Indonesian Air Force Explained

Unit Name:Indonesian Air Force
Country:Indonesia
Type:Air force
Role:Aerial warfare
Command Structure:Indonesian National Armed Forces
Garrison:Cilangkap, Jakarta
Garrison Label:Headquarters
Motto:
(Sanskrit,)
March:Indonesian: Mars Swa Bhuwana Paksa
Battles:
Commander1: Joko Widodo
Commander1 Label:President of Indonesia
Commander2: Air Chief Marshal Mohamad Tony Harjono
Commander2 Label:Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Commander3: Air Marshal Andyawan Martono Putra
Commander3 Label:Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Identification Symbol:

Reverse
Identification Symbol Label:Flag
Identification Symbol 2 Label:Roundel
Identification Symbol 3 Label:Fin flash
Identification Symbol 4 Label:Wordmark
Aircraft Attack:Hawk Mk. 209, T-50i, EMB 314 Super Tucano
Aircraft Fighter:F-16 Block 20/25 Adv., Su-30MK2, Su-27SKM
Aircraft Helicopter:NAS 332, H225M, Bo 105
Aircraft Helicopter Trainer:EC120
Aircraft Patrol:737-2X9 Surveiller, CN-235MPA, CN-295 MPA
Aircraft Recon:CH-4B, AT-1, Orbiter 2B, Searcher 2
Aircraft Trainer:KT-1B, T-50i, Hawk Mk. 109, G 120TP, 182T Skylane, 172S Skyhawk SP, T-41D
Aircraft Transport:C-130B/H, L-100, C-130J-30, CN-235, CN-295, NC-212
Aircraft Tanker:KC-130B

The Indonesian Air Force (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara, (TNI-AU)||Indonesian National Military-Air Force) sometimes shortened as IDAF / IdAF, is the aerial branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The Indonesian Air Force is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia, and is headed by the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (Indonesian: Kepala Staf Angkatan Udara – KSAU or KASAU). Its order of battle is split into three Air Operations Commands (Indonesian: Komando Operasi Udara). Most of its airbases are located on the island of Java.[1] The Indonesian Air Force also has its ground force unit, called Air Force Quick Reaction Force Command (Kopasgat). The corps is also known as the "Orange Berets" (Indonesian: Baret Jingga) due to the distinctive color of their service headgear.

The Indonesian Air Force has 30,100 personnel and equipped with 110 combat aircraft. The inventory includes 33 F-16 Fighting Falcons as the main fighters (from the United States) supplemented by five Su-27 and eleven Su-30 (from Russia), Hawk 200, KAI T-50 and Embraer EMB 314.[2] The Indonesian Air Force also intends to purchase 50 KF-X fighter jets from Korea.[3] As of 2023, the Indonesian Air Force purchased 42 Rafale from France,[4] along with C-130J transport aircraft and a Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle.[5] The airforce also signed an MoU for acquiring 24 Boeing F-15EX Eagle II fighter jets as of August 2023.[6]

History

Indonesian War of Independence / Netherlands 'Police Action' (1945–1949)

After the Japanese announced their surrender at the end of WWII, Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno declared Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945. Several days later, the Indonesian People's Security Bureau (Badan Keamanan Rakyat) was formed to undertake security duties. The Air Division of this force was also formed, using ex-Japanese planes scattered everywhere, especially in the island of Java, including Bugis Air Base in Malang (Established on 18 September 1945). The most numerous of these aeroplanes were the Yokosuka K5Y1 Willow (Cureng) trainers, which were hastily used to train newly recruited cadets. At the time of the founding, there was only one Indonesian holding a multi-engine pilot license from the pre-war Dutch Flying School, Flying Officer Agustinus Adisucipto (but did not have an opportunity to fly during the 3.5-year Japanese occupation). He was assisted by a few Japanese pilots who decided to stay in the newly born country. The new roundel was created simply by painting white on the lower part of the Japanese Hinomaru, reflecting the red and white of the Indonesian flag. The People's Security Bureau was then, in October, re-organized to form the nascent formal armed forces. This marked the birth of the Indonesian Air Force on 9 April 1946. However, tensions rose as the Dutch tried to re-claim their former colony and launched an assault on 21 July 1947, destroying most of the planes on the ground. Some planes survived though and were hidden in remote bases.

29 July 1947 was date of the first air operation by the newborn air force as three surviving aircraft, comprising two Yokosuka K5Y1 Willow (Cureng) and a Mitsubishi Ki-51 Sonia (the fourth aircraft, a Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar (Hayabusa) flown by Air Cadet Bambang Saptoadji, should also have been involved in the raid as an escort, but as of when it was launched, the aircraft was not airworthy due to engine troubles)[7] conducted air raids at dawn on the Dutch Army barracks in Semarang, Salatiga and Ambarawa, dropping incendiary bombs. Tactically, these raids did not have any effect on the Dutch positions, but psychologically, it was a great success as it proved that the Indonesian Air Force still existed. The Dutch had previously claimed the destruction of Indonesian Air Force in their assault before and they never expected any attack from the sky. Dutch Curtiss P-40E Warhawks tried to find all the guerrillas' planes, but they were too late to find those "ghost" aircraft which landed quickly in Maguwo Air Base, near Yogyakarta (now, Adisucipto International Airport). Indonesian pro-independence guerrillas tried to save captured aircraft in a number of remote areas, including examples of the Mitsubishi A6M Zero-Sen "Zeke", Aichi D3A "Val", and Mitsubishi G4M "Betty".

Under pressure from the United Nations, the Dutch finally agreed to acknowledge Indonesian independence. Following the 1949 Round Table Conference, sovereignty was officially transferred to the United States of Indonesia. The Dutch armed forces left (but remained in West Papua until 1963) and the aeroplanes were handed over to the Indonesians. These comprised, among others, North American P-51 Mustang, North American B-25 Mitchell, North American T-6 Texan, Douglas A-26 Invader, Douglas C-47 Dakota and Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina, which served as the main forces of the Indonesian Air Force for the following decade. During this era, Indonesia received its first jet aircraft; De Havilland DH-115 Vampire. It was also during this era that the national roundels were changed to the red and white pentagon (which was supposed to signify Indonesia's national ideology of "Panca Sila", or the "Five Principles", created by Sukarno in 1945).

Action against rebellions (1950–1961)

Political instability meant that the Indonesian Air Force saw action against several regional rebellions in Indonesia such as PRRI, Permesta, Darul Islam-Tentara Islam Indonesia (DI/TII) and the Republic of South Maluku separatists.

Several Indonesian pilots scored their first kills, including Captain Ignatius Dewanto with his North American P-51 Mustang, who in 1958 shot down a Permesta Douglas B-26 Invader over Ambon. Its pilot, Allen Pope, an American CIA agent, was captured and tried in Jakarta, thus revealing the significant involvement of the CIA's "Operation Haik" in the rebellion.

