Indium-111 Explained

Symbol:	In
Mass Number:	111
Num Neutrons:	62
Num Protons:	49
Abundance:	syn
Halflife:	^[1]
Decay Product:	cadmium-111
Decay Symbol:	Cd
Decay Mass:	111
Decay Mode1:	EC
Decay Energy1:	0.860

Indium-111 (¹¹¹In) is a radioactive isotope of indium (In). It decays by electron capture to stable cadmium-111 with a half-life of 2.8 days.^[2] Indium-111 chloride (¹¹¹InCl) solution is produced by proton irradiation of a cadmium target (¹¹²Cd(p,2n) or ¹¹¹Cd(p,n)) in a cyclotron, as recommended by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).^[3] The former method is more commonly used as it results in a high level of radionuclide purity.

Indium-111 is commonly used in nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging by radiolabeling targeted molecules or cells. During its radioactive decay, it emits low energy gamma (γ) photons which can be imaged using planar or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) gamma cameras (primary energies (ε) of 171.3 keV (91%) and 245.4 keV (94%))

Uses in nuclear medicine

When formulated as an ¹¹¹InCl solution, it can be used to bind antibodies, peptides, or other molecular targeted proteins or other molecules, typically using a chelate to bind the radionuclide (in this case ¹¹¹In) to the targeting molecule during the radiosynthesis/ radiolabeling process, which is tailored to the desired product.

¹¹¹In labeled antibodies

• Ibritumomab Tiuxetan; Zevalin - For dosimetry estimates prior to ⁹⁰Y immunotherapy for lymphoma
• ¹¹¹In ProstaScint — PSMA antibody imaging of prostate cancer

¹¹¹In labeled peptides

• ¹¹¹In pentetreotide (including in ¹¹¹In (diethylenetriaminopentaacetic (DTPA)-octreotide) and Octreoscan)
  • Octreotide is an somatostatin receptor inhibitor pharmaceutical which binds with high affinity to somatostatin receptors 2 and 5, interfering with normal receptor function. It is used as a drug to treat several neuroendocrine tumors in which somatostatin receptors are overexpressed or overactive. Examples include:
    • Sympathoadrenal system tumors: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, paraganglioma
    • Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors: carcinoid, insulinoma
    • Medullary thyroid cancer, pituitary adenoma, small cell lung cancer
  • ¹¹¹In pentetreotide imaging can identify the presence, levels of somatostatin receptor 2,5 expression, extent of disease and response to therapy

¹¹¹In can also be formulated in the chemical form ¹¹¹In oxyquinoline (oxine)^[4] for labeling blood cells and components

• Platelets for thrombus detection
• Leukocytes for localization of inflammation and abscesses, detect and monitor osteomyelitis, and detect mycotic aneurysms, vascular graft and shunt infections and determination of leukocyte kinetics;^[5]

See also

• Isotopes of indium
• Indium white blood cell scan

Notes and References

1. Book: Table of Radionuclides, Vol. 3. 2006. Bureau international des poids et mesures. 92-822-2218-7. 75. 26 June 2017.
2. Web site: FDA Label Document:Indium In-111 Chloride Sterile Solution. www.accessdata.fda.gov. 20 Aug 2018.
3. Takács. S.. Tárkányi. F.. Hermanne. A.. Dec 2005. Validation and upgrading of the recommended cross-section data of charged particle reactions: Gamma emitter radioisotopes. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 240. 4. 790–802. 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.06.209. 2005NIMPB.240..790T . 0168-583X.
4. Web site: PubChem In-111 Oxyquinoline. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 20 Aug 2018.
5. Web site: IN-111 FACT SHEET. Nordion(Canada), Inc.. 23 September 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111203082605/http://www.nordion.com/documents/products/In-111_Can.pdf. 3 December 2011.