Native Community Lands (Spanish; Castilian: Tierra Comunitaria de Origen, acronym: TCO; also translated as Communal Lands of Origin), according to Bolivian law, are territories held by indigenous people through collective title. The creation of these territories has been a major goal of Bolivian indigenous movements and a political initiative pursued by both neoliberal and indigenous-identified national governments. TCOs are being included under the Indigenous Originary Campesino Autonomy regime., 60 TCOs had been proposed in the lowlands, of which 12 had completed titling, and 143 had been proposed in the highlands, of which 72 had final titles.[1] More than 16.8 million hectares have been incorporated within Native Community Lands,[2] more than 15% of Bolivia's land area.
Titling of indigenous territories was propelled by the March for Territory and Dignity in July and August 1990, organized by the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of the Bolivian East (CIDOB). This march demanded the recognition of four indigenous territories, which was granted through Supreme Decrees issued on 24 September 1990. State recognition was formalized through the 1993 Agrarian Reform Law, which authorized community land ownership and formalized Native Community Lands as the vehicle for this ownership. Responsibility for verifying and awarding title fell to the National Institute of Agrarian Reform.[3] In the 1994 revision of the Constitution, indigenous rights to exercise "social, economic, and cultural rights" through Native Community Lands were recognized in Article 171.[4] In the 2009 Constitution, Native Community Lands reappear as Indigenous Originary Campesino Territories in Article 403.[5] A study by the Fundación Tierra found that while the Morales government has significantly advanced titling of Native Community Lands, it has resisted ensuring the constitution rights of TCO residents over the management of their territories and resources.[6]
| TCO | Location | Size (hectares) | Date Established | Established by | Indigenous Peoples | Previous Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sirionó Indigenous Territory | 52,408.71 ha[7] | [8] | Supreme Decree 22609 | Sirionó | ||
| Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory | Cochabamba/Beni Department border | 1,372,180 ha | Supreme Decree 22610 | Trinitario Mojeño, Yuracaré, Chimán | National Park (since 1965) | |
| Multiethnic Indigenous Territory I | Beni | 365,483.26 ha | Supreme Decree 22611 | Trinitario Mojeño, Ignaciano Mojeño, Movima, Yuracaré, Tsimané | ||
| Chimán Indigenous Territory I | Beni | 337,360.44 ha | Supreme Decree 22611 | Tsimané | ||
| Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands | Yungas region, northern La Paz Department and Beni | 400,000 ha | Supreme Decree 23110 | Mosetén, Tsimané, Tacana | Biosphere Reserve (since 1977) | |
| Chayantaka Native Community Lands | north Potosí | 36,366.79 | [9] | INRA titling completed | Chayantaka ayllu | |
| Lomerío Chiquitano Indigenous Territory | 259,188 | Supreme Decree 23112 INRA Titling Complete | Chiquitano | |||
| Monte Verde Chiquitano Indigenous Territory | Ñuflo de Chávez Province, Santa Cruz | 947,440.8 | Titling completed and awarded | Chiquitano | ||
| Araona Indigenous Territory | Supreme Decree 23108 | |||||
| Yuki-Ichilo River Native Community Lands | Cochabamba | Supreme Decree 23111 INRA Title RTIT00-000006 | Yuki, Yuracaré, Trinitario, Movima | |||
| Yuracaré Native Community Lands | Cochabamba | 241,170.5 | Yuracaré | |||
| Avatiri Ingre Native Community Lands | Chuquisaca | Guaraní | ||||
| Avatiri Huacareta Native Community Lands | Chuquisaca | Guaraní | ||||
| Avatiri Ingre Native Community Lands | Chuquisaca | Guaraní | ||||
| Machareti-Ñancaroinza-Carandayti Native Community Lands | Chuquisaca | Guaraní | ||||
| Itikaraparirenda Native Community Lands | Chuquisaca | Guaraní | ||||
| Alto Parapetí Native Community Lands | Santa Cruz | Guaraní | Ranches with Guaraní in conditions of servitude[10] | |||
| Nor Lípez Native Community Lands | Nor Lípez Province, Potosí | 2,000,291 | INRA titling completed | Central Única Provincial de Comunidades Originarias de Nor Lípez[11] | ||
| Jatun Ayllu-Juchuy Ayllu-Chaupi Ayllu Native Community Lands | Sur Lípez Province, Potosí | 1,557,532 | INRA titling completed | Jatun Ayllu, Juchuy Ayllu, Chaupi Ayllu indigenous communities | ||
| Enrique Baldivieso Native Community Lands | Enrique Baldivieso Province, Potosí | 227,003 | INRA titling completed | Central Única de la Provincia de Comunidades Originarias Enrique Baldivieso | ||