The most famous Indonesian fighter pilot in this era was Rusmin Nurjadin, who became Chief of Staff of the Air Force from 1966 to 1969. Nurjadin commanded MiG-21 squadrons in 1962–65 and founded an acrobatic team in 1962 that flew the MiG-17F/PF Fresco over some cities in Indonesia. Small numbers of Indonesian Air Force pilots gained their reputation as aces in this era.

Soviet influence (1962–1965)

The need to prop up to what became Operation Trikora in Netherlands New Guinea and the rise of the Communist Party of Indonesia drew Indonesia closer to the Eastern Bloc. Several Soviet-built aircraft began to arrive in the early 1960s including the MiG-15UTI from Czechoslovakia, MiG-17F/PF, MiG-19S and MiG-21F-13, in addition to Ilyushin Il-28, Mil Mi-4, Mil Mi-6, Antonov An-12 and Avia 14 also from Czechoslovakia. Indonesia also received Lavochkin La-11, as well as Tupolev Tu-2 from China, intended to replace the B-25, but they never reached operational status. These aircraft served along with the remaining American aircraft such as North American B-25 Mitchell, Douglas A-26 Invader, Douglas C-47 Dakota and North American P-51 Mustang. It was during this period that the Indonesian Air Force became the first Air Force in Southeast Asia which acquired the capability of strategic bombing by acquiring the new Tupolev Tu-16 in 1961, before the acquisition of Ilyushin Il-28 by Vietnam People's Air Force. Around 25 Tu-16KS were delivered complete with AS-1 air-surface missiles. One crashed at the end of 1962.[8] [9] To add with all these purchases was the first ever surface to air defence missile operated by Southeast Asians, the Soviet-designed S-75 Dvina, which were acquired in 1961.

This era also marked the last confrontation with the Dutch in Papua, before the Dutch, again under pressure of the United Nations, left in 1963. Several missions of Taiwan-based Lockheed U-2s from 35th Squadron flew over Maluku (Moluccas) and reported to Dutch military that there was a strong possibility that the Dutch would lose their air superiority over Papua if they continued the war.[10] [11] During Operation Trikora, the air force was deployed as follows:

Indonesian MiG pilots received training to fly their fighter aircraft in Egypt before the infiltration campaign.[17] During the infiltration of the airlift campaign, the air forces' special forces, Indonesian: Pasukan Gerak Tjepat (PGT) (now known as Kopasgat) landed in Klamono-Sorong, Papua.[18]

Also during this period, the Indonesian Air Force also took part in the confrontation against Malaysia (which was backed by the United Kingdom) along the border of Kalimantan, the Malacca Strait and near the Singapore maritime border, wherein Air Force aircraft faced their counterparts in the Royal Air Force and the young Royal Malaysian Air Force.

30 September movement and the overthrow of Sukarno (1966–1970)

The coup attempt led by the 30 September Movement in 1965 changed everything and a new anti-communist regime from the Army, led by Major General Suharto, took power. The Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Air Marshall Omar Dani was removed from his position and court-martialed for his purported involvement in the coup. Ties with the Eastern bloc countries were cut, and thus support and spare parts for the planes became short. Unlike other branches of the Indonesian Armed Forces, the Air Force was broadly not implicated in the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966, due to the purported leftist sympathies of its members.[19] By August 1968 the situation was critical, and in early 1970, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Suwoto Sukandar, said that the spare parts situation meant that only 15–20 percent of aircraft were airworthy.[20] The MiG force made its farewell flight with a flypast of Jakarta in 1970. The relatively new MiG-19s were sold to Pakistan. By October 1970, only one Tu-16 was still flying, but after an in-flight engine failure, it too was grounded.[21] But despite the problems, the Air Force still served with distinction in fighting militant remnants of the CPI in Java's provinces, particularly in Central and East Java.

With Suharto's assumption of the presidency and the office of Commander in Chief in 1967, the focus shifted to fighting the communist PGRS/Paraku insurgency. The Air Force launched Operation Lightning Strike (Indonesian: Operasi Samber Kilat) to support ground troops eradicate Sarawak communists that were present in West Kalimantan and along Indonesia-Malaysia border by dropping troops to the target area, dropping logistical assistance, VIP transportation, medical evacuation and recon flights. The Air Force deployed Air Squadron 6 and 7 which were equipped with Mi-4, Bell 204B and UH-34D helicopters to the operation.[22] [23]

Rebirth (1970–1980)

The Air Force began to be re-equipped by receiving former Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) CAC Sabres – an Australian re-design of the F-86 Sabre – to replace the MiG-21s. The Sabre was used by the TNI-AU until 1982. In 1973, the United States supplied military assistance including T33s trainers and UH-34D helicopters in exchange for four old MiG-21F-13s. Pakistan Air Force took over the responsibility to train Indonesian pilots in the Sabre and in logistical aspects of the Air Force. Over the next three years, the US supplied 16 North American Rockwell OV-10 Broncos counter-insurgency aircraft and F-5E/F Tiger II fighters, in exchange for which the Indonesian Air Force handed over the majority of its remaining MiG-21F-13s, which were used to form a US Air Force Aggressor squadron.[24] Indonesia also purchased BAE Hawk Mk 53s from the United Kingdom in the 1970s.

The Indonesian Air Force took part in the 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor.

Influence of American and allied products (1980–1998)

In the early 1980s, the Air Force, needing modern strike aircraft, organised Operation Alpha to clandestinely acquire ex-Israeli Air Force A-4 Skyhawks. Air Force personnel were sent in secret by different routes and eventually Indonesia received 32 aircraft.[25]

In 1982, Indonesia purchased 16 Northrop F-5E/F Tiger II from the United States to replace their Sabres under the Peace Komodo I and II.[26] [27] These were upgraded in Belgium from 1995.

During 1986–88, there was a competition for the contract to provide a new fighter bomber, between the General Dynamics F-16 and Dassault Mirage 2000. Indonesia eventually ordered 12 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Block 15 OCU as a new fighter in 1989. The Indonesian Air Force had originally planned to acquire 60 F-16s to cover and defend its 12 million square kilometres of territory.[28] A total of 10 F-16A and F-16B are still in service with Indonesian Air Force: 2 planes crashed in two different accidents. A follow-up order for 9 more F-16A Block-15 OCU was cancelled in favour of 24 Su-30KI,[29] but this order was also cancelled due to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.

The Indonesian Air Force ordered eight BAE Hawk Mk 109s and 32 Mk 209s in 1993. The last of these was delivered by January 1997.

