 | 10 | |
2 | 1980 | April 13 | Ontario Motor Speedway (O) | 4 | Johnny Rutherford | Chaparral Racing | Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 74 | ||
3 | 1991 | March 17 | CART | Surfers Paradise (S) | 4 | John Andretti | Jim Hall Racing | Lola T91/00 | Chevrolet 265A V8t | Goodyear | 9 | 4 | |
4 | 1993 | March 21 | CART | Surfers Paradise (S) | 5 | Nigel Mansell (R) | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola T93/00 | Ford XB V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 32 | |
5 | 1994 | March 20 | CART | Surfers Paradise (S) | 8 | Michael Andretti | Chip Ganassi Racing | Reynard 94i | Ford XB V8t | Goodyear | align=center | 2 | 55 |
6 | January 27 | Walt Disney World (O) | 12 | Buzz Calkins (R) | Bradley Motorsports | Reynard 95i | Ford XB V8t | Firestone | align=center | 5 | 130 | ||
7 | 2001 | March 11 | CART | Fundidora Park (S) | 6 | Cristiano da Matta | Newman/Haas Racing | Lola B01/00 | Firestone | 2 | 32 | ||
8 | 2001 | March 18 | IRL | Phoenix International Raceway (O) | 4 | Sam Hornish Jr. | Panther Racing | Dallara IR-01 | Oldsmobile Aurora V8 | Firestone | 2 | 140 | |
9 | 2003 | March 23 | CART | Fundidora Park (S) | 3 | Paul Tracy | Forsythe Racing | Lola B02/00 | Ford XFE V8t | Bridgestone | 2 | 69 | |
10 | 2004 | February 29 | IRL | Homestead-Miami Speedway (O) | 6 | Sam Hornish Jr. (2) | Penske Racing | Dallara IR-04 | Toyota Indy V8 | Firestone | 7 | 6 | |
11 | 2006 | March 26 | IRL | Homestead-Miami Speedway (O) | 10 | Dan Wheldon | Chip Ganassi Racing | Dallara IR-05 | Firestone | 6 | 8 | ||
12 | 2011 | May 29 | IndyCar | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 98 | Dan Wheldon (2) | Bryan Herta Autosport | Dallara IR-05 | Honda HI7R V8 | Firestone | 6 | 1 | |
13 | 2013 | June 1 | IndyCar | Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix (S) | 18 | Mike Conway | Dale Coyne Racing | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI12TT V6t | Firestone | 17 | 11 | |
14 | 2021 | April 18 | IndyCar | Indy Grand Prix of Alabama (R) | 10 | Álex Palou | Chip Ganassi Racing | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI21TT V6t | Firestone | 3 | 56 | |
15 | May 30 | IndyCar | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 06 | Hélio Castroneves | Meyer Shank Racing | Dallara DW12 | Honda HI21TT V6t | Firestone | 8 | 20 |