1998–2006 embargoes

In 1999, the Indonesian military staged a military intervention in East Timor following an independence referendum. The result was that more than 1,500 civilians were killed and 70 percent of Dili's infrastructure razed. In response, the United States and the European Union both imposed arms embargoes. Although the European Union chose not to renew its ban in 2000, the United States did not lift its embargo until November 2005. During this embargo, the Indonesian government turned to Russia to supply them with arms including fighters, helicopters, missiles, radars and other equipment.

In 2002, the Indonesian Air Force conducted operations against separatists, such as the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM)) and Free Papua Movement (Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM)). In the conflict with GAM in Aceh, the Indonesian Air Force utilised OV-10Fs for counter-insurgency actions along with BAe Hawk 53 and 209. Indonesian F-16s underwent Falcon UP program in the Netherlands with Koolhaas Alphen bv, and Daedalus.[30] [31]

In that same year, the Air Force received two Sukhoi Su-27s and two Sukhoi Su-30s from Russia. The fighters were partly paid for in Indonesian palm oil. The purchase, however, did not include any weaponry. Seven KT-1B Korean basic trainers were also purchased.

By 2005 the Air Force was experiencing a logistical crisis. The A-4s were phased out of service in 2004, and to respond to the decreasing quantity of aircraft in service, in 2006, the Indonesian Air Force ordered three Sukhoi Su-27SKM and three Su-30MK2 to complete a full squadron. It was also made public that the four aircraft procured in 2003 were inactive and awaiting an upgrade of their communication systems, as they were incompatible with the Indonesian systems in use. The additional aircraft were ordered with systems complying with the Indonesian and international standards and would also include new weaponry for all variants.[29] A further 12 KT-1b trainers were also ordered in 2006.

Until 2008, the Indonesian Air Force had only purchased four types of missiles: KS-1 Komet, Vympel K-13, AIM-9 Sidewinder and AGM-65 Maverick. Starting from 2008, it started receiving more advanced Russian made Vympel R-73 and R-77 air-to-air missiles for its new Su-27 and Su-30 fighters. Also, a limited number of Kh-29, Kh-31 and Kh-59 air-to-ground missiles were delivered for the Su-30s.[32]

Local weapons are being developed such as P-100 air-to-ground bomb manufactured by PT Dahana and PT Sari Bahari Malang, East Java.[33] P-100 has been successfully tested in Su-27 and Su-30 for ground attack missions. Large-scale production has received certification from Ministry of Defence.[34]

Minimum Essential Force (MEF) 2010–present

During the visit of US President Barack Obama on 9–10 November 2010, the TNI-AU was offered 24 ex-USAF F-16 Block 25 aircraft as part of the Peace Bima-Sena II agreement.[35] [36] In October 2011, the House of Representatives approved the grant. The jets would be upgraded similar to the then latest Block 50/52 variant.[37] The TNI-AU is also progressing with the reactivation of all 10 units of F-16 Block 15 OCU, which resulted in the reactivation of TS-1606, TS-1609 and TS-1612 recently.[38] To replace the Fokker F-27s, the TNI-AU ordered nine Spanish CASA C-295 in joint production with PT. Dirgantara Indonesia. New unmanned aerial vehicles were also purchased to strengthen TNI-AU aerial observation and were based at Supadio Air Force Base, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat.

Starting in 2010,[39] Minister of Defence Purnomo Yusgiantoro stated that TNI-AU will gradually purchase a total of 180 Su-27s and Su-30s to complete the needs of 10 squadrons.[40] India also offered TNI-AU Indian-Russian made BrahMos missiles to equip its Su-27s and Su-30s.[41]

Indonesia signed a memorandum of understanding to participate in the South Korean KF-X programme in July 2010 and the terms of agreement was signed in 2011. Indonesia agreed to finance 20 percent of the project and would receive 50 jets in return, while South Korea would get 200 jets. A Defence ministry spokesman claimed that the jet would be more capable than the F-16 but less capable that the F-35. The project was started in 2009 and the first prototype is expected to roll out in the second half of 2020.[42] But payment problems and technical difficulties had caused several delays and postponement of the KAI KF-X project. Indonesia has also signed an MOU with China to produce C-705 missiles which will arm the Sukhoi jets.[43]

In April 2011, Indonesia confirmed that it will buy 16 supersonic KAI T-50 Golden Eagle trainer jets from South Korea for up to US$400 million after an evaluation of the Yakovlev Yak-130, Guizhou JL-9/FTC-2000 Mountain Eagle and Aero L-159 Alca.[44] The T-50 would replace the BAE Hawk MK-53 trainer jets. Deliveries were completed by January 2014 and were commissioned on 13 February 2014.[45]

In June 2011, Indonesia signed the final contract for 8 Super Tucano as the replacement for the OV-10 Bronco in the counter-insurgency role[46] with a second contract for a further 8 aircraft in July 2012.[47] The first four units arrived in March 2012 with deliveries complete by 2014.[48]

In August 2011, Indonesia announced that it would acquire 18 Grob G120TP for its basic trainer requirements which would likely replace the FFA AS-202 Bravo and Beechcraft T-34 Mentor trainers.[49]

On 29 December 2011 Indonesia committed to purchase 6 Su-30MK2 jet fighters in a US$470 million procurement contract signed by the Defence Ministry and Russia's JSC Rosoboronexport.[50] Deliveries were set to reportedly start after 2013.[51]

In January 2012, the Australian and Indonesian governments agreed to the transfer of four used C-130H Hercules aircraft from the Royal Australian Air Force to the Indonesian Air Force in 2012, which was approved by the US as the Hercules' producer.[52]

In January 2014, Defence Minister Purnomo Yusgiantoro said that he hoped to start the replacement of the F-5 fighters under the upcoming 2015 to 2020 strategic plan. The Indonesian Air Force shortlisted five candidates for the replacement, comprising the Sukhoi Su-35S, Saab JAS 39 Gripen, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, and F-16C/D Block 60.[53]

In September 2014, Head of Indonesian National Armed Forces Public Relations and Media Office (Kapuspen TNI), Major General (TNI) Mochamad Fuad Basya explained the Minimum Essential Forces (MEF) Plan of TNI-AU consist of: 11 Fighter Squadrons, 6 Transport Squadrons, 2 VIP/VVIP Squadrons, 2 Patrol Squadrons, 4 Helicopter Squadrons, 2 Training Squadrons and 2 UAV Squadrons.[54]

In September 2015, Defence Minister Ryamizard Ryacudu said that Indonesia had chosen the Su-35 Flanker-E to replace the F-5 Tiger II. Although in recent times, the deal to purchase Su-35 is in limbo due to Russia's refusal to give transfer of technology to Indonesia owing its small number of orders in addition to Indonesian concerns over price.[55]

In January 2017, Indonesia approved for the acquisition of 5 Airbus A400M Atlas multi-role aircraft worth US$2 billion, as part of the plans to boost the country's military capabilities. They are to be acquired in both transport and utility configurations and will be operated by the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) Aviation Squadrons 31 and 32.[56] In November 2021, Indonesian ministry of defence officially orders two Airbus A400M in multirole tanker and transport configuration.[57]

On 12 May 2017, Defence Minister Ryamizard Ryacudu confirmed that the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) will sign contract to buy 10 Su-35s. Russia will open the factory for Sukhoi Spare Parts in Indonesia as part of the contract.[58] On 28 November 2017, the Defence Minister confirmed that the Air Force (TNI-AU) had completed the procurement process of the aircraft.[59]

In October 2019 the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force Yuyu Sutisna said the Indonesian Air Force will purchase at least 2 Squadrons (32 aircraft) of F-16V Block 70/72 for the last phase of the 'Minimum Essential Force' program (MEF Fase 3 2020–2024) to replace the older BAE Systems Hawk.[60] [61] Since 2017 the Indonesian Air Force with Lockheed Martin and Indonesian Aerospace is also upgrading their existing F-16A/B with the Falcon STAR eMLU upgrade program that include new avionics, new armament capability that could carry AMRAAM, and JDAM, new aircraft airframe that will last longer, Sniper ATP, LITENING, and Bird Slicer IFF. The upgrade is being carried out by Indonesian companies supervised by Lockheed Martin in Skadron Teknik 042.[62] [63] [64] [65]

In January 2020, the Indonesian Minister of Defence Prabowo Subianto during a bilateral meeting in France and met with his French counterpart Florence Parly, it was reported that the Ministry is interested on French military equipment including 48 Dassault Rafales, four Scorpène submarines and two Gowind corvettes.[66]

On 12 March 2020, Bloomberg reported that Indonesia had cancelled the Su-35 deal due to diplomatic pressure from the United States. Indonesia instead opted to negotiate the purchase of F-35 aircraft.[67] This was later denied and Russia ensured that the cooperation would continue, although there were still a number of things to discuss.[68] On 8 July 2020 however, the Russian Ambassador to Indonesia, Lyudmila Vorobieva stated that Indonesia's plan to buy 11 Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets from Russia is still continuing.[69]

On 20 July 2020, a letter written by defence minister, Prabowo Subianto to his Austrian counterpart Klaudia Tanner, was published by Indonesian news outlets expressing interest in acquiring Austria's Luftstreitkräfte entire fleet of Eurofighter Typhoon jets.[70] [71] [72]

On 18 February 2021, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force Air Chief Marshal Fadjar Prasetyo announces in annual Air Force Leadership Meeting that Indonesian Air Force plans to buy 36 Dassault Rafales and 8 F-15EX Strike Eagle, of which 6 F-15EX are expected to arrive in 2022, along with C-130J Super Hercules and Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle. The Air Chief Marshal also stated that the Air Force will modernize its various fleet of combat aircraft, whose implementation will begin in 2021.[73]

In November 2021, Airbus confirmed that the Indonesian Ministry of Defence had signed a deal with Airbus for 2 A400Ms configured for MRTT role, with an option, in the form of a letter of intent, for four additional aircraft.

On 22 December 2021 during a Press Tour and Media Gathering, the Air Chief Marshall Fadjar Prasetyo confirmed that the Su-35 purchase will not go ahead. Regarding the planned purchase of the Sukhoi Su-35, Fadjar said it would be abandoned.[74]

Indonesia has ambitious plans for a homemade future 4.5 generation jet fighter with South Korea's KAI and Indonesia's IAe, the KF-X/IF-X. On November 11, 2021, it was reported that South Korea and Indonesia had reached an agreement on the payment which Indonesia would have to make for their joint fighter jet project after concerns that Jakarta would default on the deal.[75] Under the renegotiated agreement, Indonesia will have to pay 1.6 trillion won ($1.35 billion) of the 8.1 trillion-won project.[76]

On 10 February 2022, Dassault Aviation stated that Indonesia has officially signed an order for 42 Dassault Rafale F4s, concluding two years of negotiations with 6 aircraft for Batch I.[77] [78] Hours later the State Department of the United States approved Indonesia to purchase up to 36 F-15ID aircraft, the would-be Indonesian variant of the F-15EX.[79] [80] On 20 April 2022, PT Len Industri and Thales Group signed a strategic partnership agreement for further collaboration on a wide array of defence-related topics including radars, military satellites, electronic warfare, UAVs and combat management systems.[81]

On 17 May 2022, PT Len Industri signed an agreement with Thales Group to jointly produce 13 GCI radars.[82] Thales will be partnering with state-owned defence electronics firm PT Len Industri to supply Ground Master 403 (GM403) air surveillance radars and SkyView command-and-control (C2) system to Indonesia.[83] On 18 June 2023 in a joint statement by Thales and PT Len it is revealed that Indonesia is ordering the Ground Master 400 Alpha (GM400α) variant.[84]

Indonesia has considered acquiring 12 used Mirage 2000-5s from Qatar.[85] In November 2022, the Ministry of Finance of Indonesia has approved foreign loans to fund several Indonesian Air Force procurement programs, including the ex-Qatari Mirage 2000-5 proposal.[86] In January 2024, the spokesperson for the Minister of Defence disclosed the planned procurement of Mirage 2000s has been postponed, citing fiscal limitations.[87] On 9 February 2024, spokesperson for the Minister of Defence confirmed the plan to acquire Mirages have been cancelled.[88]

Organization

The Indonesian Air Force is structured into the following in accordance with Presidential decree No. 66/ 2019:[89]

Leadership Elements

Leadership Support Element

  1. Air Force Inspectorate General, position held by a two-star Air Vice Marshal.
  2. Advisory Staff to the Air Force Chief of Staff :
    • Advisory Staff Coordinator ;
    • Advisor to the Air Force Chief of Staff for Air Power ;
    • Advisor to the Air Force Chief of Staff for Institutional Cooperation ;
    • Advisor to the Air Force Chief of Staff for Political, Legal, and Security ;
    • Advisor to the Air Force Chief of Staff for Defence Strategy ;
    • Advisor to the Air Force Chief of Staff for National Resource ; and
    • Advisor to the Air Force Chief of Staff for Science and Technology .
  3. Air Force Planning and Budgeting Staff ;
  4. Air Force Intelligence Staff ;
  5. Air Force Operations Staff ;
  6. Air Force Personnel Staff ;
  7. Air Force Logistics Staff ;
  8. Air Force Aerospace Potentials Staff ; and
  9. Air Force Communications and Electronics Staff .

Central Executive Agencies under Air Force Headquarters

Centers- led by Air Vice Marshals

  1. Air Force Airworthiness, Aviation Safety and Occupational Center ;
  2. Air Force Military Police Center
  3. Air Force Materiel Logistics Center and
  4. Air Force Aerospace Potentials Center

Services - led by Air Commodores

  1. Air Force Finance Service ;
  2. Air Force Information and Data Processing Service ;
  3. Air Force Research and Development Service ;
  4. Air Force Security and Cypher Service ;
  5. Air Force Aerial Survey and Photography Service ;
  6. Air Force Public Relations Service ;
  7. Air Force Operational Development Service ;
  8. Air Force Justice Service ;
  9. Air Force Personnel Administration Service ;
  10. Air Force Education and Training Service ;
  11. Air Force Personnel Maintenance Service ;
  12. Air Force Medical Service ;
  13. Air Force Psychology Service ;
  14. Air Force Materiel Service ;
  15. Air Force Aeronautics Service ;
  16. Air Force Communications and Electronics Service ;
  17. Air Force Construction Service ;
  18. Air Force Fixed Assets Management Service ;
  19. Air Force Procurement Service ;
  20. Air Force Operations and Training Service ;
  21. Air Force Ideological Guidance and Chaplaincy Service ;
  22. Saryanto Air Force Space and Aviation Medical Agency .

Principal Commands

Service Branches

Combat Branches

  1. Pilot Corps (PNB), such as Fighter Pilot, Transport Pilot, and Helicopter Pilot, all officers only.
  2. Quick Reaction Force Command Corps (PAS), air force infantry and special forces corps, wears orange beret.

Support Branches

  1. Navigator Corps (NAV), all officers only.
  2. Aviation Engineering Corps (TEK). NCOs and enlists are further subdivided into following specialties:
    • Aviation Engineering ;
    • Aviation Weaponry Engineering ; and
    • Support Engineering .
  3. Electronics Corps (LEK). NCOs and enlists are further subdivided into following specialties:
    • Avionics ;
    • Radar System ;
    • Simulator System ;
    • Communication System ; and
    • Air Traffic Control .
  4. Administration Corps (ADM). NCOs and enlists are further subdivided into following specialties:
    • Personnel Administration ;
    • Secretariat Administration ; and
    • Finance Administration .
  5. Supply Corps (KAL).
  6. Military Police Corps (POM), all personnel wear light blue berets or MP helmets.
  7. Medical Corps (KES). NCOs and enlists are further subdivided into following specialties:
    • Medicine ;
    • Psychology ; and
    • Physical Fitness .
  8. Legal Corps (KUM).[90]
  9. Special Service Corps (SUS). All personnels are further subdivided into following specialties:
    • Intelligence ;
    • Music ;
    • Public Relations ;
    • Facilities and Instruments ;
    • Electronic Data Processing ;
    • Chaplaincy ;
    • Foreign Languages ; and
    • Meteorology .

Air Force Women (Wara) - Wara is not a separate corps, its membership is integrated into the corps/branches that apply in the Air Force environment, the same as other male military members.[91] All personnel wear crusher caps save Kopasgat who wear orange berets and military policewomen who wear as specified above.

Air Force bases and squadrons

See main article: National Air Operations Command and Indonesian Air Force Doctrine, Education and Training Development Command. Indonesian Air Force air force bases consist of three types (A/B/C) and placed under National Air Operations Command as follows:

Equipment of the Air Force

See main article: Equipment of the Indonesian Air Force.

See main article: List of aircraft of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Indonesian Air Force tail numbering systems uses one or two letters based on the aircraft's roles, followed by two numbers of the aircraft model, and two numbers of the serial number of the aircraft. For aircraft that uses no numbers such as the Dassault Rafale, the first letter of the aircraft will be transformed into a number for example, TS–18xx for the Rafale, the 18th alphabet is the letter 'R' for 'Rafale'.[92]

Chief of Staff of the Air Force

See main article: Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force.

Rank structure

See main article: Indonesian military ranks. In the Air Force, as well as in other armed forces branches in Indonesia, the rank consists of officer known as in Indonesian: "Perwira", NCO "Bintara" and enlisted "Tamtama".

The proper title to address of rank on official document are as follows, all high-ranking officers (Marshal) use their rank followed by "(TNI)", while other officers use their rank followed by respective branch/corps abbreviation. For example, an Air Force colonel from Flying Corps use the title "Kolonel (PNB)", while an Air Force Marshal from Flying Corps use the title "Marsekal (TNI)". Enlisted airmen are not required to put their respective branch/corps specialty.[99]

Note: Indonesia is not a member of NATO, so there is not an official equivalence between the Indonesian military ranks and those defined by NATO. The displayed parallel is approximate and for illustration purposes only.

Note: The red banding on the rank insignia denotes the personnel holding a command position which is agnostic of rank.

Officers

Enlisted personnel

Notable incidents

See also

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Scramble Magazine: Indonesian Air Arms Overview . Scramble.nl . 25 November 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110916041603/http://www.scramble.nl/id.htm . 16 September 2011 .
  2. Tempo English Edition magazine, 19–25 October 2011 p17
  3. News: Indonesia Invests in KFX Project. 2015-11-23. Business Korea. 2017-11-13. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112707/http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/politics/13084-good-news-kf-x-indonesia-invests-kfx-project. 13 November 2017. live.
  4. News: France seals $8.1 billion deal with Indonesia to sell 42 Rafale jets . Reuters . 10 February 2022 . Hummel . Tassilo . Widianto . Stanley . Hummel . Tassilo . Widianto . Stanley .
  5. Web site: Permana . Erric . 18 February 2021 . Indonesia to boost air force with F-15EX, Rafale jets . 23 February 2021 . Anadolu Agency.
  6. Web site: 23 August 2023 . Indonesia, Boeing sign deal for sale of F-15 fighter jets . 23 August 2023 . Reuters.
  7. Web site: Mengenal Pesawat Nakajima Ki-43-II Hayabusa. TNI AU. 31 January 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124437/http://tni-au.mil.id/content/mengenal-pesawat-nakajima-ki-43-ii-hayabusha. 2 April 2015.
  8. Gordon & Rigmat(2004) p120
  9. Djoko Poerwoko (2001) p97
  10. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Year of 2011, Operasi Trikora, Page 3
  11. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Operasi Udara Trikora, Year of 2011, Page 38.
  12. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Operasi Udara Trikora, Year of 2011, Page 38
  13. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Operasi Udara Trikora, Year of 2011, Page 40–41
  14. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Operasi Udara Trikora, Year of 2011, Page 34
  15. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Operasi Udara Trikora, Year of 2011, Page 44-46
  16. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Operasi Udara Trikora, Year of 2011, Page 39
  17. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Operasi Udara Trikora, Year of 2011, Page 105
  18. Angkasa Edisi Koleksi No. 73, Operasi Udara Trikora, Year of 2011, Page 77
  19. Book: Robinson, Geoffrey . The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 . . 2018 . 9780691161389 . 133.
  20. Crouch (2007), p. 240
  21. Djoko Poerwoko (2001) p92-96
  22. Web site: Skadron Udara 7. tni-au.mil.id. 16 January 2010. 3 March 2021. id.
  23. Web site: "SIKORSKY S-58T TWINPAC" Hadiah Persahabatan. tni-au.mil.id. 3 March 2021. id.
  24. Davies (2008) pp48, 51
  25. Djoko Poerwoko (2001) p153-155
  26. Book: COMMANDER IN CHIEF PACIFIC COMMAND HISTORY . Command History Division Office of the Joint Secretary Headquarters CINCPAC . 1981 . Camp H.M. Smith Hawaii 96861 . en.
  27. Web site: Keris . Lembaga . 6 May 2022 . pengadaan F-5 . 2022-05-06 . Facebook . id.
  28. Web site: F-16 Air Forces – Indonesia . F-16.net . 25 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111105092507/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article6.html . 5 November 2011 . live .
  29. Web site: Hillebrand . Niels . MILAVIA – Sukhoi Su-27 – Operator List . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20080828025525/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/su-27/su-27_ops.htm . 28 August 2008 . 25 November 2011 . Milavia.net.
  30. Web site: 30 April 2002 . Certificate of Final Acceptance . 2023-09-24 . Facebook . en.
  31. Web site: Group . Daedalus Aviation . 2002 . Certificate of Acceptance and the Letter of Recommendation . 2023-09-24 . Daedalus.
  32. Web site: Trade Registers. 24 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php. 14 April 2010. live.
  33. Web site: Adji . Yusuf . 5 January 2017 . Ini Spesifikasi Bom P 100 Live Buatan Dahana - Pikiran-Rakyat.com . 2021-03-03 . www.pikiran-rakyat.com . id.
  34. Web site: Kanal24. Bom P.-100 L. dan 250 L. Raih Sertifikasi Kemenhan . Bom P - 100 L dan 250 L Raih Sertifikasi Kemenhan Kanal24. 2021-03-03. kanal24.co.id. 8 January 2019 .
  35. Web site: Shamim. Asif. Indonesia to get 24 F-16 block 25s. F-16.net. 29 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170923224556/http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4466.html. 23 September 2017. live.
  36. Web site: Indonesia F-16 Peace Bima-Sena. GlobalSecurity.org. 29 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114701/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/indonesia/f-16.htm. 30 December 2017. live.
  37. Web site: Sijabat . Ridwan Max . 26 October 2011 . US guarantees F-16 deal: House . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111109031928/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/10/26/us-guarantees-f-16-deal-house.html . 9 November 2011 . The Jakarta Post.
  38. Angkasa (Sky) magazine, Gramedia, Jakarta No. 2 Year XXI November 2010. Page 42-43.
  39. Web site: Karnozov . Vladimir . 22 February 2013 . More Sukhoi Fighters for China, Indonesia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140906022032/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-02-22/more-sukhoi-fighters-china-indonesia . 6 September 2014 . 24 December 2014 . Aviation International News.
  40. Gatra, Jakarta No. 2 Year XVII 18–24 November 2010. Page 35.
  41. Gatra, Jakarta No. 2 Year XVII 18–24 November 2010. Page 33.
  42. Web site: KF-X Fighter: Koreas Future Homegrown Jet. 18 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20171123011721/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/kf-x-paper-pushing-or-peer-fighter-program-010647/. 23 November 2017. live.
  43. Web site: Adamrah . Mustaqim . 23 March 2011 . RI, China initiate joint-procurement of missiles . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064740/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/23/ri-china-initiate-joint-procurement-missiles.html . 18 January 2012 . 25 November 2011 . The Jakarta Post.
  44. Web site: Primanita . Arientha . Lutfia . Ismira . 14 April 2011 . $400m Deal Outlined for S. Korean Jets . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120923200052/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/400m-deal-outlined-for-s-korean-jets/435299 . 23 September 2012 . 25 November 2011 . The Jakarta Globe.
  45. Web site: 13 February 2014 . Purwanto . Heru . $T50i fighter jets strengthen Indonesian Air Force . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140225215948/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/92671/t50i-fighter-jets-strengthen-indonesian-air-force . 25 February 2014 . 18 February 2014 . Antara News.
  46. Web site: Waldron . Greg . 13 June 2011 . Indonesia, Embraer sign Super Tucano contract . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111210190009/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indonesia-embraer-sign-super-tucano-contract-357888/ . 10 December 2011 . 25 November 2011 . Flightglobal.com.
  47. Web site: Embraer to supply additional Super Tucanos to Indonesia . 12 July 2012 . 18 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222034054/http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsembraer-super-tucanos-indonesia . 22 February 2014 . live .
  48. Web site: Christanto . Dicky . 27 May 2008 . Air force to get new aircraft next year . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120102015454/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/02/air-force-get-new-aircraft-next-year.html-0 . 2 January 2012 . 25 November 2011 . The Jakarta Post.
  49. Web site: GROB G120TP wins competition to supply Indonesian Air Force with future trainer aircraft . GROB Aircraft . 16 September 2011 . 25 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120102135553/http://www.grob-aircraft.com/press-releases-reader/items/grob-g120tp-wins-competition-to-supply-indonesian-air-force-with-future-trainer-aircraft.html . 2 January 2012 . live .
  50. Web site: 31 December 2011 . Air Force Inks Deal for Six More Fighter Jets . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120115201932/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/air-force-inks-deal-for-six-more-fighter-jets/488218 . 15 January 2012 . The Jakarta Globe.
  51. Web site: DPR Setuju Pembelian 6 Sukhoi dari Rusia . 2024-06-09 . detiknews . id-ID.
  52. Web site: Santosa . Novan Iman . 4 January 2012 . Australia, RI prepare for transfer of C-130H Hercules . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120118052710/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/04/australia-ri-prepare-transfer-c-130h-hercules.html . 18 January 2012 . 5 January 2012.
  53. Web site: Indonesia eyes F-5E replacement options . Waldron . Greg . 7 January 2014 . www.flightglobal.com . Reed Business Information . 8 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140108094446/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indonesia-eyes-f-5e-replacement-options-394632/ . 8 January 2014 . live .
  54. Web site: Menengok Rencana Strategis Minimum Essential Force (MEF) TNI AU th 2009–2024. – JakartaGreater. 30 December 2014. jakartagreater.com. 6 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161108113442/http://jakartagreater.com/menengok-kembali-rencana-strategis-minimum-essential-force-mef-tni-au-th-2009-2024/. 8 November 2016. live.
  55. Web site: Jon. Grevatt. Indonesia reportedly negotiating price of Russian Su-35 fighters. IHS Janes 360. IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. 6 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170219031035/http://www.janes.com/article/66155/indonesia-reportedly-negotiating-price-of-russian-su-35-fighters. 19 February 2017. live.
  56. Web site: Indonesia Approves US$2 Billion Five Airbus A400M Aircraft Acquisition . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180219150553/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/18275/Indonesia_Approves_US_2_Billion_Five_Airbus_A400M_Aircraft_Acquisition . 19 February 2018 . 18 February 2018 . www.defenseworld.net.
  57. 2021-11-18 . Indonesia Ministry of Defence orders two Airbus A400Ms. Dubai . Airbus . 2021-12-24.
  58. Web site: 13 June 2017 . Arifin . Choirul . Kemenhan Pastikan Indonesia Beli 10 Unit Sukhoi SU 35 dari Rusia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170613011903/http://www.tribunnews.com/bisnis/2017/06/13/kemenhan-pastikan-indonesia-beli-10-unit-sukhoi-su-35-dari-rusia . 13 June 2017 . 18 February 2018 . Tribun.
  59. Web site: Menhan: Pembelian 11 Pesawat Sukhoi Su-35 Sudah Selesai. Juli. Hantoro. 28 November 2017. 18 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180208202446/https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1037711/menhan-pembelian-11-pesawat-sukhoi-su-35-sudah-selesai. 8 February 2018. live.
  60. Web site: Indonesia signals F-16V intention Jane's 360. www.janes.com. 2020-01-20.
  61. Web site: Reim . Garrett . 2 November 2019 . Indonesia plans to buy two squadrons of F-16s, but also Su-35s . 2020-01-20 . Flight Global . en.
  62. Web site: Pamungkas . Bayu . 2020-02-18 . F-16 Block15 OCU TS-1610 Tampil dengan Artwork "30 Years - Peace Bimasena I" . 2020-02-20 . Indomiliter.com . en-US.
  63. Web site: Dispenau . Dispenau . TNI AU Berhasil Up Grade F-16 Jauh Lebih Canggih . 2020-02-20 . TNI Angkatan Udara . id-ID.
  64. Web site: Kasau Apresiasi Program Falcon Star-eMLU Pesawat F-16 A/B Block 15. Iwj. Oleh Pen Lanud. TNI Angkatan Udara. id-ID. 2020-02-20.
  65. Web site: Yahya . Achmad Nasrudin . 20 February 2020 . Rastika . Icha . Pesawat Tempur F-16 yang Diperbarui TNI AU Mampu Boyong Rudal Jarak Jauh . 2020-02-20 . KOMPAS.com . id.
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  68. Web site: Alutsista Bidikan Prabowo yang Tak Kunjung Parkir . 2020-09-29 . nasional . id-ID.
  69. Web site: 2020-07-09. Proyek Pembelian Sukhoi Su-35 Masih Lanjut. 2020-09-29. Fajar Indonesia Network. id-ID. 31 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210131035826/https://fin.co.id/2020/07/09/proyek-pembelian-sukhoi-su-35-masih-lanjut/. dead.
  70. Web site: Santosa . Novan Iman . 20 July 2020 . Indonesia offers to buy Austria's Typhoon jetfighters . 2020-07-22 . The Jakarta Post . en.
  71. Web site: Chuanren. Chen. Indonesia Interested in Austria's Typhoons. 2020-07-22. Aviation International News. en.
  72. Web site: Yeo. Mike. 2020-07-20. Indonesia says it wants to buy Austria's entire Typhoon fighter fleet. 2020-07-22. Defense News. en-US.
  73. Web site: Hakim . Syaiful . 19 February 2021 . Iskandar . Muhammad Arief . TNI AU akan beli pesawat tempur F-15 Ex dan Rafale . 23 February 2021 . Antaranews.com . id.
  74. Web site: Hakim . Syaiful . 2021-12-22 . Susilo . Joko . TNI AU pastikan beli pesawat tempur Rafale dan F-15 EX . 2021-12-22 . Antara News.
  75. Web site: S. Korea, Indonesia finalize fighter jet costs amid default rumors. 2021-12-24. 2021-11-11. Choi. Si-young. The Korea Herald.
  76. Web site: Indonesia to pay less for joint fighter jet after South Korea tax exemption. Josh. Smith. Hyonhee. Shin. Reuters. 2021-11-16. 2021-12-24.
  77. Indonesia purchases the Rafale. 2022-02-10. Dassault Aviation. en-US. 2022-02-10.
  78. Web site: 2022-02-10 . Indonesia Buys 42 Dassault Rafale F4 Fighter Jets . 2022-02-13 . Global Defense Corp . en-US.
  79. Web site: 10 February 2022. INDONESIA – F-15ID AIRCRAFT. 11 February 2022. Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA).
  80. Web site: State Department approves $13B F-15EX sale to Indonesia, on heels of Rafale deal. Valerie. Insinna. Breaking Defense. 2022-02-10. 2022-02-15.
  81. Web site: New Partnership between PT Len Industri and Thales Set to Revolutionise Indonesia's Defence Sector . 2022-05-26 . Thales Group . 20 April 2022 . en.
  82. Web site: 25 May 2022 . lndonesia Siap Produksi 13 Radar GCI dengan Prancis PT Len Industri (Persero) . 2022-05-26 . PT Len Industri . en-US.
  83. Web site: Majumdar . Oishee . 1 June 2022 . Thales, PT Len partner for Indonesia's new air surveillance radars . 2022-06-02 . Janes.com . en.
  84. Web site: Indonesia orders 13 long-range military radars from Thales . 2023-06-18 . CNA . en.
  85. Web site: Indonesia Buys 12 Second-Hand Mirage 2000-5 Aircraft from Qatar . 2022-10-25 . turdef.com . en.
  86. Web site: Rahmat . Ridzwan . 15 November 2022 . Indonesia approves USD3.9 billion in foreign loans for fighter aircraft programmes . 27 November 2022 . Janes.com.
  87. Web site: 3 January 2024 . Indonesia delays buying used fighter jets, cites fiscal limits . 3 January 2024 . Reuters.
  88. Web site: Indonesia . C. N. N. . Jubir Menhan: Rencana Pembelian Jet Mirage Sudah Dibatalkan . 2024-02-11 . nasional . id-ID.
  89. Presidential decree . 66 . 2019 . . Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 66 Tahun 2019 Tentang Susunan Organisasi Tentara Nasional Indonesia . Presidential Decree Number 66 Year 2019 Regarding Organization of Indonesian National Armed Forces . id .
  90. Web site: Achmad . Nirmala Maulana . 26 September 2023 . Setuningsih . Novianti . Korps Hukum TNI AU Resmi Dibentuk, Gelar Pangkat Prajurit Beralih dari “Sus” Jadi “Kum” . 13 August 2024 . Kompas.
  91. Web site: 18 June 2024 . Kilas Balik Pembentukan Korps Wanita TNI Angkatan Udara: Bentuk Realisasi dari Emansipasi . 13 August 2024 . Indonesia Defense.
  92. _TNIAU . 1219006011798769664 . Menurut primbon #Airmin, karena Rafale tidak punya kode angka maka jika menjadi alutsista #TNIAU akan gunakan registrasi TS-18xx atau TT-18xx.. id.
  93. _TNIAU . 217786789753131008 . Sblm 4 angka tsb,ada kode fungsi pswt. TS (Tempur Sergap), TT (Tempur Taktis), A (Angkut), AI (Angkut Intai), H (Helikopter). #TailNumberAU. id.
  94. _TNIAU . 827465490368864258 . Huruf awal register number memiliki arti: A = angkut T = tempur TS = tempur sergap TT = tempur taktis H = heli dll #dmmp . id.
  95. _TNIAU . 217787108096606209 . Utk pesawat latih ada LM (Latih Mula), LD (Latih Dasar), LL (Latih Lanjut) dan HL (Helikopter Latih). #TailNumberAU. id.
  96. _TNIAU . 1056758425189785600 . Keluarga besar TNI AU berdukacita mendalam atas musibah kecelakaan yang dialami pesawat @LionAirID JT610 di perairan Tanjung Karawang. TNI AU saat ini mengerahkan 3 helikopter untuk evakuasi: Tail number HR-1519; HR-1301 & HT-7202. #JT610 . id.
  97. Web site: 2022-07-02 . SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 Hibah dari RSAF . 2024-01-22 . Aviation History of Indonesia . id-ID.
  98. _TNIAU . 827472505539407873 . TL = tempur latih khusus utk pswt Hawk dual seat #dmmp . id.
  99. 39. 2010 . Government of Indonesia . Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 2010 Tentang Administrasi Prajurit Tentara Nasional Indonesia . Government Regulation No 39 Year 2010 Regarding Administration of Armed Forces Personnel . id.
  100. Web site: Triyana . Bonnie . 5 June 2015 . Saat Maukar Mengincar Bung Besar . 15 February 2021 . historia.id . id.
  101. Web site: Matanasi . Petrik . 16 April 2020 . Jusuf . Windu . Kisah Daniel Maukar, Pilot AURI yang Nekat Menembaki Istana Negara . 15 February 2021 . tirto.id . id.
  102. Web site: 1 July 2015. Napak Tilas Empat Tragedi Kecelakaan Hercules di Indonesia. 15 February 2021. nationalgeographic.grid.id. id.
  103. Web site: Pratama . Aswab Nanda . 5 October 2018 . Galih . Bayu . 5 Oktober 1991, Hercules C-130 Jatuh Seusai Upacara HUT ke-46 ABRI . 15 February 2021 . nasional.kompas.com . id.
  104. Web site: F-16 Accidents & Mishaps for the Indonesian Air Force. www.f-16.net. 2020-02-26.
  105. Web site: Waluyo . Andylala . 2015-04-16 . Pesawat Jet Tempur F-16 Terbakar di Halim Perdana Kusuma . 2020-02-20 . VOA Indonesia . id.
  106. Web site: TS-1607_002.jpg photos F-16.net. www.f-16.net. 2020-02-26.
  107. Web site: Accident General Dynamics F-16A TS-1607, 11 Mar 1997. Ranter. Harro. aviation-safety.net. 2020-02-20.
  108. Web site: 30 March 2010 . Peringati Gugurnya Penerbang Lanud Iswahjudi Tabur Bunga . 26 February 2020 . Website Tentera Nasional Indonesia.
  109. Web site: Fokker F-27 Accident . Aviation-safety.net . 25 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111225032852/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20090406-0 . 25 December 2011 . live .
  110. [Olausson, Lars]
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  112. News: '97 killed' as Hercules crashes into homes . The Independent . London . Olivia . Rondonuwu . 20 May 2009 . 5 May 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090523170312/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/scores-killed-as-hercules-crashes-in-indonesia-1687867.html . 23 May 2009 . live . dmy-all .
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  115. News: Two pilots die in terrifying plane crash at air show in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 20 December 2015. News.com.au. 20 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151220170121/http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/two-pilots-die-in-terrifying-plane-crash-at-air-show-in-yogyakarta-indonesia/news-story/c601cf579ab17aa82b34d39652b2eb42. 20 December 2015. live.
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  117. Web site: Indonesian Air Force Hawk 209 jet fighter crashes in residential area of Riau. 15 June 2020. 15 June 2020. The Jakarta Post. Apriza. Pinandita.
  118. Web site: Indonesian Air Force KAI T-50i Golden Eagle Skidded Off The Runway During Takeoff. fighterjetsworld.com. 11 August 2020. 3 March 2021.
  119. Web site: Pesawat Tempur T-50 Golden Eagle Tergelincir di Lanud Iswahyudi. kompas.tv. 11 August 2020. 3 March 2021. id.
  120. Web site: Bramasta . Dandy Bayu . 3 September 2020 . Hardiyanto . Sari . Tak Cuma Tergelincir, Pesawat Tempur TNI AU T-50i Golden Eagle Pernah Jatuh pada 2015 Silam . 3 March 2021 . kompas.com . id.
  121. Web site: Nurhadi . Muhammad . 2022-07-18 . Pesawat Tempur TNI AU T50i Golden Eagle Hilang Kontak, Diduga Jatuh . 2022-08-24 . suara.com . id.
  122. Web site: Widyastuti . Pravitri Retno . 19 July 2022 . Wulandari . Siti Nurjannah . SOSOK Lettu Pnb Allan Safitra, Pilot Pesawat Tempur TNI AU yang Jatuh di Blora, Baru Menikah 2021 . 2022-08-24 . Tribunnews.com . id-ID.
  123. Web site: Mutiarasari . Kanya Anindita . Kecelakaan Pesawat TNI AU: Jenis Pesawat, Lokasi, Kronologi . 2022-08-24 . detiknews . id-ID.
  124. Web site: Aminudin . Muhammad . Jenazah 4 Awak Pesawat TNI AU Super Tucano Akan Dilepas Secara Militer . 2023-11-16 . detikjatim . id-ID.

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